INDEX

I-146 mTOR inhibitors, 511, 550t, 552–553, 738t. See also

Everolimus; Temsirolimus

mtrR gene, 1236

MTTP gene mutations, 3145

MUC1 gene mutations, 2355

MUC5B gene mutations, 2192, 2196

Mucambo virus, 1625t

Mucin, 2644

Mucinous cyst, pancreatic, 2653, 2653f

Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), 448, 2841t, 2843

Mucociliary escalator, 1173

Mucolipidoses, 3256t

Mucopolysaccharidoses, 1967, 3255t, 3259–3260,

A15

Mucorales, 1682, 1682t

Mucormycosis, 1681

clinical features of, 142–143, 230, 254, 1653t,

1682–1683

diagnosis of, 1653t, 1683–1684, 1683f

differential diagnosis of, 1684

epidemiology of, 981

etiology of, 1682, 1682t

in HIV infection, 1565

in immunocompromised patient, A5

invasive, A16

pathogenesis of, 1682

prognosis of, 1686

risk factors for, 1653t

in transplant recipient, 1143

treatment of, 1684–1686, 1685t

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), 2695

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

lymphoma

clinical features of, 633

etiology of, 841

genetic considerations in, 843, 844t, 849

H. pylori and, 633, 841, 1280

pathology of, 849

treatment of, 634, 849

Mucosal bleeding, 454

Mucosal leishmaniasis, 1742t, 1747–1748, 1748f

Mucosal malabsorption, 304

Mucositis

acute necrotizing ulcerative (noma), 256, 559

chemotherapy-related, 555

radiation therapy-related, 593

in transplant recipient, 899

Mucous membrane pemphigoid, 257, 259t, 401t,

404

Mucous retention cyst, oral, 260t

Mucus hypersecretion, 2150

Muehrcke’s lines, 2282

Mu heavy chain disease, 877

Muir-Torre syndrome, 396

Muju virus, 1628t

Mulberry molars, 257, 1410

Müllerian agenesis, 3005, 3034, 3035

Müllerian inhibiting substance (antimüllerian

hormone), 2999, 3028, 3030

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, 395

Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT),

3283. See also Computed tomography

(CT)

Multidrug resistance–associated protein (MRP),

2557

Multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, 519, 553

Multifactorial disorders, 3639, 3655

Multifactorial inheritance, 3662

Multifocal atrial tachycardia, 1888t, 1901, 1902f, A8

Multifocal motor neuropathy, 3504t, 3507

Multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction

block, 3412, 3415

Multikinase inhibitors, 534f, 547–548t, 552

Multilocus sequence typing, 960t

Multimorbidity, 3736

Multinodular goiter, 2946–2948. See also Thyroid

nodular disease

Multiorgan system failure, 759t, 2222

Multiple carboxylase/biotinidase deficiency, 3271t

Multiple endocrine and other organ neoplasias

(MEONs), 2983, 2984t

Carney syndrome. See Carney syndrome/

complex

Cowden’s syndrome. See Cowden’s syndrome

McCune-Albright syndrome. See McCuneAlbright syndrome

neurofibromatosis type 1. See Neurofibromatosis

type 1 (NF1)

neurofibromatosis type 2. See Neurofibromatosis

type 2 (NF2)

von Hippel–Lindau disease. See von Hippel–

Lindau disease/syndrome

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1,

Wermer’s syndrome), 2983

clinical features of, 2983–2984, 2984t

adrenocortical tumors, 2987

angiofibromas, 395, 2988

collagenomas, 2988

gastrinoma, 2453

glucagonoma, 2986

hyperparathyroidism, 3173–3174, 3175

insulinoma, 2985–2986

lipomas, 2988

meningiomas, 2988

NETs, 663, 665–666, 2986–2987. See also

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)

parathyroid tumors, 2984, 3173

pituitary tumors, 2908, 2908t, 2987

pNETs, 2984–2985, 2986–2987, 2986f

thyroid tumors, 2988

VIPoma, 2986

ZES, 2985

epidemiology of, 2983

genetic considerations in, 2988

chromosomes involved, 503t, 2988, 3174,

3174f

MEN1/Menin gene mutations, 703t, 2908,

2908t

variable expressivity, 3651

genetic testing in, 2988

pathogenesis of, 2881

screening tests in, 2985t, 2988

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2)

clinical features of, 108–109

early interventions for, 3667t

genetic considerations in, 504, 2980, 2989t, 3655

genetic testing for, 3666, 3667t

medullary thyroid carcinoma in, 2953, 2980,

2984t, 2989–2990. See also Medullary

thyroid carcinoma (MTC)

medullary thyroid carcinoma only, 2984t

parathyroid tumors in, 2990

pathogenesis of, 2881

pheochromocytoma in, 2980, 2990

screening tests in, 2989t

type 2A

clinical features of, 108–109, 395, 2079, 2080t,

2984t

genetic considerations in, 503t, 2984t

hyperparathyroidism, 3173–3174

type 2B (MEN 3)

clinical features of, 108–109, 2079, 2080t,

2984t, 3173–3174, A15

genetic considerations in, 2984t

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4 (MEN 4),

2908t, 2984t, 2990

Multiple exostoses (diaphyseal aclasis), 3216

Multiple hamartoma syndrome. See Cowden’s

syndrome

Multiple/mixed valvular heart disease, 2005–2008

Multiple myeloma, 867

clinical features of, 869–871

amyloidosis, 876, 879, A9

bone lesions/pain, 869, 870f, 875, 3199, A16

cryoglobulinemia, A14

erythropoietin deficiency, 437

hypercalcemia, 722, 723, 870

hypogammaglobulinemia, 557, 558t, 565,

869–870

infections, 556t, 557, 558t, 869–870, A5

neuropathy, 3492, 3507

proteinuria, 336

renal, 2283

contrast nephropathy, 2300, 2303t

light chain cast nephropathy, 2302, 2345,

2360, 2360f, A4

tubular damage, 870

vascular purpura, 910

diagnosis of, 868f, 871–872, 871t, 872t, A6

epidemiology of, 868

epigenetic influences in, 516

etiology of, 868

genetic considerations in, 844t, 868, 872

global considerations in, 868

M component in, 871–872

nonsecretory, 871t

pathogenesis of, 520, 869–870, 869f

prognosis of, 872, 873t

renal biopsy in, A4

in Sjögren’s syndrome, 2789

smoldering, 871t, 872–873

staging of, 872, 873t

treatment of, 872, 874f, 874t

chemotherapy, 873

denosumab, 520

HCT, 873, 875, 902t, 903

HDAC inhibitors, 517

lenalidomide, 873

proteasome inhibitors, 515, 549t, 552, 873

relapsed disease, 875

supportive care, 875–876

thalidomide, 873

tumor markers in, 487t

von Willebrand disease in, 909

Multiple sclerosis (MS), 3462

clinical features of, 3462–3463, 3462t, 3474

constipation, 308, 3474

cranial nerve palsies, 3463

erectile dysfunction, 3057

fatigue, 163, 3474

frontal lobe syndrome, 203

gait disorders, 175

hearing loss, 241

myelitis, 3451

myelopathy, 3453

ocular, 221, 230, 3462

olfactory dysfunction, 236

weakness, 167, 3462, 3474

clinical variants of, 3474, 3475f

course of, 3463, 3463f

diagnosis of, 3465–3466, 3466t, 3467f, A16

differential diagnosis of, 3466–3467, 3468t

epidemiology of, 3463–3464

genetic considerations in, 3464, 3464t

Marburg’s variant, 3474, 3475f

microbiome and, 3296, 3697–3698

INDEX

pathogenesis of, 3464 I-147

autoimmunity, 2696t

autoreactive T cells, 3465

demyelination, 3293, 3464

humoral autoimmunity, 3465

immunology, 3465

inflammasome mutations, 2678t

inflammatory mediators, 2699t

neurodegeneration, 3464–3465

physiology, 3465, 3465f

reactive astrocytes, 3295

pregnancy and, 3468, 3767

primary progressive, 3463, 3463f

prognosis of, 3467–3468

progressive/relapsing, 3463, 3463f

relapsing/remitting, 3463, 3463f

vs. sarcoidosis, 2833

scoring systems for, 3468, 3469t

secondary progressive, 3463, 3463f

treatment of, 3468

for acute attacks, 3468

alemtuzumab, 3472

anti-CD20 antibodies, 3468–3470, 3470t, 3473

cannabinoids, 3786

cladribine, 3472

decision-making for, 3473

dietary, 2531

dimethyl fumarate, 3471

experimental therapies, 3474

glatiramer acetate, 3471–3472

glucocorticoids, 3468

INF-β, 3472, 3473

for initial demyelinating episodes, 3468

mitoxantrone hydrochloride, 3472–3473

natalizumab, 3470–3471

off-label options in, 3473–3474

outcomes of, 3470t

for progressive forms, 3473–3474

for relapsing forms, 3467, 3470t

S1P receptor modulators, 3471

symptomatic, 3474

teriflunomide, 3472

unproven methods for, 3474

Multiple sleep latency test, 208, 209

Multiple sulfatase deficiency, 3257t

Multiple system atrophy (MSA), 3389

clinical features of, 3389, 3390t, 3398, 3432–3433

diagnosis of, 3389

vs. DLB, 3385

epidemiology of, 3432–3433

imaging in, 3432, 3433f, A16

ocular involvement in, 217

parkinsonism in, 175, 3389

prions in, 3297, 3299, 3422

sleep disorders in, 213

treatment of, 3433

Multiplex panels, 3664

Multipotent stem cells, 3798

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

(MIS-C), 137t, 393, 1115t, 1508, 2816

Multivariate pattern analysis, 3822

Multivariate statistical models, 4

Mumps, 1615

clinical features of, 1616–1617, 1616f, 1617f,

3017

complications of, 1108, 1114t, 1616–1617

diagnosis of, 1617–1618

differential diagnosis of, 1617

epidemiology of, 1615, 1616t

etiology of, 1615

immunity to, 1618

incidence pre- and postvaccine, U.S., 981t

pathogenesis of, 1615–1616

prevention of, 1618. See also Measles-mumpsrubella vaccine (MMR)

transmission of, 1615

treatment of, 1618

Munchausen’s syndrome, 304, 3552

Mupirocin

actions of, 1149, 1164t, 1165f

for impetigo, 1192

indications for, 1157t

nasal, in staphylococcal skin infections, 375

prophylactic, 1162t

resistance to, 1157t, 1164t, 1167

Mu receptors, 3569t, 3570, 3570f

Murine (endemic) typhus. See Endemic (murine)

typhus

Murmurs. See Heart murmurs

Murphy’s sign, 318, 2647

Murray valley encephalitis virus, 1626t

Murutucú virus, 1627t

Muscarinic agonists, 3592t

Muscle(s)

atrophy of, 2540–2541, 3520

electrophysiologic studies of. See

Electromyography (EMG)

enlargement of, 3520

fatigability of, 162, 165

Muscle biopsy

in antisynthetase syndrome, 2822, 2823f

in dermatomyositis, 2821, 2821f

in immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy,

2820, 2822f

in inclusion body myositis, 2823, 2824f

in inflammatory myopathies, 2820

in mtDNA diseases, 3673f, 3676

in muscular dystrophy, 3521

in myopathies, 3521

in polymyositis, 2821, 2821f

in trichinellosis, S12

Muscle bulk, 165

Muscle compartment syndrome, 3599

Muscle contracture, 3519

Muscle cramps, 2323, 3519, 3636

Muscle disorders

calcium channel. See Hypokalemic periodic

paralysis (HypoKPP)

chloride channel, 3530

energy metabolism, 3528. See also Glycogen

storage diseases

muscular dystrophy. See Muscular dystrophy

myopathy. See Myopathy(ies)

potassium channel, 3530

sodium channel, 353, 3519, 3530

Muscle dysphoria syndrome, 3073

Muscle-eye-brain disease, 3523t

Muscle mass, 2540–2541

Muscle pain, 3519

Muscle palsy, V3

Muscle phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle disease,

type V GSD), 3263t, 3265, 3528

Muscle phosphorylase kinase deficiency (type IX

GSD), 3263t, 3266

Muscle relaxants

adverse effects of, 408, 1875t, 2276, 3308t

for back pain, 125

in mechanical ventilation, 2221, 2228

overdose/poisoning with, 3591t, 3593t

Muscle spindle, 166f

Muscle stiffness, 3520

Muscle strength, 2848, 3280

Muscle stretch (tendon) reflexes, 165, 165t, 166f,

3280

Muscle tone, 165, 165t, 3280

Muscle wasting, 1581

Muscle weakness. See Weakness

Muscular dystrophy, 3521

Becker, 3521

diagnosis of, 3518f, 3520–3521

differential diagnosis of, 2819–2820

distal, 3525t, 3527

Duchenne, 3521, 3650, 3667t, 3685

Emery-Dreifuss, 3522, 3524, 3649

facioscapulohumeral, 3517, 3519f, 3527

genetic considerations in, 3647, 3650,

3650t

limb-girdle. See Limb-girdle muscular

dystrophies (LGMDs)

myotonic. See Myotonic dystrophy

oculopharyngeal, 228, 3527

proteins associated with, 3526f

Musculoskeletal disorders

approach to the patient, 2844, 2844t, 2845f,

2846f

hand pain, 2849–2850, 2849f

hip pain, 2849–2850, 2851f, 2859–2860

knee pain, 2850, 2859–2860

shoulder pain, 2849–2850, 2849f

telehealth evaluation, 2850–2851

arthritis. See Arthritis/arthropathy

articular vs. nonarticular, 2844

chest discomfort/pain in, 101t, 103

drug-induced, 2847t

in hemochromatosis, 3233

history in, 2846, 2846f

in hospitalized patient, 2847

hyperlipidemia and, 2873

imaging in, 2852–2853, 2853t, 2854f

infections

actinomycotic, 1342

in cancer patient, 561–562

in joints. See Infectious (septic) arthritis

parasitic, 1700t

in prosthetic joints. See Prosthetic joint

infections

inflammatory vs. noninflammatory, 2844–2846

laboratory studies in, 2851–2852, 2852f,

2852t

obesity and, 3087

in older adults, 2847

osteoarthritis. See Osteoarthritis

physical examination in, 2847–2848

prevalence of, 2844

in rheumatic fever, 2767–2768

in sarcoidosis, 2833, 2833f

SLE and, 2740

in systemic sclerosis, 2782–2783

Mushrooms, poisonous, 301, 319, 3591t, 3592t

Mushroom worker’s lung, 2160t

Musk ambrette, 422t

MuSK antibodies, 229, 3511

Mussels, contaminated, 3606, 3607

Mustard gas, S4

Mustard (atrial switch) procedure, 2013–2014,

2016f, 2016t

MUT4 gene mutations, 638

Mutation(s), 3645, 3645. See also specific genes

alleles, 3649

allelic heterogeneity in, 3649

in cancer cells, 508. See also Cancer genetics

chromosomal disorders. See Chromosome

abnormalities/disorders

definition of, 3645

dynamic, 3648

functional consequences of, 3648–3649

INDEX

I-148 Mutation(s) (Cont.):

germline, 3646

identifying, 3658–3659

imprinting of, 3653–3654

locus heterogeneity in, 3649–3650, 3650t

in Mendelian disorders. See Mendelian disorders

mitochondrial. See Mitochondrial DNA diseases

mosaicism in, 3653

nucleotide repeat disorders, 3655, 3655t

origins and types of, 3645–3648, 3648f

penetrance of, 3651

phenocopies, 3650

phenotypic heterogeneity in, 3649, 3650t

rate of, 3646

sex-influenced, 3651

somatic, 3645, 3654–3655

uniparental disomy in, 3653–3654

variable expressivity of, 3651

X-inactivation of, 3653–3654

Mutation accumulation theory of aging, 3733

Mutation-associated neoantigens (MANAs), 505,

506

Mutator phenotype, 499

Mutism, 198

MUTYH gene mutations, 503t

MWS (Muckle-Wells syndrome), 448, 2841t, 2843

Myalgia, 3519–3520

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue

syndrome (ME/CFS)

approach to the patient, 3533–3534

clinical case definition of, 3533, 3533t

comorbid conditions, 3534, 3534t

course and prognosis of, 3534

diagnosis of, 3533–3534

differential diagnosis of, 3534

epidemiology of, 3532

IC/BPS and, 326

vs. Lyme disease, 1428

management of, 3534

pathophysiology of, 3532–3533, 3533f

risk factors for, 3532–3533

Myasthenia gravis, 3509

APS-2 and, 2994t, 2995t

autoantibodies in, 35, 2696t, 2735, 3510, 3511

vs. botulism, 1218

clinical features of, 168, 3510–3511

diplopia, 229, 230

dysphagia, 291

nystagmus, 231

ocular, 3510, V3

ptosis, 228

thymoma, 2996

weakness, 166, 167, 168, 3510

COVID-19 risk and, 3516

diagnosis of, 3511, 3511t, 3513t

differential diagnosis of, 2819–2820, 3511–3513

disorders associated with, 3513, 3513t

drug-induced, 3531t

drugs to avoid in, 3515, 3516t

epidemiology of, 3510

global considerations in, 3516

pathophysiology of, 3509–3510, 3509–3510f

prognosis of, 3515–3516

pulmonary function values in, 2138, 2138f

reflex responses in, 165

treatment of, 3513

algorithm for, 3514f

assessment of response to, 3515

cholinesterase inhibitors, 3513–3514

immunotherapy, 3514–3515

investigational, 3515

IVIg, 3515

plasmapheresis, 3515

thymectomy, 3514

Myasthenic crisis, 3515

Myasthenic fatigue, 3510

MYB gene, 756

MYBPC3 gene mutations, 1869, 1956t

MYC, 419, 846, 3793

Mycetoma, 270, 1343

MYC gene mutations, 500t, 645, 843, 844t

MYCL1 gene mutations, 500t

MYCN gene mutations, 500t

Mycobacterium spp.

M. abscessus, 970, 1037, 2211

M. africanum, 1357

M. bovis, 1357

M. canetti, 1357

M. chelonei, 1035, 1037

M. chimaera, 963, 970, 1134

M. leprae, 1037, 1382–1383. See also Leprosy

M. lepromatosis, 1383

M. marinum, 1361

M. orygis, 1357

M. pinnipedii, 1357

M. tuberculosis. See Mycobacterium tuberculosis

M. ulcerans, 1037, 1395

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections

bronchiectasis, 2173, 2175. See also

Bronchiectasis

diagnosis of, 1395, S11

disseminated, 1394

epidemiology of, 1394

in HIV infection, 304, 1396, 1565f, 1567

lymphadenopathy, 1394

prevention of, 1396

prophylaxis for, 1563t

pulmonary, 1394

treatment of, 1396, 1404–1405

Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin. See

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine

Mycobacterium spp. infections

arthritis, 1043

chronic meningitis, 1113t

diagnosis of, S11

inherited susceptibility to, 446t, 448, 448f

M. abscessus, 1394, 1396, 1405, 1406

M. chelonae, 1406

M. fortuitum, 1394, 1405

M. intracellulare infections. See Mycobacterium

avium complex (MAC) infections

M. kansasii, 1394, 1396, 1405

M. leprae. See Leprosy

M. marinum. See Mycobacterium marinum

infections

M. tuberculosis. See Tuberculosis (TB)

M. ulcerans, 1395

nontuberculous. See Nontuberculous

mycobacterial (NTM) infections

osteomyelitis, 1043, 1047, 1049

subacute meningitis, 1108–1109, 1365–1366

Mycobacterium marinum infections

cellulitis, 1038

skin, 396, 1035, 1394–1395

in transplant recipient, 1143

treatment of, 1038, 1396, 1405

Mycobacterium tuberculosis. See also Tuberculosis

(TB)

host response to, 1361, 2698, 2700

immune response inhibition by, 958

innate resistance to, 1361

microbiology of, 1357, 1357f

mTOR reactivation by, 958

phagosome of, 1360

rifampin-resistant, 966, 972

survival inside vacuole by, 953

transmission of, 1359

virulence of, 1360–1361

Mycophenolate mofetil/sodium

actions of, 2328t

adverse effects of

in kidney transplant recipient, 2328t, 2331

in liver transplant recipient, 2637

mucosal malabsorption, 304

in myopathies, 2825t

in SLE, 2744t, 2747

in vasculitis, 2805t

for bullous pemphigoid, 403

for dermatomyositis, 405

for drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome, 412

drug interactions of, 2744t

for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, 404

for granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 2809

for immune thrombocytopenic purpura, 907

for immunosuppression

after cardiac transplantation, 1974t

after kidney transplantation, 2328, 2328t

after liver transplantation, 2637

for inflammatory myopathies, 2825, 2825t

for lupus nephritis, 2338

for mucous membrane pemphigoid, 404

for myasthenia gravis, 3514–3515

for neuromyelitis optica, 3478

for pemphigus vulgaris, 402

for photoallergy, 422

for SLE, 2744t, 2746–2747

for systemic sclerosis, 2784, 2786

for vasculitis, 2805

Mycoplasma spp., 1441

Mycoplasma genitalium infections, 1080–1082,

1082t, 1086, 1443, 1443t

Mycoplasma hominis infections

diagnosis of, 1444

in mediastinitis, 1144

nonurogenital, 1443–1444

postpartum/postabortal, 1443

in transplant recipient, 1144

treatment of, 1443t, 1444

urogenital, 1443

Mycoplasma spp. infections, 413, 1125

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 1441

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, 1441

clinical features of

erythema multiforme, 392, 1442

erythema nodosum, 397

extrapulmonary, 1442

rash and mucositis, 143, A1

upper respiratory tract, 253t, 254, 1442

in COPD, 2189

diagnosis of, 1442, 1442t

epidemiology of, 1441–1442

macrolide-resistant, 1013

pathogenesis of, 1441

treatment of, 1443, 1443t

Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)

clinical features of, 589f, 850

peripheral blood smear in, A6

skin manifestations of, 383, 384, 396, 850, A5

treatment of, 424, 517, 850

Mycotic aneurysm

circle of Willis, 3353. See also Subarachnoid

hemorrhage

clinical features of, 2107

diagnosis of, 2107

epidemiology of, 2107

etiology of, 2102

INDEX

in infective endocarditis, 1025, 1033 I-149

treatment of, 2107

MyD88, 2675f

MyD88 deficiency, 446t

MYD88 gene mutations, 836, 836t, 849, 857, 876

Mydriasis, 217, 3583

Myelin, 3293

Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), 876, 2696t

Myelination, adaptive, 3293

Myelin basic protein (MBP), 2696t

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), 35,

223, 2696t

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)

antibodies, 731f, 734

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)

antibody-associated disease, 3479

Myelin protein zero (MPZ), 3485

Myelitis. See Myelopathy, inflammatory and

immune

Myeloblasts, 440, 441f

Myelocytes, 440, 441f

Myelodysplasia, 799. See also Myeloid malignancies

classification of, 799, 800t

clinical features of, 800

diagnosis of, 800–801

differential diagnosis of, 751, 801

epidemiology of, 799

etiology of, 799

genetic considerations in, 799–800

pathophysiology of, 799–800

prognosis of, 801, 801t

as second malignancy in cancer survivors, 740

telomere disorders and, 3682

treatment of, 517, 801–802, 902–903, 902t, 3794

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). See

Myelodysplasia

Myelofibrosis

primary. See Primary myelofibrosis

secondary, 802

Myelography, 3291

Myeloid dendritic cells, 2676, 2679t. See also

Dendritic cells

Myeloid/erythroid ratio, 436, 436–437f

Myeloid hyperplasia in, 437f, A6

Myeloid malignancies, 859

atypical chronic myeloid leukemia, 860, 860t

chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, 799,

860–861, 860t

chronic neutrophilic leukemia, 803, 859, 860t

classification of, 859, 859t

with eosinophilia. See Eosinophilia

juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, 861–862

myelodysplastic syndromes. See also

Myelodysplasia

MDS/MPN, unclassifiable, 862

MDS/MPN with ring sideroblasts and

thrombocytosis, 862

myeloid neoplasms with germline

predisposition, 487, 862

myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable, 862

telomere disorders and, 3682

transient myeloproliferative disorder, 862

Myeloid metaplasia. See Primary myelofibrosis

Myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP-8), 2791

Myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP-14), 2791

Myeloma. See Multiple myeloma

Myeloma kidney, 2360, 2360f, A4

Myeloma light chains, 2301, 2302, 2360

Myelopathy

acute spondylitic, 3450

acute transverse, A16

cancer-related, 3454

chronic, 3452

in adrenomyeloneuropathy, 3454

in cobalamin deficiency, 3454

hereditary spastic paraplegia, 3413–3414t,

3416, 3454

HTLV-1 associated, 1526–1527, 3453

hypocupric, 3454

in MS, 3453

primary lateral sclerosis, 3415–3416, 3454

spondylitic, 3452

in syringomyelia, 3453, 3453f

in tabes dorsalis, 1410, 3454

in tethered cord syndrome, 124, 3454

toxic, 3454

in vascular malformations of cord and dura,

3452, 3453f

compressive. See Spinal cord compression

compressive vs. noncompressive, 3447

evaluation of, 3450t

gait disorders in, 174

in high-voltage electrical injury, 3452

in HIV infection, 1579

inflammatory and immune (myelitis), 3450

acute infectious, 3451–3452

in multiple sclerosis, 3451. See also Multiple

sclerosis (MS)

in neuromyelitis optica, 3451, 3477

paraneoplastic, 730

postinfectious, 3451

in sarcoidosis, 3451

in systemic immune-mediated disorders, 3451

radiation-associated, 741

in spinal cord infarction, 3450

Myeloperoxidase, 443, 2696t

Myeloperoxidase deficiency, 445, 446t

Myelophthisic anemias, 802

Myeloproliferative neoplasms, 802. See also

Myeloid malignancies

classification of, 799, 803t

cutaneous ulcers in, 399

essential thrombocytosis, 803, 807

evolution into AML, 809

glomerulonephropathy in, 2367

janus kinase inhibitors for, 511

polycythemia vera. See Polycythemia vera

primary myelofibrosis. See Primary myelofibrosis

splenomegaly in, 461

unclassifiable, 862

Myelosuppression, chemotherapy-induced,

553–554, 554t. See also Neutropenia

Myenteric plexus, 288, 298

MYH7 gene mutations, 1869, 1956t

MYH9 gene, 1554

MYH9 gene mutations, 907, 2738

MYH11 gene mutations, 3229t

MYH-associated polyposis, 638, 638t

Myiasis, 3611

MYL gene mutations, 1956t

MYLK gene mutations, 3229t

Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, 3251t, 3253, 3521

Myocardial contusion, 2028

Myocardial infarction (MI)

abdominal pain in, 110, 111t

vs. acute pericarditis, 2019–2020, 2023

arrhythmias in

AV conduction block, 1881–1882, 2063

polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, 1924

PVCs and NSVT, 1916

sinus bradycardia, 2063

supraventricular, 2063

ventricular, 2062–2063

ventricular fibrillation, 1929, 1930f

cardiac biomarkers in, 2047–2048, 2048t

cardiac imaging following, 1848–1850, 1850f,

1858v, 1863f

cardiogenic shock in. See Cardiogenic shock

chest pain in, 104f, 2046–2047, 2054, 2064

circadian variations in, 215, 2054, 3810

classification of, 2057t, 2058f

dental care after, 262

diagnosis of, 104, 104f, A7, A9

erectile dysfunction and, 3060

hemodynamic patterns in, 2254t

in HIV infection, 1568

hypokalemia in, 348, S1

hypothermia in, 3631

incidence of, 2046, 2053

inflammatory mediators in, 2699t

in kidney transplant recipients, 2330–2331

mitral regurgitation in, 1995

murmur after, 280, 2054

natural history of, 1797

nausea and vomiting in, 292

non-ST-segment elevation. See Non-ST-segment

elevation acute coronary syndrome

(NSTE-ACS)

postmenopausal hormone therapy and, 3046t

prevention of, 925

Q wave abnormalities in, 1828–1829, 1829f,

A7

radiation-associated, 532, 737

right ventricular, 2022t, 2062

ST-segment elevation. See ST-segment elevation

myocardial infarction (STEMI)

sudden cardiac death and, 2259, 2263

systems-based analysis of, 3815

treatment of, 937, 1886

in women, 3065

Myocardial ischemia. See also Ischemic heart

disease

anterior wall, 1828, 1829f, A7

anterolateral wall, A7

in aortic regurgitation, 1987

in aortic stenosis, 2031

cardiac biomarkers in, 2047–2048, 2048t

clinical features of, 1797

diagnosis of, 1797

dyspnea in, 265

ECG in, 1828–1829, 1829f, 2032, A7

effects of, 2032, 2032f

lateral, A7

with left ventricular hypertrophy, 2031

nonspecific reaction to, 2056

pathophysiology of, 2030–2031, 2031f,

2032f

silent, 2033, 2045–2046

transmural, 1828, 1828f

ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation in, 1924

Myocardial perfusion imaging

in CAD evaluation, 26, 1841, 1841f, 1842f, 1851f,

A9

in chest pain evaluation, 107, A9

ECG-gated, A9

indications for, 1835

in ischemic heart disease, 2036f, 2037, A9

multidimensional, 1836f

PET vs. SPECT, 1835

protocols for, 1834

radiation exposure from, 1839–1840

radiopharmaceuticals for, 1834, 1834t

in sarcoidosis, A9

in STEMI, 1850, 1850f, 2056

in wall motion abnormalities, 1835f

Myocardial rupture, 2029

INDEX

I-150 Myocarditis, 1958

cardiogenic shock in, 2255. See also Cardiogenic

shock

diagnosis of, 1846, 1846f, 1959–1960, 1960f

dilated cardiomyopathy and, 1959t. See also

Dilated cardiomyopathy

global considerations in, 1972

infective

bacterial, 1205, 1962

eosinophilic, 1963

giant cell, 1962

in HIV infection, 1961

in influenza, 1519

in mumps, 1617

parasitic, 1961–1962

in relapsing fever, 1423

rickettsial, 1962

spirochetal, 1962

viral

acute, 1959, 2255

chronic, 1959

clinical features of, 1959

diagnosis of, 1959–1960, 1960f

enteroviral, 1604

etiology of, 1961

pathophysiology of, 1958–1959

treatment of, 1961

noninfective

checkpoint inhibitor–induced, 1963

in dermatomyositis, 1963

granulomatous, 1962

hypersensitivity, 1963

in sarcoidosis, 1962, 1963

palpitations in, 287

pathophysiology of, 1958, 2696t

VT/VF storm in, 1930

Myocardium, 1810, 2030–2031, 2255

Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF)

syndrome, 3529, 3674, 3674t, 3676

Myoclonic seizures, 3307, 3407

Myoclonus, 3407

Baltic (Unverricht-Lundborg disease), 3308t,

3407

clinical features of, 3401t, 3407

coma and, 186

in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 3420

with dystonia, 3403, 3403t

posthypoxic, 2272

treatment of, 3407

Myofascial pain syndrome, 97, 2876–2877

Myofibrillar myopathies, 3525t, 3527

Myogenic ptosis, 228

Myogenic reflex, 2288, 2297

Myoglobin, 748, 748t, 2301

Myoglobinuria, 3528

Myokymia, 3440, 3463, V3

Myonecrosis

anaerobic bacterial, 1354

clostridial. See Clostridial myonecrosis

etiology of, 1036f

with necrotizing fasciitis, 1038, 1039f

synergistic nonclostridial anaerobic, 1038

Myopathy(ies)

acute necrotizing, 734, 2276

alcoholic, 3559

clinical features of, 3516

gait disorders in, 176

muscle enlargement and atrophy, 3520

pain, cramps, and stiffness, 3517t, 3519–3520

weakness, 166, 3517–3519, 3517t, 3518f,

3519t, 3520f

in critical/systemic illness, 2276, 3531

diagnosis of, 3518f, 3520–3521

distal, 3525t, 3527

drug-induced, 2847t, 3149, 3531–3532, 3531t

endocrine and metabolic, 3530–3531

global considerations in, 3532

hereditary. See Muscular dystrophy

in HIV infection, 1580

inflammatory. See Inflammatory myopathies

in lung cancer, 599

mitochondrial. See Mitochondrial myopathy(ies)

thick-filament, 2276

Myopia, 216

Myosin, 1804, 1804f, 1957f, 2696t

Myosin-binding protein C gene mutations, 3651

Myosin light chain, 1802

Myositis

autoimmunity in, 2696t

clinical features of, 1038

etiology of, 1036f, 1038

inclusion body. See Inclusion body myositis

in influenza, 1519

in SLE, 2740

streptococcal, 1038, 1193

treatment of, 1039–1040

in trichinellosis, 1770

Myositis ossificans, 3216t, 3217

Myositis ossificans progressiva, 3217

Myositis-specific antibodies (MSA), 2820

Myotonia, 3519

Myotonia congenita, 3519

Myotonic dystrophy, 3524

AV conduction block in, 1883

clinical features of, 3524–3526

diagnosis of, 3526

genetic considerations in, 3526, 3648, 3655,

3655t

ocular involvement in, 228

proteins involved in, 3526f

testicular dysfunction in, 3017

treatment of, 3526–3527

MyPlate Food Guide, 2518

Myrcludex B, 2603

Myringotomy, 250, 251

Myxedema

clinical features of, 2935

edema in, 278

etiology of, 2116

hypothermia in, 3633

pericardial effusion in, 2023

pretibial, 2116, A5, A15

Myxedema coma, 2937

Myxofibrosarcoma, 713

Myxoma, 2026

clinical features of, 2026

CMR in, 1854, 2026f

dyspnea in, 266

echocardiography in, 2026, 2026f

epidemiology of, 2026

heart sounds/murmur in, 283, 284, 2026

vs. mitral stenosis, 1993

palpitations in, 286, 287

pathology of, 2026

skin manifestations of, 390

syncope in. See Cardiac syncope

treatment of, 2026–2027

Myxovirus resistance protein (MxA), 2821f

Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA), 2821

N

Na+. See Sodium

NAAT (nucleic acid amplification test), 960t, 962

Nab-paclitaxel, 541t, 543, 625, 662t

Nabumetone, 2861

N-acetyl-benzoquinone-imine (NAPQI), 2588

N-acetylcysteine (NAC)

for acetaminophen overdose, 472, 2588–2589

for alcohol-associated hepatitis, 2626

in H. pylori eradication, 2447

for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy,

1860

N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), 468

Na+-Cl-

 co-transporter, thiazide-sensitive, 340, 353

Nadolol, 1925, 2040t, 3591t

NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

phosphate) oxidase, 440, 447, 955, 1655,

1655f

Naegleria, 1718–1719

Naegleria infections

clinical features of, 1096–1097, 1699t, 1719

diagnosis of, 1699t, 1719

epidemiology of, 1719, S12

laboratory evaluation of, 1719, S12

pathogenesis of, 1719

treatment of, 1710, 1719

Nafamostat, 353

Nafcillin

adverse effects of, 349

for cellulitis, 1039t

drug interactions of, 1155t

indications for, 1153, 1156t

for infective endocarditis, 1028

for meningitis, 1103t, 1104t

for nongonococcal bacterial arthritis, 1042

for osteomyelitis, 1049t, 1050t

resistance to, 1028, 1156t

for staphylococcal infections, 1185, 1186t

Nafcillin/oxacillin, 948t

NAFLD. See Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

(NAFLD)

Nail(s)

in amyloidosis, 880, 880f

in dermatomyositis, 2820, 2820f

drug-induced disorders of, 410

in dyskeratosis congenita, 3682f

in HIV infection, 1576

in lichen planus, 379, 379f, A5

onychomycosis, 380

in psoriasis, 378

in psoriatic arthritis, 2799

in reactive arthritis, 2798

in systemic sclerosis, 406, 2778–2779, 2778f,

2779f

telangiectasia, 386

Nail-patella syndrome, 2335t, 2347

NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome, 957

Nairobi fly, 3615

Nairobi sheep disease virus, 1629t

Nairoviruses, 1630, 1642

Na+-K+-2Cl-

 cotransporter, 340, 2293

Na+/K+-ATPase, 340, 2293

Nalidixic acid, 422t, 784t, 905t, 1149

Nalmefene, 3562

Naloxone, 96, 3571, 3571t

Naltrexone

in alcoholism management, 3562

with bupropion, for obesity, 3092, 3092t,

3155

for opioid use disorders, 3572

NAME syndrome. See Carney syndrome/complex

Naming deficit, 196

13N-ammonia, 1834t, 1835

NAP-2 (neutrophil-activating protein-2),

2684t

NAPA (N-acetylprocainamide), 468

INDEX

Napabucasin, 652f I-151

Naphthalene, 784, 784t

NAPQI (N-acetyl-benzoquinone-imine), 2588

Naproxen

adverse effects of, 392, 905t, 2861, 2861t

for dysmenorrhea, 3038

for gout, 2864l

for medication-overuse headache, 114

for migraine, 3362t

for osteoarthritis, 2861t

for pain, 95t

for rheumatic fever, 2769

Napsin-A (Nap-A), 596

Naratriptan, 3362t, 3363, 3363t

Narcolepsy, 209

cataplexy in, 157, 215v

diagnosis of, 208t, 209f

immunopathogenesis of, 3296

olfactory loss in, 236

Narcotics. See Opioid(s)

NARES (perennial nonallergic rhinitis with

eosinophilia syndrome), 2724

Nares, microbiota of, 3693f

NARP (neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa)

syndrome, 3674–3675, 3674t

Nasal congestion, 248, 1512, 2674, 2726f

Nasal polyposis, 2154

NASBA test, for HIV RNA, 1560t

NASH. See Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

Nasogastric tube, 291, 2543

Nasopharyngeal cancer, 590, 1485, 2171t. See also

Head and neck cancer

Nasu-Hakola disease, 3374

NAT (N-acetyl transferase), 478

NAT2, 476t, 478

Natalizumab

actions of, 2708t

adverse effects of, 2485, 2487t, 3470–3471

for IBD, 2485, 2487t

indications for, 2708t

for MS, 3470–3471, 3470t, 3473

testing before and during treatment, 2487t

Nateglinide, 3110t, 3111

National Academy of Medicine, 62

National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA),

983

National Cholesterol Education Project Adult

Treatment Panel III (ATP III), S10

National Early Warning Score (NEWS), 2246

National Family Caregivers Association, 85

National Healthcare Safety Network, 1128

National Institutes of Health National Center

for Complementary and Alternative

Medicine (NCCAM), 3787t, 3789t

National Library of Medicine (NLM), 3789t

National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST),

597–598, 598t

National Quality Forum, 52

Natpara, 358

Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), 1550,

2678

Natural killer (NK) cells

definition of, 2702

development of, 2686f

functions of, 2672, 2678–2679, 2679t, 2687f

invariant, 3700

signaling of, 2679, 2688f

surface receptors of, 2676, 2678

Natural killer T (NK-T) cells

in adaptive immunity, 2679t

definition of, 2672

functions of, 2672, 2679

in HBV infection, 2568

hematopoietic differentiation of, 746f

in HIV infection, 1550, 1558

in innate immunity, 2678–2679, 2679t

neoplasms of, 858

receptors of, 2679

signaling of, 2679

Natural language processing, 3829–3830

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic (NOTES)

surgery, 2393, 2396

Natural products, 3776, 3785t, 3786–3787

Naturopathy, 3785t, 3788–3789

Nausea, 291

Nausea and vomiting, 291

in appendicitis, 2514

approach to the patient, 292–293

chemotherapy-induced, 488, 554

acute emesis, 292, 488

anticipatory, 80, 292, 488, 554

delayed emesis, 292, 488

treatment of, 80, 293, 488, 554–555

differential diagnosis of, 292, 292t, 2382t

etiology of, 80

gastrointestinal causes of, 2383

in liver disease, 2548

in myocardial infarction, 105

in pregnancy, 292, 294, 3767

radiation-induced, 532

in terminally ill patient, 80

treatment of, 293–294, 294t

Navitoclax, 652f

Naxos syndrome, 1956t

NBIA (neurodegeneration with brain iron

accumulation), 3409

NBTE (nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis),

1024

NCCAM (National Institutes of Health National

Center for Complementary and

Alternative Medicine), 3789t

NCRs (natural cytotoxicity receptors), 1550, 2678

NCVIA (National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act),

983

ND4 gene mutations, 3670

NDM carbapenemases (New Delhi metallo-βlactamases), 1165

Nebivolol, 1941, 2040t, 2084

Necator americanus, 1774–1775, 1774t, S12. See

also Hookworm infections

NECDIN gene, 2897, 3654

Necitumumab, 514t

Neck pain, 127

in axial spondyloarthritis, 128

in brachial plexus injury, 128

in cancer, 128

in carpal tunnel syndrome, 129

in cervical disk disease, 127–128, 127t

in cervical spine trauma, 127

in cervical spondylosis, 128

global considerations in, 129

in herpes zoster, 128

in orthostatic hypotension, 156

in peripheral nerve disorders, 128

physical examination in, 127t

in rheumatoid arthritis, 128

in thoracic outlet syndromes, 128

treatment of, 129

Neck weakness, 3442–3443

Necrobiosis lipoidica, 396

Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, 3128,

A15

Necrolytic migratory erythema, 384, 665,

665f

Necroptosis, 957

Necrosis

in cancer cells, 519

digital, in systemic sclerosis, 2778, 2778f

fat, 397

intestinal, 355

pancreatic, 2393, 2662f, 2663, V5

pulp, 256

Necrotic arachnidism, 3612

Necrotizing arteritis, 3343

Necrotizing encephalopathy, 741

Necrotizing enterocolitis, 895, 1221–1222

Necrotizing fasciitis

clinical features of, 978, 1035, 1038, 1193

etiology of, 975t, 978, 1036f, 1038, 1193, 1354

imaging of, 1039f

pathophysiology of, 1038, 1193

treatment of, 975t, 1038, 1039–1040, 1039t,

1191t, 1193

Necrotizing myopathy, 734, 2722, 2819t, 2822f,

2824–2825, 2825t

Necrotizing pancreatitis. See also Acute pancreatitis

diagnosis of, 2660t, 2662f

intraabdominal abscess in, 1058

pathogenesis of, 2659

treatment of, 2393, V5

Necrotizing vasculitis, 371, 371f, 373, 397, 399,

2684

Nedd4-2, 2295

NEDD9 gene mutations, 2121

Neer test, 2850

Nef/nef, 1523f, 1531f, 1546, 1555

Negative predictive value, 494, 494t

Negative-strand RNA viruses, 1453, 1455f, 1456

Neglect (sensory phenomenon), 172, 199–200,

200f, 204

Neglected tropical diseases, 1391–1392

Neglect, elder, 3758t

Negligible senescence, 3733, 3734f

Negri body, 1620, 1621f

Neisseria spp. (meningococci). See also

Meningococcal infections

laboratory identification of, S11

pili, 950, 950t

serogroups of, 1226, 1226t

Neisseria gonorrhoeae. See also Gonococcal

infections

antibiotic resistance in, 1081f, 1163l, 1166, 1168t,

1169, 1236

host response to, 1235–1236

laboratory identification of, 1239, S11

lipooligosaccharide of, 1235

microbiology of, 1234

outer-membrane proteins of, 1235

Neisseria meningitidis. See also Meningococcal

infections

antibiotic resistance in, 1104, 1166

asymptomatic carriage of, 1228

colonization by, 1228

genotyping of, 1226

host response to, 1228–1229

laboratory identification of, S11

outer-membrane vesicles, 1233, 1233f

structure of, 1225–1226, 1226f, 1226t,

1227f

Neisseria meningitidis vaccine. See Meningococcal

vaccine

NELF gene mutations, 3014, 3015t

Nelfinavir, 1590f, 1705t

Nelson’s syndrome, 391, 2916

Nemaline rod myopathy, 3517, 3526f

Nematocyst, 3602, 3602f

INDEX

I-152 Nematodes/nematode infections, 1769

filarial

Brugia spp., 1778–1779, 1778t, S12. See also

Lymphatic filariasis

Dracunculus medinensis/dracunculiasis. See

Dracunculus medinensis/dracunculiasis

Loa loa. See Loa loa (African eye worm)/

loiasis

Mansonella spp., 1778t, 1783, S12

Onchocerca volvulus. See Onchocerca volvulus/

onchocerciasis

tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, 449, 1781

Wuchereria bancrofti, 945t, 1778–1779, 1778t,

2166, S12. See also Lymphatic filariasis

zoonotic, 1783

intestinal, 1697, 1773

anisakiasis, 1777

Ascaris lumbricoides. See Ascaris lumbricoides/

ascariasis

Capillaria philippinensis/capillariasis, 945t,

1777, S12

Enterobius vermicularis/enterobiasis, 1774t,

1777, S12

hookworm. See Hookworm infections

Strongyloides stercoralis. See Strongyloides

stercoralis/strongyloidiasis

trichostrongyliasis, 1777

Trichuris trichiura/trichuriasis (whipworm),

945t, 1697, 1774t, 1776–1777

by organ system and signs/symptoms,

1699–1700t

tissue, 1697–1698, 1769. See also Larva migrans

Ancylostoma braziliense, 1772, 1775, S12

Ancylostoma caninum, 1775

Angiostrongylus. See Angiostrongylus spp.

infections

Baylisascaris procyonis, 945t, 1097, 1114t,

1771, S12

Gnathostoma. See Gnathostoma spinigerum/

gnathostomiasis

Toxocara canis/cati, 945t, 1699t, 1771, S12

Trichinella. See Trichinella/trichinellosis

NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator)

deficiency of, 446t, 447, 2717, 2719, S8

in NTM infections, 1393, 1393f, 1394

Neoadjuvant therapy, 531

Neoantigens, tumor, 2702, 2704

Neobladder, orthotopic, 679

Neomycin

actions of, 1159

adverse effects of, 304, 412, 771t, 1159, 2633

for hepatic encephalopathy, 2633

for IBS, 2495

for otitis externa, 249

prophylactic, 1162t

vitamin A absorption and, 2529

Neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease

(NOMID), 2841t, 2843

Neonates

consumptive hypothyroidism in, 725

diabetes in, 3102

folate requirements in, 773, 775

infections in

Candida, in brain, A16

CMV, 1488, 1488t, 3767

C. perfringens, 1222

C. trachomatis, 1448, 1449t, 1450

enterococcal, 1200

enterovirus (generalized disease of the

newborn), 1603, 1603t

gonococcal, 1238, 1240t

group B Streptococcus, 1084

hepatitis B, 2569, 2572

herpesvirus, 3767

HIV, 1537

HSV, 1475–1476, 1478t, 1479

L. monocytogenes, 1210

rubella. See Rubella, congenital

syphilis. See Syphilis, congenital

T. cruzi, 1749, 1750t, 1751, 1751t

tetanus, 1211

T. gondii, 1757, 1758, 1761, 1761t, 1762

varicella, 1480

jaundice in, 781, 2558

screening programs, 3834

seizures in, 3309, 3310t

vitamin K deficiency in, 2532

Neorickettsia, 1437

Neostigmine, 2512, 3592t, 3599, 3601t

Nepal, 50, 50t

Nephrectomy, 675

Nephritis/nephritic syndromes, 2280

AKI. See Acute kidney injury (AKI)

glomerulonephritis. See Glomerulonephritis

lupus nephritis. See Lupus nephritis

pyelonephritis. See Pyelonephritis

tubulointerstitial. See Tubulointerstitial diseases

Nephrocalcinosis, 2282, 2363

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. See Diabetes

insipidus (DI), nephrogenic

Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, 2318

Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate diuresis

(NSIAD), 2924

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, 409, 1840, 3287

Nephrolithiasis, 2368

abdominal pain in, 111t

approach to the patient, 2370

back pain in, 125

clinical features of, 332t, 2370

conditions associated with, 1060, 2368

diagnosis of, 332t, 2370–2371, 2370f, 2371f

differential diagnosis of, 2370

epidemiology of, 2368

follow-up for, 2373

genetic considerations in, 2370

history in, 2371

in hyperparathyroidism, 3175

in IBD, 2481t, 2482

inherited, 2292t

pathogenesis of, 2368–2369

prevention of, 2372

risk factors for, 2369

treatment of, 2371, 2372–2373, 3252

uric acid, 3251

Nephron(s)

embryologic development of, 2288, 2288f

functions of, 2289

cellular transport, 2289

in collecting duct, 2291f, 2293–2294

in distal convoluted tubule, 2291f, 2293

epithelial solute transport, 2289

in loop of Henle, 2291f, 2293

membrane transport, 2289–2290

in proximal tubule, 2290–2293, 2290f

inherited disorders involving, 2292t

Nephronophthisis, 2351t, 2352f, 2355

Nephropathia epidemica, 1643

Nephropathy

analgesic, 2362, 2362f

aristolochic acid, 2282, 2301, 2362, 2364

atherosclerotic, 2336t, 2347

calcineurin-inhibitor, 2330, 2363

contrast-induced, 1860, 2300, 2303t, 2318,

3283–3284

diabetic. See Diabetic nephropathy

heavy metal, 2363

HIV-associated, 1571, 2348–2349, A4

hypercalcemic, 2363–2364

hypokalemic, 2364

IgA. See IgA nephropathy

in lead poisoning, 2363

light chain cast. See Light chain deposition

disease/nephropathy

lithium-associated, 2362–2363

membranous. See Membranous

glomerulonephritis

phosphate, 2360, A4

quartan malarial, 1726

radiation-induced, 2366

reflux, 2360–2361, 2361f

sickle cell, 759t, 2336t, 2348, 2362, 2367

urate, 2360, 3251

uric acid. See Uric acid nephropathy

Nephrosclerosis, hypertensive, 2078, 2091, 2347–

2348, A4

Nephrosis, urate, 3251

Nephrotic syndromes, 2341

clinical features of, 332t, 2282–2283, 2283f, 2334,

2335t, 2336, 2341

acid-base disorders, 360

ascites, 323

edema, 277, 277t

hypoalbuminemia, 337

hyponatremia, 342

diabetic nephropathy. See Diabetic nephropathy

diagnosis of, 332t

dyslipidemia in, 3145

etiology of, 2282–2283, 2283f

in Fabry disease. See Fabry disease

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. See Focal

segmental glomerulosclerosis

genetic considerations in, 2282, 2284t

glomerular deposition diseases, 2345

fibrillary glomerulopathy, 2345

fibrillary-immunotactoid glomerulopathy, 2335t

immunotactoid glomerulopathy, 2345

light chain deposition disease. See Light chain

deposition disease

renal amyloidosis, 2335t, 2336t, 2345, A4

membranous glomerulonephritis. See

Membranous glomerulonephritis

minimal change disease. See Minimal change

disease

paraneoplastic, 2283

treatment of, 2341

Nephroureterectomy, 680

Neprilysin, 1934

Neprilysin inhibitors. See Sacubitril-valsartan

Nepuyo virus, 1627t

Neratinib, 544, 546t, 613t, 621, 625

Nerve agents, 3592t, S4

Nerve biopsy, 3483

Nerve conduction studies

in back pain, 120

in inflammatory myopathies, 2820

in leprosy, 1388

in muscle disease, 3520

in peripheral neuropathy, 3482, 3482t

Nerve function testing, 1388–1389

Nesidioblastosis, 3133

Nesiritide, 1944, 1946t, 2256

Netherlands

hospital funding in, 44

long-term care funding in, 47

patient care financing in, 43, 43t

physician-assisted suicide in, 87, 87t

INDEX

Netilmicin, 1148 I-153

NETs. See Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)

NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps), 924, 955, A10

Network medicine, 6

Networks

disease, 3814–3816, 3816f, 3817f

drug repurposing using, 33, 35f

gene, 34f, 3813, 3817f, 3818f

neural, 196

organization of, 3813–3814, 3813f

Neural foraminal narrowing with radiculopathy,

122, 122f

Neuralgia(s)

glossopharyngeal, 261, 3441

migrainous, 259

postherpetic, 261, 1481, 1482, 3491

trigeminal. See Trigeminal neuralgia

Neural network, 196, 3827t, 3828

Neural stem cells, 3299–3300, 3799

Neural tube defects, 39t, 769

Neuraminidase, 1170, 1170f

Neurasthenia, 3513

Neurexin 3 alpha antibodies, 729t, 733

Neuritic plaque, in AD, 3372, 3372f

Neuritis

in leprosy, 1387, 1390

optic. See Optic neuritis

oral, 259

Neuroacanthocytosis, 3406

Neuroblastoma, 487t, 500, 500t

Neurocysticercosis

brain abscess in, 1117

clinical features of, 1119–1120, 1791

diagnosis of, 1120, 1791–1792, 1792f, 1793t, S2

etiology of, 1119

treatment of, 1120, 1792–1793

Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation

(NBIA), 3409

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)

carcinoid syndrome in. See Carcinoid syndrome

carcinoma of unknown primary and, 718t, 720

clinical features of, 303

ectopic ACTH production in, 242t, 724

extrapancreatic gastrointestinal

appendix, 667

esophageal, 634

gastric, 634, 666, 666f

rectal, 667

small intestine, 666–667, 666f

high-grade, 673

histologic classification and molecular features,

663–664, 664t

incidence and prevalence, 663, 663f

in MEN 1, 663, 665–666, 2983, 2984t, 2987

metastatic, 667

diagnosis of, 667–668, 667f

survival in, 668

treatment of, 670–672

pancreatic

gastrinoma. See Gastrinoma

glucagonoma, 384, 664t, 665, 665f, 2986

insulinoma. See Insulinoma

in MEN 1, 665–666, 2984–2985, 2984t

nonfunctional, 666, 2986, 2986f

other secretory, 665

paraneoplastic syndromes in, 722t

screening tests for, 2985t

somatostatinoma, 303, 665

VIPoma. See VIPoma

small bowel, 635–636

Neuroepithelioma, peripheral, 715

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)

in AD, 3370, 3371f, 3372f

in chronic traumatic encephalopathy, 3377

in neurodegenerative diseases, 3422

proteostasis loss and, 3734, 3735f

Neurofibroma, 395, 712

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)

clinical features of, 703t, 707, 2080t, 2980, 2991

genetic considerations in, 707, 2991, 3646

chromosomal location, 503t, 2984t

NF1 gene mutations, 503t, 707t, 2080t, 2980

MRI in, A16

pheochromocytoma in, 2980

skin manifestations of, 390, 395, 707, 2980, A5

soft tissue sarcomas in, 712

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)

clinical features of, 242, 703t, 707, 2991

CNS tumors in, 703t, 707

genetic considerations in, 503t, 703t, 707

MRI in, A16

Neurofibromin, 703t, 707, 2991

Neurogenic ptosis, 228

Neurohormonal system, in heart failure, 1934,

1934f

Neurohypophysis. See Posterior pituitary

Neuroimaging, 3282, A16. See also specific

disorders

closed-loop, 3822, 3822f

of connectivity, 3822

CT, 3282, 3283t. See also Computed tomography

(CT), in neurologic disease

interventional, 3292

magnetic resonance angiography, 3292

MRI, 3284. See also Magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI), in neurologic disease

arterial spin labeling, 3291

complications of, 3287–3288

contraindications to, 3287–3288, 3288t

contrast agents, 3286–3287

diffusion tensor, 3290, 3290f

diffusion-weighted, 3285f, 3286f, 3290

echo-planar, 3290–3291

FLAIR. See Fluid-attenuated inversion

recovery (FLAIR) MRI

functional, 93f, 3291, 3822, 3822f

guidelines for, 3283t

magnetic resonance neurography, 3291

perfusion, 3290

technique, 3284–3286, 3286t

myelography, 3291

positron emission tomography, 3291. See also

Positron emission tomography (PET), in

neurologic disease

in spine interventions, 3291–3292

Neurokinin (NK1

), 291

Neurokinin (NK1

) receptor antagonists, 270, 293,

554

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), 3408,

3435

Neuroleptics. See also Antipsychotics

adverse effects of, 83, 3058, 3407–3408

for delirium, 83, 83t

for Tourette’s syndrome, 3406–3407

Neurolisteriosis, 1210

Neurologic disease. See also specific diseases

approach to the patient. See Neurologic

examination/consultation

in critically ill patient. See Critically ill patient,

neurologic disorders in

depression in, 3547

electrodiagnostic studies of. See specific

techniques and Electrodiagnostic

studies

fatigue in, 162

global burden of, 3277, 3277t

in HIV infection. See HIV infection, neurologic

disease in

in hypothermia, 3632t

hypoventilation in, 2202, 2202f

imaging studies in. See Neuroimaging

insomnia in, 211

involuntary weight loss in, 310

as late consequence of cancer/cancer therapy,

741–742

localization of, 3277, 3281–3282, 3282t

in malnutrition, 2536t

in megaloblastic anemia, 768–769

paraneoplastic. See Paraneoplastic syndromes,

neurologic

pathobiology of

astrocytes, 3295

lymphatics, 3295–3296

microbiota, 3296–3297

microglia and macrophages, 3293–3295, 3294f

myelin, 3293

oligodendrocytes, 3293

pathologic proteins, 3297–3298

prions. See Prion(s)

in pregnancy, 3766–3767

prevalence of, 3277

rehabilitation for. See Neurotherapeutic

technologies

in sarcoidosis, 2833, A16

in SLE, 2741, 2743t

stem cell therapy in, 3299–3303, 3799

in syphilis. See Neurosyphilis

testicular dysfunction in, 3017–3018

in Wilson’s disease, 3235–3236

Neurologic examination/consultation, 3277

in back pain, 119, 119t

in coma, 185–186, 186f

comprehensive, V7

coordination examination, 3281

cranial nerve examination, 3279–3280

in delirium, 180

in dizziness and vertigo, 159–160

gait examination, 3281

in headache, 113

imaging studies. See Neuroimaging

localization of findings in nervous system,

3281–3282, 3282t

mental status examination, 3279

motor examination, 3280

in neck pain, 127t

neurologic history in, 3277–3278

neurologic method in, 3277

in olfactory/taste dysfunction, 237

overview of, 3278–3279, V7

reflex examination, 3280–3281

screening, V6

sensory examination, 3281

Neurologic-myopathic syndromes, in lung cancer, 599

Neuroma, 395, 2988. See also Vestibular

schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)

Neuromodulation, 330, 3362t, 3364, 3365t,

3823–3824

Neuromuscular blocking agents. See Muscle

relaxants

Neuromuscular junction, 3509, 3509–3510f

Neuromuscular junction disorders, 3509

autonomic dysfunction in, 3433–3434

botulism. See Botulism

clinical features of, 3282t

congenital myasthenic syndrome, 3511–3512,

3512t

INDEX

I-154 Neuromuscular junction disorders (Cont.):

in critically ill patient, 2276

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. See

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

(LEMS)

myasthenia gravis. See Myasthenia gravis

progressive external ophthalmoplegia. See

Progressive external ophthalmoplegia

weakness in, 166, 168

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), 3477

antibodies in, 35, 223, 3451

associated conditions, 3477–3478

course of, 3477

diagnosis of, 223, 3451, 3477, 3477t, 3478f, A16,

S2

global considerations in, 3477

immunology of, 3451, 3477

molecular mimicry in, 3296

treatment of, 206t, 223, 3451, 3478–3479

Neuromyotonia, 733, 735–736, 3520

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 (CLN2),

3257t, 3260

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, 2697t

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)

as brain damage indicator, 2271

in carcinoma of unknown primary, 718t

as tumor marker, 487t, 596

Neuro-ophthalmology, V3

Neuropathic joint (Charcot joint) disease, 2873,

2874f, 2874t

Neuropathic (lower motor neuron) weakness, 165,

165t, 168

Neuropathy. See also Peripheral neuropathy;

Polyneuropathy

acute quadriplegic, 3531

brachial plexus, 3499

diabetic. See Diabetic neuropathy

entrapment, 3767

femoral, 3498

gait disorders in, 175

in HIV infection. See HIV infection, neurologic

disease in

immune-mediated, 3504t

anti-Hu paraneoplastic neuropathy, 3508

chronic inflammatory demyelinating

polyneuropathy, 3504–3507

Guillain-Barré syndrome. See Guillain-Barré

syndrome (GBS)

Miller Fisher syndrome, 1218, 3309t, 3501,

3502t, 3503f

in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined

significance, 3507–3508

multifocal motor neuropathy, 3507

in multiple myeloma, 3507

vasculitic neuropathy, 3508

lateral femoral cutaneous, 3498, 3767

in leprosy, 1390

median, 3497–3498

optic. See Optic neuropathy

pain in, 77, 78f, 94, 98–99

paraneoplastic autonomic, 736

peroneal, 3498

radial, 3498

sacral, 308

sciatic, 3498

sensory deficits in, 172

trigeminal, 3439

ulnar, 3498

Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa (NARP)

syndrome, 3674–3675, 3674t

Neuropeptide Y, 3082

Neuroprotective agents, 3338, 3397

Neurosarcoidosis, 1115t, 2833, A16, S2. See also

Sarcoidosis

Neurosyphilis

asymptomatic, 1409

clinical features of, 110, 175, 1108–1109, 1113t,

1409–1410, 3376

in congenital syphilis, 1410

diagnosis of, 1109, 1411, S2

in HIV infection, 1572

MRI, A16

treatment of, 1412, 1412t, 1413

vs. viral meningitis, 1107

Neurotherapeutic technologies, 3819

augmented reality, 3820, 3821f

implantable neural interfaces, 3823–3825, 3825f

neurogaming, 3820–3822

neuroimaging in, 3822, 3822f

noninvasive brain stimulation, 3321, 3822–

3823. See also Transcranial magnetic

stimulation (TMS)

robotics, 3819–3820, 3820f

virtual reality, 3820

Neurotransmitter(s), 1802

Neurotrophins, 2150

Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, 3108,

3108t

Neutron (η) particles, S5

Neutropenia, 444

acute, 444

antibacterial prophylaxis for, 1162t

in aplastic anemia, 797–798

autoimmune, 444t

in cancer patient, 553–554, 554t. See also Cancer,

infections in

chronic, 444, 450

cyclic, 132, 257, 444

diagnosis of, 449

drug-induced, 444, 444t

enterocolitis associated with, 560, 577, 577f, 1353

etiology of, 444t

febrile, 554, 562, 563f, 1289

in HCT recipient. See Hematopoietic cell

transplantation (HCT), complications of

hereditary, 444

in HIV infection, 1575

refractory, 800t. See also Myelodysplasia

in sepsis/septic shock, 2248t

severe congenital, 2710–2711, 2710f

skin manifestations of, A5

treatment of, 450

in viral hepatitis, 2575

Neutropenic enterocolitis (typhilitis), 560, 577, 577f

Neutrophil(s), 440

abnormalities of, 443

chronic granulomatous diseases. See Chronic

granulomatous diseases (CGDs)

granule disorders, 445, 446t, 447

inherited disorders, 446t

leukocyte adhesion disorders, 445, 446t

neutropenia. See Neutropenia

phagocyte activation disorders, 446t, 447

in adaptive immunity, 2679t

apoptosis of, 443

circulating pools of, 441–442, 443f

in control of fungal infections, 1655

hypersegmented, 427f

in innate immunity, 2679t, 2684

marginated, 441, 443f

marrow release of, 441–443

maturation of, 440–441, 441f

morphology of, 441f

in peripheral blood smear, 425, 430f

senescent, 442

shift to the left, 440

travel through pulmonary capillaries, 441–442,

443f

Neutrophil-activating protein-2 (NAP-2), 2684t

Neutrophil bands, 440, 441f

Neutrophil count, 444

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), 924, 955,

A10

Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL),

2305

Neutrophil granules, 440, 445, 446t, 447

Neutrophilia, 445, 445t

Nevirapine

adverse effects of

cutaneous, 392, 393, 411, 1587t

fever, 147

genetic considerations in, 1555

hepatotoxicity, 1571, 2591

in HIV infection, 1587t

SJS or TEN, 392, 414, 1555, A3. See also

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS); Toxic

epidermal necrolysis (TEN)

drug interactions of, 1380

for HIV infection, 1587t

structure of, 1590f

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. See Gorlin’s

syndrome

Nevomelanocytic nevus, 369f

Nevus

atypical, melanoma and, 580

dysplastic, 580, A5

nevomelanocytic, 369f, A5

oral, 260t

Nevus depigmentosus, 388–389

Newborn(s). See Neonates

New daily persistent headache. See Headache, new

daily persistent

New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDM

carbapenemases), 1165

NEWS (National Early Warning Score), 2246

New York Heart Association (NYHA), classification

of cardiovascular disease, 1797–1798,

1797t, 1936, 1936t, 2033t

New York virus, 1629t

NEXN gene mutations, 1956t

Next-generation sequencing, 960t, 3659t, 3664,

3672

NF1. See Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)

NF1 gene mutations

actions of, 707, 2991

in CNS tumors, 703t, 707

in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, 861

in melanoma, 582, 583

NETs and, 663

in neurofibromatosis 1, 2980

in ovarian cancer, 695

in pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, 2980,

2981t, 2982f

in soft tissue sarcomas, 712

tumors associated with, 503t

NF2. See Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)

NF2 gene mutations, 503t, 703t, 707

NFTs. See Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)

NF-κB. See Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)

NF-κB essential modulator. See NEMO (NF-κB

essential modulator)

NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin),

2305

Ngari virus, 1627t

NHLRC1 gene mutations, 3407

NHP2 gene mutations, 3682t

INDEX

Niacin (vitamin B I-155 3

), 2527

adverse effects of, 3531t

deficiency of. See Pellagra

functions of, 2525f, 2527

for metabolic syndrome, 3156

metabolism of, 2527

recommended intake of, 2519t

structure of, 2525f

toxicity of, 2527

Nicardipine

adverse effects of, 2041t, 2847t

for hyperperfusion disorders, 2275

for hypertension in subarachnoid hemorrhage,

3356

for hypertensive emergencies, 2087, 2087t

for ischemic heart disease, 2041t, 2042

Niche site, stem cells, 744–745

Nickel allergy, 373f, 376, A5

Nickel exposure, 491t, 590, 3582

Niclosamide, 1705t, 1710–1711

Nicoladoni-Branham sign, 2112

Nicorandil, 2043

Nicotine, 3540t, 3563, 3592t. See also Smoking

Nicotine replacement therapy, 595, 2186, 3566

Nicotinic agonists, 3592t

NIDDM (non–insulin-dependent diabetes

mellitus). See Diabetes mellitus (DM),

type 2

Niemann-Pick diseases, 3256t, 3259

Nifedipine

adverse effects of, 278, 2041t

for altitude illness, 3618t, 3620, 3622

for chilblain, 3635

dosage in liver disease, 470

drug interactions of, 1706t

for ergot alkaloid overdosage/poisoning, 3590t

for high-altitude pulmonary edema, 2256

for hypertension, 2083t, 2084, 3436

for hypertension in pregnancy, 3763

for ischemic heart disease, 2041t, 2042

ointment, for anal fissure, 2505

overdosage/poisoning with, 3591t

for Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2114, 2784

Nifurtimox

actions of, 1711

adverse effects of, 1705t, 1711, 1752t, 1961

for Chagas disease, 1579, 1705t, 1751–1752,

1752t, 1756t, 1961

for human African trypanosomiasis, 1756

pharmacology of, 1711

Nigeria, 50, 50t

Night blindness, 2468t, 2524t, 2530

Night-eating syndrome, 3808

Nightshade, 3591t

Nijmegen breakage syndrome, 2714, S8

Nikolsky’s sign, 137t, 142, 400

Nil lesion. See Minimal change disease

Nilotinib

actions and targets of, 511, 513t, 544, 545t

adverse effects of, 545t, 739, 741, 824t, 825

for ALL, 832–833, 833t

for CML, 824–825, 824t

genetic variations in response to, 477t

Nilutamide, 686, 687

Nimesulide, 3038

Nimodipine, 3356, 3369

Nintedanib, 739, 2193, 2195, 2196, 2784, 2786

Nipah virus, 1094, 1514

Nipple-sparing mastectomy, 618

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection, 2684

Niraparib, 513t, 550t, 688, 697

Niridazole, 784t

NIS (sodium iodide symporter), 2696t, 2927, 2934t

NIS gene mutations, 2927

Nisoldipine, 2041t

Nissen fundoplication, 2431

Nit(s), 3611

Nitazoxanide

actions of, 1711

adverse effects of, 1705t

for Cryptosporidium infections, 1569, 1766

for Giardia infections, 1765

for H. nana infections, 1795

in H. pylori eradication, 2447t

pharmacology of, 1711

in pregnancy and lactation, 1705t

Nitisinone, 3272

Nitrates

actions of, 2041

adverse effects of, 2042t, 2057

contraindications to, 2042t, 2050t

dietary, 629, 629t

drug interactions of, 2042t

for heart failure, 1941, 1947, 2062

interaction with PDE-5 inhibitors, 3060

interaction with phosphodiesterase type 5

inhibitors, 2042t, 2048, 2057

for ischemic heart disease, 2040t, 2041, 2042t

long-acting, 2041

for NSTE-ACS, 2048, 2050t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3593t

for Prinzmetal’s variant angina, 2052

for pulmonary edema, 2256

for STEMI, 2057

tolerance to, 2041

Nitric oxide

for arterial hypoxemia, 2233

in asthma, 2151

in blood vessels, 1801, 1802

in cirrhosis, 322

in clitoral engorgement, 3062

in erection, 3056–3057, 3056f

in gastric mucosal integrity, 2435

for high-altitude pulmonary edema, 2256

in pulmonary hypertension, 2128

in swallowing, 288

Nitric oxide synthase. See Endothelial nitric oxide

synthase (eNOS)

Nitric oxide therapy, 2228, 2229t

Nitrites, 3593t

Nitroblue tetrazolium dye test, 449

Nitrofurantoin

actions of, 1149, 1161, 1164t, 1165f

adverse effects of, 1154t, 1161

common, 1076t

eosinophilia, 449

folate deficiency, 773t

in G6PD deficiency, 784t

hepatotoxicity, 2584, 2589

neuropathy, 3494t

pulmonary, 2192

for cystitis, 1076, 1076t, 1077

indications for, 1157t, 1161

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

prophylactic, 1162t

resistance to, 1076, 1157t, 1161, 1164t, 1168

for urinary tract infections, 1201t, 1267

Nitrogen dioxide exposure, 2171t

Nitrogen mustard. See Mechlorethamine (nitrogen

mustard)

Nitroglycerin

adverse effects of, 2041, 2057

for cocaine intoxication, 3576

drug interactions of, 472

for ergot alkaloid overdosage/poisoning, 3590t

for heart failure, 1944, 1946t, 2062

for hypertensive emergencies, 2087t

for hypothermia, 3633

intravenous, 2062

for ischemic heart disease, 2040t, 2041

metabolism of, 467

for pulmonary edema, 2256

for Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2785

for STEMI, 2057, 2062

Nitroimidazole, 2447t, 2448t

Nitroprusside

for adrenergic crisis, 2087

for aortic dissection, 2106

for cocaine intoxication, 3576

for ergot alkaloid overdosage/poisoning, 3590t

for heart failure, 1944, 1946t

for hypertensive emergencies, 2087, 2087t

for pulmonary edema, 2256

Nitroprusside ketone reaction, 362

Nitrosoureas, 539, 554, 575, 738t, 739

Nitrous oxide

as greenhouse gas, 1002f, 1002t, 1003f

inhalation of, cobalamin deficiency in, 766, 3454

NIV. See Noninvasive ventilation (NIV)

Nivolumab

action and targets of, 514t, 536f, 537, 2705t

adverse effects of, 537

acute interstitial nephritis, 2301

autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 786

hepatotoxicity, 2591

neurotoxicity, 711, 2275

pneumonia, 576, 576f

for bladder cancer, 680, 2705t

for gastric cancer, 633

for glioblastoma, 704

for head and neck cancer, 593, 2705t

for hepatocellular carcinoma, 652f, 653

for high-grade NETs, 673

for Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 854

for lung cancer, 607, 608t, 2705t

for melanoma, 584t, 585, 2701, 2705t

for pancreatic cancer, 662

for renal cell carcinoma, 675, 676t

Nixon’s method, splenic percussion, 461

Nizatidine, 296, 2443t, 2444

Njovera (endemic syphilis), 1414t, 1416, 1416f

NK cells. See Natural killer (NK) cells

NK-T cells. See Natural killer T (NK-T) cells

NKX2-1, 2934t

NKX2-5, 2934t

NLM (National Library of Medicine),

3789t

NLRC4 gene mutations, 448, 2677t

NLRP1 gene, 2677t

NLRP1 inflammasome, 957

NLRP3 gene mutations, 2678–2679t, 2843

NLRP3 inflammasome, 957, 2843

NLRs (NOD-like receptors), 2674, 2675t,

2676

NLST (National Lung Cancer Screening Trial),

597–598, 598t

NMDA receptor antibodies, 729t, 730f, 731, 731f,

1096, 3377

NMO. See Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)

NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), 3832–3833,

3833t

NMS (neuroleptic malignant syndrome), 3408,

3435

NMYC gene mutations, 500, 500t

NO-1, 1125

Nocardia spp., 1335–1336, 1336t, 1338–1339

INDEX

I-156 Nocardia spp. infections, 1335

actinomycetoma, 1338, 1338f, 1339t

antimicrobial resistance in, 1336t

in cancer patient, 560, 560t

chronic meningitis, 1113t

clinical features of, 396, 1337–1338, 1337f, 1338f

diagnosis of, 1338–1339, 1338f, S11

epidemiology of, 1336

global considerations in, 1336

in HIV infection, 1336

pathogenesis of, 1336–1337

in transplant recipient, 1143, 1336, 2275

treatment of, 1336t, 1339–1340, 1339t

Nocebo effect, 93

Nociceptin/orphanin receptors, 3569t

Nociceptive pain, 77, 78f

Nociceptor(s), 91, 91f, 92f

Nociceptor-induced inflammation, 92, 92f

Nocturia, 1936, 2374

NOD1 inflammasome, 957

NOD2 gene mutations, 2472t, 2473, 2801, 2843

Nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, 848–849,

856–857

NOD-like receptors (NLRs), 2243, 2243f, 2674,

2675t, 2676

Nodular amyloidosis, 395

Nodular vasculitis, 397

Nodule

cutaneous, 133, 369t, 370f. See also

Papulonodular lesions

thyroid. See Thyroid nodular disease

Noise exposure, 247, 247t

Noma (cancrum oris), 256, 559, 1351

NOMID (neonatal-onset multisystem

inflammatory disease), 2841t, 2843

Non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder,

213–214, 3801t, 3806

Nonaka distal myopathy, 3525t, 3527

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 2620

cirrhosis due to, 2626

clinical features of, 2622

diagnosis of, 2621–2622

epidemiology of, 2619–2620

etiology of, 2619–2620, 2620t

global considerations in, 2624

metabolic syndrome and, 2621, 3154

pathogenesis of, 2620f, 2621

risk factors for, 2621

staging of, 2621–2622

treatment of, 2622–2623

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

cirrhosis due to, 2626

diagnosis of, 2550t, A13

etiology of, 2620t

genetic considerations in, 2621, 3235

hepatocellular carcinoma and, 643, 644, 644f

natural history of, 2619–2620, 2620f

obesity and, 3086

Nonallelic (locus) heterogeneity, 3649–3650, 3650t,

3663

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE),

1024

Noncompliance, 469

Nonenveloped viruses, 1453, 1453f

Nonhistone proteins, 3641f

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 841. See also Lymphoid

malignancies

anti-TNF associated, 2485

approach to the patient, 844–846

diagnosis of, 844–845

epidemiology of, 841–842, 842f

etiology of, 841–842, 842t

extranodal, 633–634

genetic considerations in, 500t, 843–844, 844t

in HIV infection, 1555

immunology of, 842–844, 843f, 844f

infections in, 556, 556t, 558t

primary central nervous system, 1583, 1584f

prognosis of, 845, 845t

renal involvement in, 2360

skin manifestations of, 396, 402, A5

splenomegaly in, 461

staging of, 845, 845t

subtypes

adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. See Adult

T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, 618, 850–851

angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, 844t,

850, 858–859

Burkitt’s lymphoma. See Burkitt’s lymphoma

chronic lymphocytic leukemia. See Chronic

lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

DLBCL. See Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

(DLBCL)

enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma, 851, 858

extranodal T/NK-cell lymphoma, nasal type,

841, 851, 858, 2807

follicular lymphoma. See Follicular lymphoma

frequency of, 842f

hairy cell leukemia. See Hairy cell leukemia

hematopoietic T-cell lymphoma, 851

hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, 844t, 851, 858

lymphomatoid granulomatosis, 2807

lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, 849

MALT lymphoma. See Mucosa-associated

lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma

mantle cell lymphoma. See Mantle cell

lymphoma

marginal zone. See Marginal zone lymphoma

mycosis fungoides. See Mycosis fungoides

peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise

specified, 844t, 845, 850

primary central nervous system lymphoma.

See Primary central nervous system

lymphoma (PCNSL)

primary effusion lymphoma, 1491, 1583

subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell

lymphoma, 851, 858

testicular non-GCT in, 694

treatment of, 902t, 903

Nonhuman primates, bite-wounds from, 1125,

1127t

Non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

(NIDDM). See Diabetes mellitus,

type 2

Noninvasive brain stimulation, 3822–3823

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV)

contraindications for, 2189, 2232t

for COPD, 2189, 2232

for hypoventilation, 2203

indications for, 2232

for pulmonary edema, 2255

Nonlinear probability weighting, 3776t, 3778

Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, 2507t, 2508

Nonoliguria, 336

Nonoxynol-9, 1072, 1240

Nonreactive miliary tuberculosis, 1367

Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor, 690, 691,

692–693f, 693t. See also Testicular

cancer

Nonsense-mediated decay, 501

Nonsense mutation, 3648f

Non-small-cell lung cancer. See Lung cancer,

non-small-cell

Non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), 2190t,

2193–2194, 2193f, 2194f

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

actions of, 2435

for acute otitis media, 250

adverse effects of

bleeding, 454

in cirrhosis with ascites, 2631

colitis, vs. IBD, 2480

cross-sensitivity and, 415–416

cutaneous, 391, 407, 409, 411, 412

diarrhea, 301

edema, 277t, 278

gastrointestinal bleeding, 311, 2861, 2861t

gastrointestinal ulcers, 295. See also Peptic

ulcer disease, NSAID-induced

hyperkalemia, 353

hypertension, 2077t

immunologic factors in, 408

in ischemic heart disease, 2043

in older adults, 3747

photosensitivity, 409

proximal ileal stricture, 2394f

pulmonary eosinophilia, 2165

renal, 94, 334, 2296, 2298f, 2320, 2358, 2861

SJS/TEN, 414. See also Stevens-Johnson

syndrome (SJS); Toxic epidermal

necrolysis (TEN)

in SLE, 2744t, 2746

in STEMI, 2059

for apatite pyrophosphate deposition disease,

2867

for axial spondyloarthritis, 2794

for back pain, 125

for calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease,

2866

for colorectal cancer prevention, 639

for dementia prevention, 3372

discontinuation before lumbar puncture, S9

drug interactions of, 471t, 541t, 2744t

for dysmenorrhea, 3038

for episcleritis and scleritis, 220

for fever, 133

for fever of unknown origin, 151

gastric protection with, 2449, 2449t

for gout, 2864

for menorrhagia in perimenopause, 3044

for migraine, 3361, 3362t

for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 347

for osteoarthritis, 2861, 2861t

for pain, 78, 94–96, 95t

for phototoxicity, 422

for polyposis syndromes, 638

for reactive arthritis, 2798

for rheumatic fever, 2768–2769

for rheumatoid arthritis, 2761

for SLE, 2744t, 2746

for spinal stenosis, 121

for subacute thyroiditis, 2944

for sunburn, 418

for tension-type headache, 3365

topical, 2861, 2861t

Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary

syndrome (NSTE-ACS), 2046

cardiac biomarkers in, 2047–2048, 2048t

cardiogenic shock in, 2253f. See also Cardiogenic

shock

chest pain in, 101t, 2046

clinical features of, 2046–2048

diagnosis of, 2046, 2047f, 2047t, 2049f, 2053f

ECG in, 2047, A11

global considerations in, 2052