Pitt B et al. The EPHESUS trial: eplerenone in patients with heart failure due to systolic dysfunction complicating

acute myocardial infarction. Eplerenone Post-AMI Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study. Cardiovasc

Drugs Ther. 2001;15:79.

Tang WH et al. Aldosterone receptor antagonists in the medical management of chronic heart failure. Mayo Clin

Proc. 2005;80:1623.

Pockros PJ, Reynolds TB. Rapid diuresis in patients with ascites from chronic liver disease: the importance of

peripheral edema. Gastroenterology. 1986;90:1827.

Runyon BA. Management of adult patients with ascites caused by cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1998;27:264.

Runyon BA. Historical aspects of treatment of patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Semin Liver Dis. 1997;17:163.

Ahya SN et al. Acid-base and potassium disorders in liver disease. Semin Nephrol. 2006;26:466.

Gines A et al. Incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis with ascites.

Gastroenterology. 1993;105:229.

Antes LM, Fernandez PC. Principles of diuretic therapy. Dis Mon. 1998;44:254.

Wong F. Liver and kidney diseases. Clin Liver Dis. 2002;6:981.

Wong F, Blendis L. New challenge of hepatorenal syndrome: prevention and treatment. Hepatology.

2001;34:1242.

Ruiz-del-Arbol L et al. Paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction: mechanism and effect on hepatic

hemodynamics in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1997;113:579.

Arroyo V, Colmenero J. Ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis: pathophysiology basis of therapy and

current management. J Hepatol. 2003;38(Suppl 1):S69.

Sola-Vera J et al. Randomized trial comparing albumin and saline in the prevention of paracentesis-induced

circulatory dysfunction in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Hepatology. 2003;37:1147.

Wilkes MM, Navickis RJ. Patient survival after human albumin administration. A meta-analysis of randomized,

controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:149.

Sort P et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and

spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N EnglJ Med. 1999;341:403.

Terg R et al. Dextran administration avoids hemodynamic changes following paracentesis in cirrhotic patients.

Dig Dis Sci. 1992;37:79.

Gines A et al. Randomized trial comparing albumin, dextran 70, and polygeline in cirrhotic patients with ascites

treated by paracentesis. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:1002.

Christidis C et al. Worsening of hepatic dysfunction as a consequence of repeated hydroxyethylstarch infusions. J

Hepatol. 2001;35:726.

Buminate 25% (Albumin Human, USP, 25% Solution) [product information]. Westlake Village, CA: Baxter

Healthcare Corp.; 2013.

Plasbumin-25 (Albumin, Human) [product information]. Clayton, NC: Grifols Therapeutics Inc.; 2012.

Lexi-Comp Online™, Lexi-Drugs Online™. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp; 2013.

Therapondos G, Hayes PC. Management of gastroesophageal varices. Clin Med. 2002;2:297.

Gines P et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting versus paracentesis plus albumin for refractory

ascites in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1839.

Salerno et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta-analysis of

individualpatient data [published correction appears in Gastroenterology. 2007;133:1746]. Gastroenterology.

100.

101.

102.

103.

104.

105.

106.

107.

108.

109.

110.

111.

2007;133:825.

Boyer TD et al. The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the management of portal

hypertension: update 2009. Hepatology. 2010;51(1):306.

Tueche SG, Pector JC. Peritoneovenous shunt in malignant ascites. The Bordet Institute experience from 1975–

1998. Hepatogastroenterology. 2000;47:1322.

Arroyo V et al. Sympathetic nervous activity, reninangiotensin system and renal excretion of prostaglandin E2 in

cirrhosis. Relationship to functional renal failure and sodium and water retention. Eur J Clin Invest. 1983;13:271.

Henriksen JH, Ring-Larsen H. Hepatorenal disorders. Role of the sympathetic nervous system. Semin Liver Dis.

1994;14:35.

Lenaerts A et al. Effects of clonidine on diuretic response in ascitic patients with cirrhosis and activation of

sympathetic nervous system. Hepatology. 2006;44:844.

Lenaerts A et al. Comparative pilot study of repeated large volume paracentesis vs. the combination on clonidinespironolactone in the treatment of cirrhosis associated refractory ascites. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2005;29:1137.

Garcia-Tsao G et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in

cirrhosis [published correction appears in Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2868]. Am J Gastroenterol.

2007;102:2086.

Sarin SK, Agarwal SR. Gastric varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy. Clin Liver Dis. 2001;5:727.

Carbonell N et al. Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades.

Hepatology. 2004;40:652.

de Franchis R, Primignani M. Natural history of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Liver Dis.

2001;5:645.