19
21
21
22
23
25
25
26
28 29
29
32
32
4
6
33
33
28
31
107
Ischium
20 Body of ischium
21 Ischial ramus
22 Ischial tuberosity
23 Ischial spine
24 Lesser sciatic notch
Pubis
25 Body of pubis
26 Pubic tubercle
27 Symphysial surface
28 Pubic crest
29 Superior pubic ramus
30 Pecten pubis or pectineal line
31 Obturator groove
32 Inferior pubic ramus
33 Obturator foramen
Left os coxae
Lateral view, anterior to left
Left os coxae
Medial view, anterior to right
1
1
5
5
3
3
4
9
2
10
10
11
12
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
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20
20
21
21
22
23
23
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27
29 31
32
13
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24
26
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108
wider toward each end, the compact wall of bone becomes thinner and the medullary cavity accumulates spongy
bone. The proximal end consists of a short cantilevered neck capped by a smooth, round articular head. Projections of bone, the trochanters, form at the base of the cantilevered neck. The distal end consists of two large,
knuckle-like processes separated by an intermediate groove. The femur articulates with three bones: the os coxae,
patella, and tibia.
The femur is the longest bone of the body. The strong shaft forms a long cylindrical tube with
a slight forward bow. The strong wall of the shaft is thickest near the narrow center of the bone
where the medullary cavity is also the most spacious. As the shaft becomes progressively
Femur
Left femur
Anterior view, lateral to rigjt
Left femur
Posterior view, lateral to left
1 1
3
3
4
4
6
6
7 8
9
10 11
12
13
14
15
16
16 19 19 22 23
20 17
18
20
18
17
2
109
1 Head
2 Fovea for ligament of head
3 Neck
4 Greater trochanter
5 Trochanteric fossa
6 Lesser trochanter
7 Intertrochanteric line
8 Intertrochanteric crest
9 Quadrate tubercle
10 Shaft or body
11 Linea apsera
12 Pectineal or spiral line
13 Gluteal tuberosity
14 Medial supracondylar line
15 Lateral supracondylar line
16 Medial condyle
17 Medial epicondyle
18 Adductor tubercle
19 Lateral condyle
20 Lateral epicondyle
21 Groove for popliteus
22 Patellar surface
23 Intercondylar fossa
Left femur
Lateral view, anterior to left
Left femur
Medial view, anterior to right
Left femur
Inferior view, lateral to right
1
1
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
10
10
16 19
21
18
20 17
22
23
6
6
Left femur
Superior view, lateral to left
11
11
110
with a fl at plateau-like superior surface largely covered with articular cartilage. The smaller distal end is more knoblike with a pronounced medial projection, the malleolus. The shaft has a strong anterior crest with sloping surfaces
to either side. The bone is easily palpable throughout its length. The tibia articulates with three bones — the femur,
fi bula, and talus.
The tibia is the large, medial bone of the leg skeleton. It is the second longest bone of the body,
only exceeded in length by the femur. Its strong shaft, consisting of thick walls of compact bone, is
triangular in cross-section. The shaft expands proximally into a fl uted extremity of spongy bone
Tibia
Left tibia
Anterior view, lateral to right
Left tibia
Posterior view, lateral to left
2 3 3 2
4
7
10 10
11
12
14
16 16
19 17
13
15
111
1 Superior articular surface
2 Medial condyle
3 Lateral condyle
4 Fibular articular facet
5 Anterior intercondylar area
6 Posterior intercondylar area
7 Intercondylar eminence
8 Medial intercondylar tubercle
9 Lateral intercondylar tubercle
10 Shaft or body
11 Tibial tuberosity
12 Soleal line
13 Interosseous border
14 Anterior border
15 Posterior border
16 Medial malleolus
17 Malleolar groove
18 Malleolar articular facet
19 Fibular notch
20 Inferior articular surface
Left tibia
Lateral view, anterior to left Left tibia
Medial view, anterior to right
Left tibia
Superior view, lateral to left
Left tibia
Inferior view, lateral to right
Left tibia
Close-up of lateral view
1 1
3 2
4 5
6
7 7
7
10 10
11 11
13
16
16
19
20
18
19
8
9
14
15
17
11
112
mal and distal ends, the shaft being totally surrounded with muscle. The fi bula articulates with two bones — the
tibia and talus.
The fi bula is the lateral bone of the leg skeleton. It is a slender, splint-like bone that is slightly
expanded at both ends. It plays no role in the weight-bearing function of the lower limb, but
serves as a signifi cant site of muscle attachment. It is not easily palpable except at its proxiFibula
1 Head
2 Articular facet for tibia
3 Apex of head
4 Neck
5 Shaft or body
6 Interosseous border
7 Anterior border
8 Posterior border
9 Lateral malleolus
10 Articular facet for talus
11 Malleolar fossa
12 Malleolar groove
Left fi bula
Anterior view, lateral to right
Left fi bula
Posterior view, lateral to left
1 1
2 3 3
4 4
5
5
12 9
6 7
113
Left fi bula
Lateral view, anterior to left
Left fi bula
Medial view, anterior to right
Left fi bula
Inferior view, lateral to right
Left fi bula
Superior view, lateral to left
1 1
2
2
3
3
4 4
5
8
8
11
8
9
9
11
7
12
114
that show a greater range in size and shape than their carpal counterparts in the hand. Distal to the tarsals are the
fi ve digital rays. The four lateral digits consist of a metatarsal bone and three phalanges. The large medial digit, the
hallux or great toe, has a metatarsal bone and only two phalanges. Two prominent sesamoid bones (bones that form
in tendons) are present on the plantar surface at the head end of the fi rst metatarsal.
Like the hand, the foot is a composite structure comprised of 26 bones, not
counting the small sesamoid bones that are found in certain tendons. The
proximal end of the foot is the tarsus or ankle. There are seven tarsal bones
Foot Skeleton
1 Talus
2 Calcaneus
3 Navicular
4 Medial cuneiform
5 Intermediate cuneiform
6 Lateral cuneiform
7 Cuboid
8 Metatarsal I
9 Metatarsal II
10 Metatarsal III
11 Metatarsal IV
12 Metatarsal V
13 Proximal phalanx
14 Middle phalanx
15 Distal phalanx
16 Sesamoid bones
Left foot
Dorsal view, lateral to right
Left foot
Plantar view, lateral to left
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
77
7
8
8
9
9
10
10 11
11
12
12
16 16
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14 14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15 15
16
115
Left foot
Medial view, anterior to right
Left foot
Anterior view, lateral to right
Left foot
Lateral view, anterior to left
Left foot
Posterior view, lateral to left
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
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8
8
9
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12
12
16
13 13 13 13 13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14 14
14
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14
14
15
15
15 15 15
15
15 15
15
15
1
2
3
4
8
16 16
12
14 15
7
116
one another. All the tarsal bones were photographed at the same scale so you can see their relative sizes.
The talus is the second largest and most proximal of the tarsal bones. It forms the ankle joint with the
distal end of the leg skeleton. It consists of a cuboid body, a distally directed neck capped by a convex,
oval head, a proximolateral facet for the fi bular malleolus, and a proximal trochlea for the tibia. It articulates with four bones — the tibia, fi bula, calcaneus, and navicular.
The next four pages depict the tarsal bones.
Like the carpals, this is a complex series of
bones that form numerous articulations with
Tarsal Bones - Talus
1 Head
2 Navicular articular surface
3 Anterior facet for calcaneus
4 Neck
5 Middle facet for calcaneus
6 Sulcus tali
7 Body
8 Trochlea of talus
9 Lateral malleolar facet
10 Lateral process
11 Medial malleolar facet
12 Posterior process
13 Groove for flexor hallucis longus
14 Lateral tubercle
15 Medial tubercle
16 Posterior calcaneal articular facet Left talus
Inferior view, lateral to right
Left talus
Lateral view, anterior to left
Left talus
Posterior view, lateral to right
Left talus
Superior view, lateral to left
Left talus
Medial view, anterior to right
Left talus
Anterior view, lateral to left
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11 11
11
12 12
16
16
12
12
14 13
15
15 14
13
13
117
1 Calcaneal tuberosity
2 Calcaneal tubercle
3 Sustentaculum tali
4 Groove for flexor hallucis longus
5 Calcaneal sulcus
6 Tarsal sinus
7 Anterior talar articular surface
8 Middle talar articular surface
9 Posterior talar articular surface
10 Groove for fibularis longus
11 Fibular trochlea
12 Articular surface for cuboid
Its distal end forms a series of articular surfaces with neighboring bones. Its posterior or proximal end is
box-like and forms a roughened calcaneal tubercle at the posterior surface. The calcaneus articulates
with two bones — the talus and the cuboid.
The calcaneus is the largest
bone of the foot and its long axis
parallels the long axis of the foot.
Tarsal Bones - Calcaneus
Left calcaneus
Anterior view, lateral to right
Left calcaneus
Superior view, lateral to left
Left calcaneus
Posterior view, lateral to left
Left calcaneus
Medial view, anterior to right
Left calcaneus
Inferior view, lateral to right
Left calcaneus
Lateral view, anterior to left
1
1
1 1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
12
12
10 11
5
9
118
The cuboid bone, like its name suggests, has a cube shape when viewed from above, but has ridges and
grooves on its plantar surface. It is the lateral bone in the distal series of tarsal bones and articulates with
the fourth and fi fth metatarsals. With a good imagination one can visualize the hull of a ship when observing the navicular bone. This ship-shaped bone is an intermediate bone between the talus and the three
cuneiforms on the medial aspect of the foot.
Tarsal Bones - Cuboid and Navicular
Left cuboid
Superior view, lateral to left
Left cuboid
Inferior view, lateral to right
Left cuboid
Anterior view, lateral to right
Left cuboid
Posterior view, lateral to left
Left cuboid
Medial view, anterior to right
Left cuboid
Lateral view, anterior to left
Left navicular
Superior view, lateral to left
Left navicular
Inferior view, lateral to right
Left navicular
Anterior view, lateral to right
Left navicular
Posterior view, lateral to left
Left navicular
Medial view, anterior to right
Left navicular
Lateral view, anterior to left
Cuboid
1 Groove for fibularis longus
2 Cuboid tuberosity
3 Calcaneal process
4 Articular surface for calcaneus
5 Articular surface for navicular
6 Articular surface for lateral cuneiform
7 Articular surface for fourth metatarsal
8 Articular surface for fifth metatarsal
Navicular
9 Tuberosity
10 Articular surface for talus
11 Articular surface for cuboid
12 Articular surface for medial cuneiform
13 Articular surface for intermediate cuneiform
14 Articular surface for lateral cuneiform
1
2 2
2
4
4
3
3
3
3 3
6
6 5
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
1
13
13
119
of the ankle. They articulate with the three medial metatarsal bones. Their wedge shapes contribute to the
formation of the transverse arch of the foot.
The wedge-shaped cuneiforms are the distal tarsal
bones on the medial aspect
Tarsal Bones - Cuneiforms
Left lateral cuneiform
Superior view, lateral to left
Left lateral cuneiform
Inferior view, lateral to right
Left lateral cuneiform
Anterior view, lateral to right
Left lateral cuneiform
Posterior view, lateral to left
Left lateral cuneiform
Medial view, anterior to right
Left lateral cuneiform
Lateral view, anterior to left
Left middle cuneiform
Superior view, lateral to left
Left middle cuneiform
Inferior view, lateral to right
Left middle cuneiform
Anterior view, lateral to right
Left middle cuneiform
Posterior view, lateral to left
Left middle cuneiform
Medial view, anterior to right
Left middle cuneiform
Lateral view, anterior to left
Left medial cuneiform
Superior view, lateral to left
Left medial cuneiform
Inferior view, lateral to right
Left medial cuneiform
Anterior view, lateral to right
Left medial cuneiform
Posterior view, lateral to left
Left medial cuneiform
Medial view, anterior to right
Left medial cuneiform
Lateral view, anterior to left
Lateral cuneiform
1 Articular surface for cuboid
2 Articular surface for navicular
3 Articular surface for middle cuneiform
4 Articular surface for second metatarsal
5 Articular surface for third metatarsal
6 Articular surface for fourth metatarsal
Middle cuneiform
7 Articular surface for navicular
8 Articular surface for medial cuneiform
9 Articular surface for lateral cuneiform
10 Articular surface for second metatarsal
Medial cuneiform
11 Articular surface for navicular
12 Articular surface for middle cuneiform
13 Articular surface for second metatarsal
14 Articular surface for first metatarsal
2
1
1
1 2
3
5
6
7
8
99
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
4
7
7
2
120
metatarsal bones are the most distinct. The fi rst metatarsal is short and thick compared to its counterparts, while the distinguishing feature of the fi fth metatarsal bone is the projecting tuberosity at its proximal end.
The fi ve metatarsal bones form the central portion of
the foot skeleton. The three central metatarsals most
closely resemble one another, while the fi rst and fi fth
Metatarsal Bones
1 Base
2 Shaft or body
3 Head
4 Tuberosity of first metatarsal
5 Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal
Left metatarsal bones, numbered I to V from medial to lateral
Dorsal view, lateral to left
Left metatarsal bones, numbered I to V from medial to lateral
Plantar view, lateral to right
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
3
3 3
3
3
3
3 3 3 3
4
4
5
5
121
part of the bone. From the base a narrow shaft projects to a rounded head with a trochlear articular surface. The middle and distal phalanges are short bones that can be easily distinguished by their distal
ends. The middle phalanges have a trochlear articular surface on their distal head, while the distal phalanges have a broad tuberosity at their distal ends.
Similar in number to the phalanges of the hand, the phalanges of the foot
are much smaller than those of the hand, with the exception of the large
fi rst toe. The proximal phalanges have broad bases that form the widest
Phalanges
1 Base
2 Shaft or body
3 Head
4 Trochlea
5 Tuberosity of distal phalanx
Left phalanges
Dorsal view, lateral to left
Left phalanges
Plantar view, lateral to right
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
5
5 5 5
5
4
4
122
border. The posterior surface of the bone is smooth and articulates with the femur, while the anterior surface of the
bone is rough by its attachment to the quadriceps tendon.
The patella is the largest sesamoid bone of the body. A sesamoid bone is a bone that forms
within a tendon. The patella occupies the posterior half of the quadriceps tendon just anterior
to the knee joint. It is a disc-like bone with a curved superior margin and a triangular inferior
Patella
1 Base
2 Apex
3 Articular surface
4 Anterior surface
1 1
1
2
2
2
2
3 3
3
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