1 1 1
2 2 2
3 33
4
4
4
5 5 5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 33
4
5 5
6
7
8
9
10
74
at their joint surfaces. This is due to the fact that the fi rst two cervical vertebrae, the atlas and axis, have forms
that differ signifi cantly from the remaining fi ve vertebrae in the series. These differences arise as they become
modifi ed to provide the support and movement of the skull. The remaining cervical vertebrae show a lesser
degree of mobility and have more uniform shapes. With few exceptions, the cervical vertebrae can be readily
distinguished by the presence of a foramen in their transverse processes.
There are seven cervical vertebrae, which are the vertebrae with the greatest variation in shape. They form a
delicate column of bones having a wide range of mobility
Cervical Vertebrae
1 Vertebral body
2 Pedicle
3 Lamina
4 Superior vertebral notch
5 Inferior vertebral notch
6 Vertebral foramen
7 Spinous process
8 Transverse process
9 Superior articular process/facet
10 Inferior articular process/facet
11 Transverse foramen
12 Anterior tubercle of costal process
13 Posterior tubercle of costal process
14 Lateral mass
15 Anterior arch
16 Anterior tubercle of anterior arch
17 Facet for dens
18 Posterior arch
19 Posterior tubercle of posterior arch
20 Groove for vertebral artery
21 Dens
22 Anterior articular facet of dens
Typical cervical vertebra
Superior view, anterior at bottom
Typical cervical vertebra
Lateral view, anterior at right
Typical cervical vertebra
Anterior view, superior at top Typical cervical vertebra
Posterior view, superior at top
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10 10
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
6
11
75
Atlas, 1st cervical vertebra
Superior view, anterior at bottom
Atlas, 1st cervical vertebra
Lateral view, anterior at right
Atlas, 1st cervical vertebra
Anterior view, superior at top
Atlas, 1st cervical vertebra
Posterior view, superior at top
Axis, 2nd cervical vertebra
Superior view, anterior at bottom
Axis, 2nd cervical vertebra
Lateral view, anterior at right
Axis, 2nd cervical vertebra
Anterior view, superior at top
Axis, 2nd cervical vertebra
Posterior view, superior at top
1
1
2
3
3
3
4
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
11
11
12
12
16
16
16
13
19
19
13
14
14
15
15
17
18
18
18
20
21
21
22
20
21
12
20
19
22
6
10
11
17
76
at its junction with the lumbar vertebrae, the thoracic region is the least mobile region of vertebral column. In
addition to articulating with each other, the thoracic vertebrae also articulate with the ribs. Additionally, the laminae
and spines of these vertebrae project inferiorly to overlap the next vertebra below. This suite of characters
produces a strong imbricated column of bone that forms the impressive thoracic rib cage. Because of their
association with the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae are readily identifi ed by the costal articular facets, which are
present on the bodies and transverse processes.
The thoracic portion of the vertebral column, consisting of
the twelve thoracic vertebrae, get progressively larger
from the cranial end to the caudal end of the series. Except
Thoracic Vertebrae
1 Vertebral body
2 Pedicle
3 Lamina
4 Superior vertebral notch
5 Inferior vertebral notch
6 Spinous process
7 Transverse process
8 Superior articular process/facet
9 Inferior articular process/facet
10 Superior costal facet
11 Inferior costal facet
12 Transverse costal facet
Thoracic vertebra
Superior view, anterior at bottom Thoracic vertebra
Lateral view, anterior at right
Thoracic vertebra
Anterior view, superior at top Thoracic vertebra
Posterior view, superior at top
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8 8
9
9
10
10
11
12
12
4
5
10
77
size and lack of transverse foramina and costal facets are their diagnostic features. They form a strong column
of support at the base of the vertebral column. The articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae are robust and
have their facets oriented in the sagittal plane to provide for the fl exion and extension movements characteristic
of the lumbar vertebral column. They have thick pedicles arising from the superior aspect of the vertebral body.
The laminae are thick and short and project posteriorly to unite as thick, quadrilateral spinous processes. The
vertebral bodies have a large elliptical shape when viewed from above.
There are fi ve lumbar vertebrae that form the lumbar portion
of the vertebral column. The mobile vertebrae of this region
are the largest of the true or mobile vertebrae. Their large
Lumbar Vertebrae
1 Vertebral body
2 Pedicle
3 Lamina
4 Superior vertebral notch
5 Inferior vertebral notch
6 Spinous process
7 Transverse process (costal process)
8 Superior articular process/facet
9 Inferior articular process/facet
10 Accessory process (morphological transverse process)
11 Mammillary process
Lumbar vertebra
Superior view, anterior at bottom
Lumbar vertebra
Lateral view, anterior at right
Lumbar vertebra
Posterior view, superior at top
Lumbar vertebra
Anterior view, superior at top
1
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
6
7
7
8 8
9
11
11
3
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
7
8
9 6
4
5
10
78
tened apex inferiorly. It is concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly. The lateral margins of the triangle are widest
superiorly where the bone articulates with the two ilia. Forming the large basal portion of the vertebral column,
the bone wedges between the two os coxae to form the posterior element of the pelvic skeleton. Its ventral surface, smoother than the rough dorsal surface, forms the posterior wall of the pelvis. Within this triangular mass
of bone is a hollow sacral canal. This canal opens through foramina onto the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the
bone. It forms a large oval surface superiorly that articulates with the fi fth lumbar vertebra and a smaller oval
facet at its apex for articulation with the coccyx.
The coccyx is the terminal end of the vertebral column. It is a triangular bone that forms from the fusion
of three to fi ve vertebral segments, most commonly from four fused vertebrae. The superior surface of the fi rst
segment’s body forms an oval articular surface with the inferior surface of the fi fth sacral segment.
The sacrum is a large triangular-shaped mass that
forms from the fusion of fi ve vertebrocostal segments.
The base of the triangle is superior and tapers to a fl atSacrum and Coccyx
1 Promontory
2 Ala or wing
3 Superior articular process
4 Auricular surface
5 Sacral tuberosity
6 Pelvic surface
7 Transverse ridges
8 Anterior sacral foramina
9 Posterior sacral foramina
10 Median sacral crest
11 Intermediate sacral crest
12 Lateral sacral crest
13 Sacral cornu
14 Sacral canal
15 Sacral hiatus
16 Apex
17 Coccygeal cornu
Sacrum and coccyx
Lateral view, anterior at right
1
2
4
5
13
10
10
11
12
16
17
79
Sacrum and coccyx
Anterior view, superior at top
Sacrum and coccyx
Posterior view, superior at top
1 2
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
10 11
12
13
13
14
15
16
17
17
2
9
9
13
14
17
17
80
twelve thoracic ribs are named ribs, there are in reality ribs at every vertebral level. The cervical, lumbar,
sacral, and coccygeal ribs fuse to their corresponding vertebrae to contribute to the formation of the transverse process. The ribs can be divided into two groups — true ribs and false ribs. The last two false ribs are
called fl oating ribs. True ribs, ribs one through seven, are those that have their costal cartilages attached
directly to the sternum. False ribs, ribs eight through twelve, have costal cartilages that do not attach directly
to the sternum. The costal cartilage of each of the fi rst three false ribs attaches to the cartilage of the rib
superior to it. The last two false ribs do not attach to other ribs and are therefore called fl oating ribs.
There are twelve paired ribs, a pair for each of the twelve thoracic vertebrae. The ribs unite the
thoracic vertebrae to the sternum via costal cartilages to form the thoracic skeleton, a fl exible,
bony wall that protects thoracic viscera and facilitates respiratory function. Although only the
Ribs
Left sixth rib
Posterior view, superior at top
Ribs and thoracic vertebra
Superior view, posterior at top
1
1
2
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
8
8
9 10
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