11
14
11
13
51
Frontal bone
Superior view, anterior to bottom
Frontal bone
Lateral view, anterior to left
Frontal bone
Inferior view, anterior to top
1
2
1
2
4
7
8
11
12
5
8
11
12
14
15
16
13
3
52
nium. The external surface of each parietal bone is slightly convex while the internal surface is concave
and marked with impressions from meningeal vessels. The inferior border forms a beveled articular surface, while the superior, anterior, and posterior borders form deeply denticulate articular surfaces. The
bone consists of inner and outer laminae of compact bone sandwiching a layer of trabecular bone, the
diploë. Each parietal bone articulates with fi ve bones.
The parietal bones are large quadrilateral bones forming the greater
part of the roof and sides of the craCranial Bones – Parietal
1 Groove for sigmoid sinus
2 Groove for superior sagittal sinus
3 Grooves for middle meningeal artery
4 Superior temporal line
5 Inferior temporal line
6 Parietal tuber
7 Squamosal border
8 Occipital border
9 Frontal border
10 Sagittal border
11 Frontal angle
12 Occipital angle
13 Sphenoid angle
14 Mastoid angle
15 Parietal foramen
Left parietal bone
Medial view, anterior to right
Left parietal bone
Lateral view, anterior to right
1
2
3
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
12
13
14
53
Left parietal bone
Anterior view
Left parietal bone
Posterior view
Left parietal bone
Inferior view, anterior to right
Left parietal bone
Superior view, anterior to left
9
10
11
13
3
4
5
8
10
12
14
2
7
9 8
10 11
12
13
14
6
8
9
11 10 12
15
6
6
54
behind it has an oval to round shape. The bone has four distinct regions. The squamous portion is the internally concave posterosuperior plate and forms the greater part of the bone. The thick quadrilateral basioccipital, or basilar part, contributes to the base of the cranium anterior to the foramen magnum. Lateral
to this and converging with the squama are the two condylar parts or exoccipitals. Together the four regions of the bone form the borders to the large circular opening, the foramen magnum, which provides
passage for the spinal cord between the cranial vault and the spinal canal. The occipital bone articulates
with six bones.
The occipital bone forms the
greater part of the posterior and
inferior cranium. Viewed from
Cranial Bones – Occipital
1 Foramen magnum
2 Clivus
3 Pharyngeal tubercle
4 Squamous part
5 Mastoid border
6 Lambdoid border
7 Occipital condyle
8 Condylar canal
9 Hypoglossal canal
10 Condylar fossa
11 Jugular tubercle
12 Jugular notch
13 Jugular process
14 External occipital protuberance
15 Superior nuchal line
16 Inferior nuchal line
17 Internal occipital protuberance
18 Groove for transverse sinus
19 Groove for occipital sinus
20 Groove for superior sagittal sinus
21 Cerebral fossa
22 Cerebellar fossa
Occipital bone
Posterior view
Occipital bone
Anterior view
4
5
6
7
14
15
16
4
5
6
8
11 13
17
18
19
20
21
22
1
55
Occipital bone
Inferior view, anterior to bottom
Occipital bone
Lateral view, anterior to right
Occipital bone
Superior view, anterior to bottom
3
5
7
10
13
15 14
16
2
4
5
6
7
10
13
15
16
2
4
5
6
8
11
13
17
18
22
9
1
12
3
1
12
2
9
1
12
3
1
12
14
56
the bone is the thin lateral plate that contributes to the lateral wall of the cranium. It projects anteriorly
as the zygomatic process and forms the mandibular fossa for the temporomandibular joint. The styloid
part is represented by the styloid process. This projection of bone arises from the upper elements of the
second pharyngeal arch. The petrous part forms the thick pyramidal base of the bone. It begins posterior to the external acoustic meatus as the mastoid process and ends where it forms a junction with the
basi-occipital and greater wing of the sphenoid. The name petrous describes its rock-like appearance.
This is the thickest part of the temporal bone. It arises from the otic capsules that stabilize the delicate
internal ear structures. The mastoid is the posterolateral protuberance of the petrous portion that is easily
palpable just posterior to the ear. The tympanic part of the temporal bone is the ring-like plate that forms
the walls of the external acoustic meatus. Each temporal bone articulates with fi ve bones.
The temporal bone is a complex bone with fi ve distinct
parts. The squamous part of
Cranial Bones – Temporal
Left temporal bone
Medial view, anterior to right
Left temporal bone
Lateral view, anterior to left
1 Petrous part
2 Mastoid process
3 Mastoid notch
4 Groove for sigmoid sinus
5 Carotid canal
6 Apex of petrous part
7 Musculotubal canal
8 Tegmen tympani
9 Hiatus for greater petrosal nerve
10 Hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve
11 Trigeminal impression
12 Internal acoustic meatus
13 Mastoid canaliculus
14 Tympanic canaliculus
15 Styloid process (broken)
16 Stylomastoid foramen
17 Jugular notch
18 Tympanic ring
19 External acoustic meatus
20 Greater tympanic spine
21 Lesser tympanic spine
22 Squamous part
23 Zygomatic process
24 Mandibular fossa
25 Articular tubercle
26 Petrotympanic fissure
27 Tympanomastoid fissure
1
2
4
5
12
22
23
2
18
22
23 24
25
27
19
20
21
5
57
Left temporal bone
Superior view, anterior at top
Left temporal bone
Posterior view
Left temporal bone
Anterior view
Left temporal bone
Inferior view, anterior at bottom
1
6
8
9
10
11
22
23
1
2
3
12
22
23
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
22
23
24
1
2
3
5
13
14
15
17
18
23
24
25
26
23
58
terfl y. Like it name suggests, it is wedged into the center of the cranium where it articulates with twelve
neighboring bones and contributes to much of the cranial base. It is divisible into four principal components — the body, greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes. With the calvaria removed the
bone is visible from any view. This bone plays a prominent role at the base of the skull. It supports the
brain, serves to protect the optic stalks and capsules, provides passage for many vessels and nerves
entering and leaving the skull, and forms a sinus cavity that communicates with the nasal cavity.
The sphenoid bone is a complex bone that has the spread
-winged appearance of a butCranial Bones – Sphenoid
1 Jugum
2 Sella turcica
3 Tuberculum sellae
4 Hypophysial fossa
5 Dorsum sellae
6 Posterior clinoid process
7 Middle clinoid process
8 Carotid sulcus
9 Sphenoidal crest
10 Sphenoidal rostrum
11 Sphenoidal sinus
12 Sphenoidal concha
13 Lesser wing
14 Optic canal
15 Anterior clinoid process
16 Superior orbital fissure
17 Greater wing
18 Infratemporal crest
19 Orbital surface
20 Foramen rotundum
21 Foramen ovale
22 Foramen spinosum
23 Spine of sphenoid bone
24 Lateral plate of pterygoid process
25 Medial plate of pterygoid process
26 Pterygoid notch
27 Pterygoid fossa
28 Scaphoid fossa
29 Vaginal process
30 Pterygoid hamulus
31 Pterygoid canal
Sphenoid bone
Anterior view
Sphenoid bone
Posterior view
6
9
10
11
12
17 13
19
20
24 25
26
29
30
31
3
8
10
13 15
16 17
18
23
24 25
26
27
28
29
30
31
1
5 6
10
11
26
29
10
16
26
29
16
59
Sphenoid bone
Inferior view, anterior at top
Sphenoid bone
Superior view, anterior at top
Sphenoid bone
Lateral view, anterior to left
27
10
17
18
21
22
25 24
26
28
29
1
3
4
6 5
7
8
13
14
15
17
20
21
22
2
5 6
15
17
18
24
23
23
21
22
21
22
5 6
23
23
23
60
walls of the nasal cavity, orbit, oral cavity, and maxillary sinus. The maxillary sinus is the hollow central
cavity within the large body of the maxilla. Four variable-shaped processes project from the maxillary
body. The processes are the posterolateral zygomatic process, the medial projecting palatine process,
the arched inferior process called the alveolar, and the superiorly projecting frontal process. Each
maxilla articulates with nine bones.
Cranial Bones – Maxilla
1 Orbital surface
2 Infra-orbital groove
3 Infra-orbital foramen
4 Anterior nasal spine
5 Canine fossa
6 Maxillary tuberosity
7 Lacrimal groove
8 Maxillary sinus
9 Greater palatine groove
10 Frontal process
11 Zygomatic process
12 Palatine process
13 Incisive canal
14 Alveolar process
15 Interalveolar septum
Left maxilla
Anterior view
Left maxilla
Posterior view
The maxillae are large, paired
bones that unite to form the upper
jaw. They also contribute to the
3
4
5
10
11
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