localization of gastrinoma in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Ann Surg 1987;205(3):230–239.

79. Rosato FE, Bonn J, Shapiro M, et al. Selective arterial stimulation of secretin in localization of

gastrinomas. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990;171(3):196–200.

80. Gower WR Jr, Buzogany JA Jr, Ellison EC, et al. Control of gastrin release in cultured gastrinomaderived G cells. Surgery 1988;104(2):424–430.

81. Chiba T, Yamatani T, Yamaguchi A, et al. Mechanism for increase of gastrin release by secretin in

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Gastroenterology 1989;96(6):1439–1444.

82. Brown CK, Bartlett DL, Doppman JL, et al. Intraarterial calcium stimulation and intraoperative

ultrasonography in the localization and resection of insulinomas. Surgery 1997;122(6):1189–1193;

discussion 1193–1194.

83. Pereira PL, Roche AJ, Maier GW, et al. Insulinoma and islet cell hyperplasia: value of the calcium

intraarterial stimulation test when findings of other preoperative studies are negative. Radiology

1998;206(3):703–709.

84. Whipple AO, Frantz VK. Adenoma of islet cells with hyperinsulinism: a review. Ann Surg

1935;101(6):1299–1335.

85. Howard TJ, Stabile BE, Zinner MJ, et al. Anatomic distribution of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Am

J Surg 1990;159(2):258–264.

86. Ectors N. Pancreatic endocrine tumors: diagnostic pitfalls. Hepatogastroenterology 1999;46(26):679–

690.

87. Richards ML, Gauger PG, Thompson NW, et al. Pitfalls in the surgical treatment of insulinoma.

Surgery 2002;132(6):1040–1049; discussion 1049.

88. Menegaux F, Schmitt G, Mercadier M, et al. Pancreatic insulinomas. Am J Surg 1993;165(2):243–

248.

89. Sauvanet A, Partensky C, Sastre B, et al. Medial pancreatectomy: a multi-institutional retrospective

study of 53 patients by the French pancreas club. Surgery 2002;132(5):836–843.

90. Efron DT, Lillemoe KD, Cameron JL, et al. Central pancreatectomy with pancreaticogastrostomy

for benign pancreatic pathology. J Gastrointest Surg 2004;8(5):532–538.

91. Goldstein MJ, Toman J, Chabot JA. Pancreaticogastrostomy: a novel application after central

pancreatectomy. J Am Coll Surg 2004;198(6):871–876.

92. Udelsman R, Yeo CJ, Hruban RH, et al. Pancreaticoduodenectomy for selected pancreatic endocrine

tumors. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993;177(3):269–278.

93. Phan GQ, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, et al. Pancreaticoduodenectomy for selected periampullary

neuroendocrine tumors: fifty patients. Surgery 1997;122(6):989–996; discussion, 996–997.

94. Fernandez-Cruz L, Blanco L, Cosa R, et al. Is laparoscopic resection adequate in patients with

neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors? World J Surg 2008;32(5):904–917.

95. Jaroszewski DE, Schlinkert RT, Thompson GB, et al. Laparoscopic localization and resection of

insulinomas. Arch Surg 2004;139(3):270–274.

96. Iihara M, Kanbe M, Okamoto T, et al. Laparoscopic ultrasonography for resection of insulinomas.

Surgery 2001;130(6):1086–1091.

97. Ayav A, Bresler L, Brunaud L, et al.; SFCL (Societe Francaise de Chirurgie Laparoscopique), AFCE

(Association Francophone de Chirurgie Endocrinienne). Laparoscopic approach for solitary

insulinoma: a multicentre study. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2005;390(2):134–140.

98. Sweet MP, Izumisato Y, Way LW, et al. Laparoscopic enucleation of insulinomas. Arch Surg

2007;142(12):1202–1204; discussion 1205.

99. Thompson GB, Service FJ, van Heerden JA, et al. Reoperative insulinomas, 1927 to 1992: an

institutional experience. Surgery 1993;114(6):1196–1204;discussion 1205–1206.

100. Carty SE, Jensen RT, Norton JA. Prospective study of aggressive resection of metastatic pancreatic

endocrine tumors. Surgery 1992;112(6):1024–1031;discussion 1031–1032.

101. Modlin IM, Lewis JJ, Ahlman H, et al. Management of unresectable malignant endocrine tumors of

the pancreas. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993; 176(5):507–518.

102. McEntee GP, Nagorney DM, Kvols LK, et al. Cytoreductive hepatic surgery for neuroendocrine

tumors. Surgery 1990;108(6):1091–1096.

103. Kulke MH, Bergsland EK, Yao JC. Glycemic control in patients with insulinoma treated with

1447

everolimus. N Engl J Med 2009;360(2):195–197.

104. Moertel CG, Lefkopoulo M, Lipsitz S, et al. Streptozocin-doxorubicin, streptozocin-fluorouracil or

chlorozotocin in the treatment of advanced islet-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1992;326(8):519–523.

105. Moertel CG, Hanley JA, Johnson LA. Streptozocin alone compared with streptozocin plus

fluorouracil in the treatment of advanced islet-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1980;303(21):1189–

1194.

106. Altimari AF, Badrinath K, Reisel HJ, et al. DTIC therapy in patients with malignant intra-abdominal

neuroendocrine tumors. Surgery 1987;102(6):1009–1017.

107. Zollinger RM, Ellison EH. Primary peptic ulcerations of the jejunum associated with islet cell

tumors of the pancreas. Ann Surg 1955;142(4):709–723;discussion, 724–728.

108. Zollinger RM, Ellison EC, Fabri PJ, et al. Primary peptic ulcerations of the jejunum associated with

islet cell tumors. Twenty-five-year appraisal. Ann Surg 1980;192(3):422–430.

109. Ellison EC, Johnson JA. The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: a comprehensive review of historical,

scientific, and clinical considerations. Curr Probl Surg 2009;46(1):13–106.

110. Wolfe MM, Jensen RT. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Current concepts in diagnosis and management.

N Engl J Med 1987;317(19):1200–1209.

111. Andersen DK. Current diagnosis and management of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Ann Surg

1989;210(6):685–703.

112. Maton PN, Vinayek R, Frucht H, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of omeprazole in patients with

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: a prospective study. Gastroenterology 1989;97(4):827–836.

113. Metz DC, Pisegna JR, Fishbeyn VA, et al. Currently used doses of omeprazole in Zollinger-Ellison

syndrome are too high. Gastroenterology 1992; 103(5):1498–1508.

114. Stabile BE, Morrow DJ, Passaro E Jr. The gastrinoma triangle: operative implications. Am J Surg

1984;147(1):25–31.

115. Sugg SL, Norton JA, Fraker DL, et al. A prospective study of intraoperative methods to diagnose

and resect duodenal gastrinomas. Ann Surg 1993; 218(2):138–144.

116. Frucht H, Norton JA, London JF, et al. Detection of duodenal gastrinomas by operative endoscopic

transillumination. A prospective study. Gastroenterology 1990;99(6):1622–1627.

117. Farley DR, van Heerden JA, Grant CS, et al. Extrapancreatic gastrinomas. Surgical experience. Arch

Surg 1994;129(5):506–511; discussion 511–512.

118. Chiarugi M, Pucciarelli M, Goletti O, et al. Outcome of surgical treatment for extrapancreatic

gastrinomas. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993;177(2):153–157.

119. Norton JA, Alexander HR, Fraker DL, et al. Does the use of routine duodenotomy (DUODX) affect

rate of cure, development of liver metastases, or survival in patients with Zollinger-Ellison

syndrome? Ann Surg 2004; 239(5):617–625; discussion 626.

120. Arnold WS, Fraker DL, Alexander HR, et al. Apparent lymph node primary gastrinoma. Surgery

1994;116(6):1123–1129; discussion 1129–1130.

121. Norton JA, Alexander HR, Fraker DL, et al. Possible primary lymph node gastrinoma: occurrence,

natural history, and predictive factors: a prospective study. Ann Surg 2003;237(5):650–657;

discussion 657–659.

122. Richardson CT, Peters MN, Feldman M, et al. Treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome with

exploratory laparotomy, proximal gastric vagotomy, and H2-receptor antagonists. A prospective

study. Gastroenterology 1985; 89(2):357–367.

123. Norton JA, Fraker DL, Alexander HR, et al. Surgery to cure the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. N Engl J

Med 1999;341(9):635–644.

124. Norton JA, Jensen RT. Role of surgery in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. J Am Coll Surg 2007;205(4

Suppl 1):S34–S37.

125. Cadiot G, Vuagnat A, Doukhan I, et al. Prognostic factors in patients with Zollinger-Ellison

syndrome and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Groupe d’etude des neoplasies endocriniennes

multiples (GENEM and groupe de recherche et d’etude du syndrome de zollinger-ellison (GRESZE).

Gastroenterology 1999;116(2):286–293.

126. Lowney JK, Frisella MM, Lairmore TC, et al. Pancreatic islet cell tumor metastasis in multiple

endocrine neoplasia type 1: correlation with primary tumor size. Surgery 1998;124(6):1043–1048;

discussion 1048–1049.

1448

127. Norton JA, Doppman JL, Jensen RT. Curative resection in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Results of a

10-year prospective study. Ann Surg 1992; 215(1):8–18.

128. Fraker DL, Norton JA, Alexander HR, et al. Surgery in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome alters the natural

history of gastrinoma. Ann Surg 1994;220(3):320–328; discussion 328–330.

129. Delcore R, Friesen SR. The place for curative surgical procedures in the treatment of sporadic and

familial Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Curr Opin Gen Surg 1994:69–76.

130. Zogakis TG, Gibril F, Libutti SK, et al. Management and outcome of patients with sporadic

gastrinoma arising in the duodenum. Ann Surg 2003; 238(1):42–48.

131. von Schrenck T, Howard JM, Doppman JL, et al. Prospective study of chemotherapy in patients

with metastatic gastrinoma. Gastroenterology 1988;94(6):1326–1334.

132. Mozell E, Woltering EA, O’Dorisio TM, et al. Effect of somatostatin analog on peptide release and

tumor growth in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990;170(6):476–484.

133. Mozell EJ, Cramer AJ, O’Dorisio TM, et al. Long-term efficacy of octreotide in the treatment of

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Arch Surg 1992;127(9):1019–1024; discussion 1024–1026.

134. Elias D, Lasser P, Ducreux M, et al. Liver resection (and associated extrahepatic resections) for

metastatic well-differentiated endocrine tumors: a 15-year single center prospective study. Surgery

2003;133(4):375–382.

135. Sarmiento JM, Heywood G, Rubin J, et al. Surgical treatment of neuroendocrine metastases to the

liver: a plea for resection to increase survival. J Am Coll Surg 2003;197(1):29–37.

136. Sarmiento JM, Que FG, Grant CS, et al. Concurrent resections of pancreatic islet cell cancers with

synchronous hepatic metastases: outcomes of an aggressive approach. Surgery 2002;132(6):976–

982; discussion 982–983.

137. Norton JA, Kivlen M, Li M, et al. Morbidity and mortality of aggressive resection in patients with

advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Arch Surg 2003;138(8):859–866.

138. Florman S, Toure B, Kim L, et al. Liver transplantation for neuroendocrine tumors. J Gastrointest

Surg 2004;8(2):208–212.

139. Verner JV, Morrison AB. Islet cell tumor and a syndrome of refractory watery diarrhea and

hypokalemia. Am J Med 1958;25(3):374–380.

140. Schiller LR. Chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology 2004;127(1):287–293.

141. Chu QD, Al-kasspooles MF, Smith JL, et al. Is glucagonoma of the pancreas a curable disease? Int J

Pancreatol 2001;29(3):155–162.

142. House MG, Yeo CJ, Schulick RD. Periampullary pancreatic somatostatinoma. Ann Surg Oncol

2002;9(9):869–874.

143. Mutch MG, Frisella MM, DeBenedetti MK, et al. Pancreatic polypeptide is a useful plasma marker

for radiographically evident pancreatic islet cell tumors in patients with multiple endocrine

neoplasia type 1. Surgery 1997;122(6):1012–1019; discussion 1019–1020.

144. Phan GQ, Yeo CJ, Hruban RH, et al. Surgical experience with pancreatic and peripancreatic

neuroendocrine tumors: review of 125 patients. J Gastrointest Surg 1998;2(5):473–482.

145. Solorzano CC, Lee JE, Pisters PW, et al. Nonfunctioning islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas:

survival results in a contemporary series of 163 patients. Surgery 2001;130(6):1078–1085.

146. House MG, Cameron JL, Lillemoe KD, et al. Differences in survival for patients with resectable

versus unresectable metastases from pancreatic islet cell cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2006;10(1):138–

145.

147. Thompson GB, van Heerden JA, Grant CS, et al. Islet cell carcinomas of the pancreas: a twenty-year

experience. Surgery 1988;104(6):1011–1017.

148. Chen H, Hardacre JM, Uzar A, et al. Isolated liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors: does

resection prolong survival? J Am Coll Surg 1998;187(1):88–92; discussion 92–93.

149. Chamberlain RS, Canes D, Brown KT, et al. Hepatic neuroendocrine metastases: does intervention

alter outcomes? J Am Coll Surg 2000;190(4):432–445.

150. Touzios JG, Kiely JM, Pitt SC, et al. Neuroendocrine hepatic metastases: does aggressive

management improve survival? Ann Surg 2005;241(5):776–783; discussion 783–785.