INDEX

of bowel, 1221 I-49

clinical features of, 978, 1222–1223

diagnosis of, 1222–1223, 1223f, 3127

etiology and pathogenesis of, 975t, 978, 1038,

1222–1223, 1223f

histologic findings in, 1224, 1224f

nontraumatic (spontaneous), 1222–1223, 1223f

prevention of, 1224

prognosis of, 1224

traumatic, 1222

treatment of, 975t, 1039–1040, 1039t, 1221t,

1224

Clostridioides difficile–associated disease (CDI)

antibiotics associated with, 563, 1066

in cancer patient, 560, 577

clinical features of, 300t, 1068

community-onset, 980

definition of, 1066

diagnosis of, 963, 1065, 1068, 1068t

differential diagnosis of, 577

epidemiology of, 1063, 1065–1066

etiology of, 1065

fulminant, 1069–1070

global considerations in, 1067–1068

health care–associated, 300, 1129, 1133

microbiome and, 959, 3698–3699

pathogenesis of, 1067, 1067f

PPIs and, 1067, 2444

prevention and control of, 1070, 1135, 1162,

1169

prognosis of, 1070

recurrent, 1069, 3698–3699

risk factors for, 1066–1067

in transplant recipient, 1138, 1138t, 1141t, 1145

treatment of, 1068–1069, 1069t, 1158,

3698–3699, 3701

Clostridium spp., 1220, 1349, 3696

C. baratii, 1215

C. botulinum, 949, 1215, S3. See also Botulism

C. butyricum, 1215

C. difficile, 958, 1066–1067, 1168t, 1169. See also

Clostridioides difficile–associated disease

(CDI)

C. perfringens, 1220, 1220f, 1224. See also

Clostridium perfringens infections

C. septicum, 1220. See also Clostridium septicum

infections

C. tetani, 1211–1212. See also Tetanus

Clostridium spp. infections

bacteremia, 1222, 1354

cardiac, 1962

C. botulinum. See Botulism

C. difficile. See Clostridioides difficile–associated

disease (CDI)

C. histolyticum, 1222, 1225

C. perfringens. See Clostridium perfringens

infections

C. septicum, 1222, 1223–1224

C. sordellii, 977, 1038, 1222, 1225

C. tertium, 978, 1221t, 1222, 1224

C. tetani. See Tetanus

enteric, 1221–1222

epidemiology of, 1220

global considerations in, 1220

vs. IBD, 2479

polymicrobial infections involving, 1221,

1221t

skin and soft tissue, 1222. See also Clostridial

myonecrosis

surgical-site, 1131

treatment of, 1221t

wound contamination, 1221

Clostridium perfringens infections

bacteremia, 1222

in cancer patient, 562

clinical features of, 300t

clostridial myonecrosis. See Clostridial

myonecrosis

food-borne, 1064, 1064t, 1221–1222

genetic considerations in, 1221

necrotizing enterocolitis, 1221–1222

necrotizing fasciitis, 978. See also Necrotizing

fasciitis

treatment of, 1224

Clostridium septicum infections, 1353

Clotrimazole, 381, 1084t, 1085–1086, 2637

Clotting factors. See also specific factors

defective, 257, 398

engineered, 913

laboratory evaluation of, 911f

in normal hemostasis, 450, 451f

specific factor assays, 456

Cloxacillin, 1152t

Clozapine

adverse effects of, 3087, 3398, 3554, 3555t, 3556

for DLB, 3386

overdosage/poisoning with, 3591t

for psychosis in Huntington’s disease, 3405

for psychosis in PD, 3398

for schizophrenia, 3554, 3555t

CLRs (C-type lectin receptors), 2674, 2675t

Clubbing, of digits, 275

in cardiovascular disease, 1816, 2876

disorders associated with, 275, 2875–2876, 2876t

in Graves’ disease, 2939f

in hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, 275,

2875–2876, 2875f, 3215

in lung cancer, 271, 599

in respiratory disease, 266, 2132

in thyroid disease, 2876

Clue cells, 1083, 1085f

CLU gene mutations, 3373–3374

Cluster headache, 113t, 3360f, 3366, 3366t,

3367t

Cluster of differentiation (CD) classification, 2671,

2673–2674t

Cluster-tic, 3437

Clutton’s joint, 1043

CML. See Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

CMML (chronic myelomonocytic leukemia), 799,

860–861, 860t

CMR. See Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

(CMR)

CMT (Charcot-Marie-Tooth) disease. See CharcotMarie-Tooth (CMT) disease

CMV infections. See Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

infections

Cnidarian envenomation, 3602–3603, 3602f

CNS. See Central nervous system (CNS)

CO2

 (carbon dioxide), 1001, 1002f, 1002t, 1003f

Co-activators, 3643

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS),

1047, 1049, 1131, 1178, 3698. See also

Staphylococcal infections

Coagulation, 450–451, 451f, 903

Coagulation cascade

extrinsic pathway, 451, 911f

intrinsic pathway, 451, 451f, 911f

overview of, 922–923, 923f

red blood cells fate in, 790f

Coagulation disorders, 910

acquired factor inhibitors and, 918–919

in cirrhosis, 2633

in CKD, 2317

disseminated intravascular coagulation. See

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

(DIC)

familial multiple coagulation deficiencies, 915

genetic characteristics of, 911t

in heatstroke, 3637

hemophilia. See Hemophilia

in hypothermia, 3632

laboratory evaluation of, 911f, 911t

in liver failure, 917–918, 918t

sepsis/septic shock and, 2243–2244

in vitamin K deficiency. See Vitamin K

deficiency

Coagulation factor(s). See also specific factors

in hepatobiliary diseases, 2555, 2556t

multiple deficiencies of, 915

vitamin K–dependent, 915, 915f

Coagulation factor inhibitors, 911, 913, 918–919

Coagulation tests, 455–456, 456t

Coal dust, 2167t

Coal tar, 385t

Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, 2169–2170

Coarctation of the aorta, 2015, 2017f, 2079–2080

Coats’ disease, 3527

Cobalamin (vitamin B12), 766

absorption of, 766

deficiency of. See Cobalamin (vitamin B12)

deficiency

dietary sources of, 766, 770

folate and, 768

functions of, 766, 2525f

for hypogammaglobulinemia, S8

malabsorption of, 237, 771t, 772

metabolism of, disorders of, 772

postgastrectomy levels of, 2452

requirement/recommended intake of, 766, 2519t

serum, 774

structure of, 2525f

transport in blood, 766

Cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency. See also

Megaloblastic anemia

after cystectomy, 680

clinical features of, 768–770, 2524t, 3376

anemia, 437

cardiovascular, 769

dementia, 3376

frontal lobe syndrome, 203

gait disorders, 175, 3423

hair loss, 2535t

hyperpigmentation, 391

jaundice, 317

myelopathy, 3376, 3454, A16

neuropathies, 3496

olfactory dysfunction, 237

optic neuropathy, 224

peripheral neuropathy, 768–769

diagnosis of, 774, 3496, A16

in D. latum infections, 1796

etiology of, 770–772, 772t, 3376, 3496

hematologic findings in, 425, 427f, 440, 660f, 770

in HIV infection, 1574

in infants, 770, 772

postgastrectomy, 771

in pregnancy, 769

risk factors for, 2524t

in small-bowel bacterial overgrowth, 2461

small-intestinal mucosal biopsies in, 2469t

treatment of, 774–775, 3376, 3496

in tropical sprue, 2464

Cobalt exposure, 2170, 3582, S5

Cobblestone papillae, 220

Cobicistat, 1571, 1589

INDEX

I-50 Cobimetinib, 513t, 546t, 552, 584, 584t, 585

Cobras, 3596, 3601. See also Snakebites

Cocaine. See also Psychostimulants

actions and effects of, 3540t, 3573

adverse effects of

autonomic overactivity, 3435

cardiomyopathy, 1964

hypertension, 2077t

intracranial hemorrhage, 3343, 3350

myopathy, 2847t, 3531t

nasal and auricular, 2807, 2829

palpitations, 287

skin necrosis, 410

vasculitis, 2847t

forms of, 3573

overdose and abuse of

clinical features of, 3583–3584, 3590t, 3595t

epidemiology of, 3573

treatment of, 2087, 3590t, 3595t

pharmacology of, 3573

Coccidioides spp., 1661, 1661f

Coccidioides spp. infections, 1661

arthritis, 944

clinical features of, 221, 1653t, 1662, 1663t

complications of, 1662

diagnosis of, 945t, 1653t, 1662

disseminated, 1662

epidemiology of, 1112, 1661

in HIV infection, 1564t, 1567

meningitis, 1108–1109, 1113t, 1662, 1663, A16

pathogenesis of, 1661–1662

prevention of, 1663

risk factors for, 1653t

skin manifestations of, 397, 1035, 1662

treatment of, 1663, 1663t

Cochlea, 238, 239f

Cochlear implant, 241, 246, 246f

Cochrane Collaboration Complementary Medicine

Reviews, 3789t

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 28

Cockcroft-Gault equation, 333

Coclé virus, 1629t

Codeine

adverse effects of, 477

for cough, 269

for diarrhea, 306

drug interactions of, 471t, 3543t

for dyspnea, 81t

genetic variations in response to, 468–469, 476t, 477

metabolism of, 467t, 468

for pain, 78, 78f, 95t

Coding region, of mtDNA, 3670

Codman’s triangle, 715

Codons, 3641

Coenurosis, 1796

Coenzyme Q10, 3400f

Coffee worker’s lung, 2160t

Cogan’s syndrome, 2102, 2816, 2829

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

for alcohol use disorder, 3562

for back pain, 126

for depression, 3544

for fatigue, 164

for fibromyalgia, 2870

for glossodynia, 261

for IC/BPS, 329

for insomnia, 211

for menopausal symptoms, 3045

for metabolic syndrome, 3155

for obesity, 3091

for PTSD, S7

for stimulant use disorders, 3576

Cognitive dysfunction

alcohol use and, 3558

assessment of, 180, V2

caring for patient with, 204

chemotherapy-related, 621

delirium and, 178

hypertension-related, 2075–2076

in MS, 3463, 3474

in older adults, 3751, 3751f

postmenopausal hormone therapy and, 3046t,

3047–3048, 3064

Cognitive rehabilitation procedures, 204

Cogwheel rigidity, 3280

Cohen’s syndrome, 3084t

COL1A1/2 gene mutations

in chondrodysplasias, 3228

in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 3225t, 3227

in osteogenesis imperfecta, 3157, 3218, 3222t, 3650

COL3A1 gene mutations, 3229, 3229t

COL4A1 gene mutations, 3344

COL4A3/4/5 gene mutations, 2285, 3225t, 3227

COL9A gene mutations, 3228

COL12A1 gene mutations, 3225t, 3227

COL17A1 gene mutations, 3647

Colchicine

for acute idiopathic pericarditis, 2021

adverse effects of, 2842

alopecia, 384

cobalamin malabsorption, 771t

diarrhea, 304, 2021

myopathy, 2847t, 3531t

neuropathy, 3492, 3494t

for Behçet syndrome, 2818

for calcium apatite deposition disease, 2867

for calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease,

2866

contraindications to, 2021

drug interactions of, 471t, 2864

for familial Mediterranean fever, 882, 2842

for fever of unknown origin, 151

for gout, 2864

Cold abscess, 449

Cold agglutinin disease, 787–788

Cold exposure, cyanosis in, 274

Cold-stimulus headache, 3369

Cold urticaria, 394, 2722

Colectomy, 309, 493, 638, 1070

Colesevelam, 3112, 3142t, 3149–3150

Colestipol, 3142t, 3149–3150, 3156

Colic, biliary. See Biliary colic

Colistin. See Polymyxin E (colistin)

Colitis

amebic, 1717

bleeding in, 313

CMV, in HIV infection, 1570

collagenous, 304, 2480

colonoscopy in, 2390, 2392f

in Crohn’s disease, 2476–2477

diarrhea in, 304

diversion, 2480

etiology of, 2392f

vs. IBD, 2479–2480

ischemic, 301, 2392f, 2479, 2508

lymphocytic, 2480

microscopic, 304

primary immune deficiency diseases and, 2718

pseudomembranous, 1063, 1067, 1067f, 2392f.

See also Clostridioides difficile–associated

disease (CDI)

sexually acquired, 1091

Collagen

autoantibodies to, 2696t

in connective tissues, 3218, 3219t

fibrillar, 3218, 3220, 3220f

genes for, 3218

subepithelial deposition of, 2150

Collagenoma, 2984t, 2988

Collagenous colitis, 2480

Collagen type IV-3α-chain, 2696t

Collagen vascular disease, 266, 2433

Collapsing falls, 177. See also Fall(s)

Collecting duct

disorders involving, 2292t

functions of, 2291f, 2293–2294

Collectins, 2674

Colles’ fracture, 3191f

Collier’s sign, 231

Colloid cysts, 707, A16

Colloid goiter, 2946

Colon

bleeding from, 313

blood supply to, 2506, 2506f

cathartic, 307

diverticula of. See Diverticular disease

functions of, 2381

obstruction of. See Intestinal obstruction

physiology of, 297–298, 298t

polyps of, 497, 2387f, 2392f, 2401f, 2419. See also

Colorectal cancer

storage and salvage in, 299

in systemic sclerosis, 2781–2782, 2781t

transit time, measurement of, 308

Colonic obstruction. See Intestinal obstruction

Colonic pseudoobstruction. See Intestinal

pseudoobstruction

Colonization, 948

Colonization resistance, 3698

Colonoscopy, 2387

after polyp removal, 637

in colitis, 2390, 2392f

for colorectal cancer screening

adenocarcinoma appearance in, 2393f

in average-risk patients, 39t, 495t, 497, 639,

2422t

costs of, 40

vs. flexible sigmoidoscopy, 639–640

in inflammatory bowel disease, 2422t

with personal or family history, 2422t

polyp appearance in, 2387f, 2392f, 2393f,

2401f, 2423f

sensitivity of, 2390

strategies for, 2417, 2422t

in constipation, 307

in diarrhea, 301, 306

in gastrointestinal bleeding, 314

indications for, 2384, 2384t

in intestinal ischemia, 2508

in nausea and vomiting, 293

normal, 2391f

open-access, 2420–2421

patient preparation for, 2421

polyp removal during, V5

therapeutic, 2386

in ulcerative colitis, 2475, 2476f

virtual, 639, 2417, 2423f

Colony-stimulating factors, 440

Colorado tick fever virus, 1625t, 1640

Color anomia, 198, 218

Color blindness, 217–218, 3425

Colorectal cancer, 636

adenomatous polyps and, 637

carcinoma of unknown primary and, 720

clinical features of, 640, 640f

deaths from, 481t, 483f, 484t, 636

INDEX

epidemiology of, 636 I-51

etiology of, 637, 637t

genetic considerations in

chromosome abnormalities, 482f, 500t,

502–504

familial syndromes, 482f, 502–504, 503t,

637–638, 638t

IBD and, 2489, 2489f

incidence of, 481t, 482, 482f, 484t, 636

infections in, 558t, 638

inflammatory bowel disease and, 638

lifetime cumulative risk of, 38t

metastatic, 641, 708t

pathogenesis of, 499f, 637

postmenopausal hormone therapy and, 3046t,

3047, 3048f

prevention of, 490–491, 492, 493, 639

prognosis of, 641, 641t

recurrence of, 641

risk factors for, 637–639, 637t

screening for. See also Colonoscopy, for

colorectal cancer screening

benefits of, 38, 40, 639

in inflammatory bowel disease, 2422t

in older adults, 3745t

with personal or family history, 2422t

recommendations for normal-risk adults, 39t,

495t, 497, 640, 2422t

techniques of, 639–640, 639t

spread of, 641

staging of, 160–161, 640f

treatment of, 642–643

biologic therapy, 642

chemotherapy, 642–643

endoscopic dissection, 2399f, V5

endoscopic stent placement, 2414f

radiation therapy, 642

surgery, 642

tumor markers in, 487t

Color flow Doppler, 1832–1833, 1833f. See also

Echocardiography

Color vision, assessment of, 217–218

Coltiviruses, 1625t, 1631

Coltivirus infections, 1625t, 1640

Coma, 183

anatomy of, 184, V4

approach to the patient, 185, 186f, V4

brain death determination in, 188

definition of, 183

diagnosis of, 184f, 187, V4

differential diagnosis of, 187–188, 188t

in metabolic disorders, 184

pathophysiology of, 184–185, 184f

prognosis of, 189

in sepsis/septic shock, 2245

treatment of, 188

Coma bullae, 392

Co-managed medicine, 3740–3741

Combat veterans. See Military veterans

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). See

also specific drugs

adverse effects of, 1587–1589t, 2591, 2938, 2967,

3493, 3494t

combination formulations of, 1592t

in developing countries, 3707, 3708f

entry inhibitors, 1588t, 1589, 1591f

in HBV virus infection, 1587t

indications for changing, 1591–1594, 1594t

initiation of, 962, 1589, 1594t

integrase inhibitors, 1588t, 1589, 1591f

in pregnancy, 3768

principles of, 1586, 1589–1594, 1592t

protease inhibitors, 1588t

actions of, 1589

adverse effects of, 2847t, 3119

drug interactions of, 467t, 1377–1378, 1380

for HCV infection, 2606–2611, 2608–2609t

for HIV infection, 1588t

molecular structure of, 1590f

resistance testing for, 1561

reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 1587–1588t

actions of, 1586

adverse effects of, 361, 1586

drug interactions of, 1380

for HIV infection, 1586, 1587–1588t

molecular structure of, 1590f

resistance to, 1592f

selection of initial drugs, 1589–1591, 1594t

Combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD),

2971t

Comedones, 381

Commensal bacteria, 3691

Common carotid artery, 3328

Common cold, 248–249, 1512

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 842,

842t, 2717

Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, 3603

Commotio cordis, 2029

Communication

of bad news, 74, 75t

racial/ethnic factors in, 63–64, 64f

Community-acquired pneumonia. See Pneumonia,

community-acquired

COMP (cartilage oligomeric matrix protein), 3219t

Comparative genomics, 3640

COMP gene mutations, 3228

Complacency, in vaccine hesitancy, 15, 15f

Complementary and integrative therapies and

practices, 3784

for age-related macular degeneration, 2392

for anxiety, 2394

for cancer treatment and side effects, 487–488,

3788

definitions and scope of, 3784

for depression, 2392, 2394

dietary supplements, 2518, 2590–2591

for gastrointestinal disease, 2386, 3786

multimodal therapies and systems, 3788–3789

for multiple sclerosis, 3786

for pain, 126, 3785–3786, 3787–3788

patient and provider resources, 3789–3790, 3789t

patterns of use of, 3784–3785

with primary dietary input, 3785–3787

with primary psychological and physical input,

3787–3788

research challenges in, 3789

Complement C5, 2708t

Complement factor H, 226

Complement receptor for C3bi, 2704t

Complement system

in bacterial infection, 953–954, 954f

deficiencies of, 394, 1115t, 2700, 2700t, 2704t,

2712

definition of, 2671

in HIV infection, 1557

innate immune system and, 2674t, 2684–2685

pathways of, 2684–2685, 2688f, 2700t

Complete blood count (CBC), 432, 433t, 459, 2538t

Complete gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer’s syndrome),

3002

Complete heart block, A8

Complete (third-degree) heart block, 1881, 1881t,

1882f

Complete response, to chemotherapy, 533

Complex partial status epilepticus, 3377

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), 94, 2876,

3435

Complex sleep apnea, 2209

Complex systems, 3813

Composite tissue transplantation, 1145

Compound heterozygote, 3649

Comprehension, assessment of, 196–197

Compression stockings

for chronic venous disease, 2117

for DVT prophylaxis, 2098

for lymphedema, 2120

for stasis dermatitis/ulceration, 376–377

Compression ultrasonography, of leg veins, 727

Computed tomography (CT)

adrenal, 2079

in adrenocortical carcinoma, 2969f

in appendicitis, 2515, 2515f

in ARDS, 2227f, A12

in asbestosis, A12

in Aspergillus infections, 561, 1679f, 1680, 1680f

in bile duct disease, 2651t

in bladder cancer, 677

for body composition study, 2537, 2538t

in bone mass measurement, 3196–3197

in bronchiectasis, A12

in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, A12

in CAH, 2975f

in carcinoma of unknown primary, 717

in cardiac disease

angiography. See Computed tomography (CT)

angiography (CTA)

CAD, 1841–1843, 1842f, 1843f, 1844–1845,

2037

for calcium scoring, 1836, 1836f, 1842f, A12

contrast agents in, 1840

infective endocarditis, 1855–1856, 1857f

chest, A12

in cholestatic conditions, 319

in chronic cough, 269

in cirrhosis, 322, 323f

in colorectal cancer, 642

complications of, 3283–3284

in Cushing’s syndrome, 2963, 2964f

in EGPA, 2164

in gastrointestinal disease evaluation, 2385

in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 2806f

halo sign on, 1680

in hearing loss evaluation, 245

in hemoptysis, 271

in HSV encephalitis, 1475f

in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 2161, 2161f

in interstitial lung disease, 2192, 2193f, A12

in intestinal obstruction, 2511–2512, 2511f

in Legionella infections, 1254, 1255f

in liver disease, 2550, 2551t

in lung cancer, 599, 605, A12

for lung cancer screening, 496t, 497, 597, 597t

in lymphadenopathy, 459

in lymphangioleiomyomatosis, A12

in mastoiditis, 251

in McCune-Albright syndrome, A16

in mineralocorticoid excess, 2965

in musculoskeletal disease evaluation, 2853,

2853t, 2854f

in nephrolithiasis, 2371f, 2372

in neurologic disease

adrenoleukodystrophy, A16

anterior choroidal artery infarct, A16

artery of Percheron infarct, A16

carbon monoxide poisoning, A16

cavernous malformation, 3288f

INDEX

I-52 Computed tomography (CT), in neurologic disease

(Cont.):

cerebral contusion, 3458f

CNS vasculitis, A16

coccidiomycosis meningitis, A16

coma, 187

encephalitis, 1095–1096

ependymoma, A16

epidural hematoma, 3457f, A16

glioblastoma, A16

guidelines for, 3283t

Huntington’s disease, A16

hyperglycemic hemichorea, A16

intracranial hemorrhage, 3348, 3348f, 3351

Jefferson fracture, A16

middle cerebral artery occlusion, 3285f

mucormycosis, A16

neurologic critical illness, 2269

posterior choroidal artery infarct, A16

seizures, 3314

spinal ligament injury, A16

stroke, 3333–3334, 3334f, 3342f

subarachnoid hemorrhage, 3355, 3355f

subdural hematoma, 3457, 3457f, 3458f

superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, A16

traumatic axonal injury, 3458f

vertebral fracture, A16

Wallenberg syndrome, A16

in osteomyelitis, 1047

in otosclerosis, A16

in pancreatic cancer, 659, 660f

in pancreatic disease evaluation, 2653, 2653f,

2654t, 2655

in pancreatitis, 2660t, 2661, 2662f, 2667, 2667f

in PCP, 1692, 1694f

in pheochromocytoma, 2977t, 2978f

in pleural effusion, A12

in pneumatocele, A12

in pneumothorax, A12

in pulmonary embolism, 2096, 2097f, A12

in pulmonary hypertension, 2123

in pulmonary MAC infection, 1395, 1395f

in renal cell carcinoma, 674

in respiratory disease evaluation, 2133,

2143–2145, 2144f

in sarcoidosis, 2830–2831, 2832f

in sinusitis, 252

of temporal bone, 241, 245

in urinary tract obstruction, 2376

Computed tomography (CT) angiography

(CTA)

coronary

in anomalous right coronary artery, A9

in aortic aneurysm, 2104f

in aortic stenosis, 1847

in aortitis, A9

in CAD evaluation, 1836f, 2048, A9

in chest pain evaluation, 106, 1845, 1845f,

1846, 1847f

contrast agents in, 1840

in coronary aneurysm, A9

in infective endocarditis, 1026

in murmur evaluation, 286

in pericardial disease, 1855f

principles of, 1834–1836

neurologic, 3283

in cerebral artery aneurysm, 3284f

in cerebral artery occlusion, 3285f

in small-vessel stroke, 3342f

in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 3355f

in pulmonary hypertension, 2124

of renal arteries, 2089, 2089t, 2091f

Computed tomography (CT) colonography, 495t,

497, 2417, 2423f

Computed tomography (CT) myelography, 3283,

3291

Computerized physician order entry (CPOE), 52

Computer vision, 3829

COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) inhibitors,

3395–3396, 3396t

Concentration gradients, 2290

Concussion, 3457, 3459–3460, 3460t, S7

Condoms, 1240, 1595, 3054–3055

Conduction aphasia, 196t, 197

Condyloma acuminata (anogenital warts)

anal cancer risk and, 643

clinical features of, 1037, 1499–1500, 1499f,

1500f, A5

in HIV infection, 1576

treatment of, 381, 1464, 1502–1503, 1503t

Condylomata, 1037

Condylomata lata, 384, 1571, A1, A5

Cone(s), 215, 217

Cone-nose bug bite, 3615

Cone snail envenomation, 3604

Confabulation, 202

Confidence, in vaccine hesitancy, 15f, 16

Confidentiality, in patient-physician relationship, 68

Conflicts of interest, 70–71

Confocal microscopy, 581f, 587f

Confusion, 178, 183. See also Delirium

Confusion Assessment Method, 179, 179t

Conga ant, 3614

Congeners, 3557

Congenital absence of vagina, 3005

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 2973

clinical features of

ambiguous genitalia, 3004, 3651

hirsutism, 3004, 3039

hypokalemia, 349

precocious puberty, 3012

salt-wasting crisis, 3004

sex differences in, 2975

diagnosis of, 2973, 2975f, 3042

etiology of, 3004

genetic considerations in

CYP gene mutations, 2965t, 2973, 2974t, 3004,

3005t

gene conversion, 3647

sex-limited factors, 2975, 3651

treatment of, 2975, 3004–3005, 3042

variants of, 2973, 2974t

Congenital amaurosis. See Leber’s hereditary optic

neuropathy (congenital amaurosis)

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, 2204

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), 3238t,

3239, 3246

Congenital generalized lipodystrophy, A15

Congenital heart disease (CHD), adult, 2008

atrial septal defect. See Atrial septal defect (ASD)

AV conduction block in, 1883

brain abscess and, 1018

cardiac development and, 2009

care guidelines for, 2017

chest wall deformity in, 1816

clubbing/hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in, 275

coarctation of the aorta, 2015, 2017f, 2079–2080

cyanosis in, 274

Ebstein anomaly, 2011, 2012f

genetic considerations in, 2009–2010

global considerations in, 2017, 2019

head and neck features of, 1816

imaging in, 1856–1858, 1857f, 1858f

intracardiac shunt in, 1862–1863

multi-organ considerations in, 2008, 2009t

partial anomalous pulmonary venous return,

2011, 2012f

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 1822, 2007,

2012, 2013f

percutaneous interventions for, 2069

polycythemia in, 439

pregnancy and, 2008–2009, 2010t, 3764

prevalence of, 2008

pulmonary hypertension in, 2126

right heart dilation, 2010, 2011t

single ventricle physiology, 2016, 2017f

as subspecialty in cardiology, 2008

sudden cardiac death in, 2259, 2261t

terminology in, 2009

tetralogy of Fallot. See Tetralogy of Fallot

transposition of the great arteries. See

Transposition of the great arteries

in Turner syndrome, 3001

unrepaired. See Eisenmenger syndrome

ventricular septal defect. See Ventricular septal

defect (VSD)

Congenital hypothyroidism, 2888, 2926, 2933,

2934t

Congenital infections. See Neonates, infections in

Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (CLAH),

2970t

Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS),

3511–3512, 3512t

Congenital renal disease, 2284t, 2285–2286

Congenital rubella syndrome. See Rubella,

congenital

Congenital syphilis. See Syphilis, congenital

Congenital vascular malformations, 3352

Congestive heart failure. See Heart failure (HF)

Conivaptan, 345, 723, 2924–2925

Conjugated equine estrogens, 3049, 3202

Conjugate eye movement, 186, 186f

Conjunctivitis, 220

acute hemorrhagic, 1605, 1605f

adenoviral, 1507

allergic, 220

atopic, 220

C. trachomatis, 1448, 1449t, 1450–1451

gonococcal, 1238, 1240t

in measles, 1507

in mucous membrane pemphigoid, 404

Onchocerca, 1782

in tularemia, 1317

Connective tissue(s), 3218–3221, 3219t, 3220f

Connective tissue disorders, 3217

Alport’s syndrome. See Alport’s syndrome

chondrodysplasia, 3228

classification of, 3217–3218

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. See Ehlers-Danlos

syndrome

epidermolysis bullosa, 290, 3218, 3647

interstitial lung disease in. See Interstitial lung

diseases (ILDs)

Marfan’s syndrome. See Marfan’s syndrome

osteogenesis imperfecta. See Osteogenesis

imperfecta

Connexin(s), 241

Connshing syndrome, 2965

Conn’s syndrome. See Adenoma, aldosteroneproducing adrenal

Conolidine, 3786

CoNS (coagulase-negative staphylococci), 1047,

1049, 1131, 1178. See also Staphylococcal

infections

Consciousness, assessment of, 3279

Constant routine, 3801t

INDEX

Constipation, 306 I-53

abdominal swelling in, 321

approach to the patient, 307, 307f

assessment of, 80

definition of, 306

differential diagnosis of, 2383

epidemiology of, 297

etiology of, 80, 307, 307t

in IBS, 2490

idiopathic, 307

in MS, 3474

opioid-induced, 79, 96

in PD, 3387, 3398

rectal prolapse and, 2501

severe, 308–309

in terminally ill patient, 80

treatment of, 80, 80t, 96, 308–309

Construction apraxia, 201

Consultative medicine. See Medical consultation

“Consumption.” See Tuberculosis (TB)

Contact dermatitis, 375

allergic, 371, 375, 385t, 412, 412f, A5

clinical features of

acute phase, 373f

chronic phase, 373f

distribution of skin lesions, 370t, 372f, 385t

erythroderma, 385t

morphology of skin lesions, 370t, 385t

vesicles/bullae, 391

diagnosis of, 375, 385t

drug-induced, 412, 412f

irritant, 375, 385t, 412

treatment of, 375–376, 385t

Contact precautions, 1513

Contact urticaria, 2722

Contig, 960t, 965f

Contiguous gene syndromes, 3646, 3651

Continuing education, 7

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

(CAPD), 1056–1057, 2308, 2323. See also

Peritoneal dialysis

Continuous arteriovenous rewarming, 3633t

Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD),

2321, 2323. See also Peritoneal dialysis

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), 3106, 3106f

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

adverse effects of, 2208t

for obesity hypoventilation syndrome,

2203–2204

for sleep apnea, 2079, 2208–2209

Continuous quality improvement, 52

Continuous renal replacement therapy, for AKI,

2308

Continuous wave Doppler, 1832, 1833f. See also

Echocardiography

Contraception, 3053

AEDs and, 3323–3324

barrier methods, 3054–3055

during breastfeeding, 3055

counseling for, 3055

effectiveness of, 3054t

emergency, 3055

hormonal methods, 3053–3054, 3053t. See also

Oral contraceptives

intrauterine devices, 3054

male, 3023

permanent, 3053

Contraction alkalosis, 366

Contractures

in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, 3524

etiology of, 2848, 2848t

in myopathies, 3519

Contrast agents

adverse effects of

allergic reactions, 1860, 3284

diuresis, 338

immediate cutaneous, 407

nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, 2318

nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, 409, 3287

nephropathy, 1840, 1860, 2300, 2303t, 2304,

2318, 3283–3284

neurologic, 3292

pustular eruptions, 414. See also Acute

generalized eruptive/exanthematous

pustulosis (AGEP)

seizure, 3311t

uricosuria, 3252

urticaria/anaphylaxis, 411

for cardiac imaging, 1840

for MRI, 3287

precautionary measures for, 2318, 3283–3284,

3286t, 3287

Contrast enema. See Barium radiography

Control chart, 52

Control, of disease, 982

Control region, of mtDNA, 3670

Contusion, cerebral, 3458, 3458f

Conus medullaris syndrome, 3446

Convenience, in vaccine hesitancy, 15f, 16

Convergence-projection hypothesis, of referred

pain, 93f

Convergent phenotype, 31, 32f

Conversion disorders, 3378, 3552

Convolutional neural network, 3827t, 3828, 3828f

Cooley’s anemia. See Thalassemia syndromes

Cooling strategies, in heat-related illness, 133,

3637–3638

Coombs test, 786, 893, 893f

Coordination, assessment of, 3281

COP (cryptogenic organizing pneumonia), 2193f,

2194f, 2195

COPA, 2704t

Copanlisib, 550t, 553, 739, 848

COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD)

Copeptin, 338, 347

Copper, 2533

chelation, 3236–3237

deficiency of, 801, 2452, 2533, 2533t, 3497

functions of, 2533

recommended intake of, 2520t

tolerable upper intake level of, 2533t

toxicity of, 2533, 2533t. See also Wilson’s disease

urine, 3236

Copperhead bite, 3600t, 3601. See also Snakebites

Coprolalia, 3406

COPRO-oxidase, 3238t, 3239t, 3240, 3245

Coproporphyria, hereditary. See Hereditary

coproporphyria (HCP)

Coproporphyrin, 2561

Copy number variations (CNVs), 3641, 3644f, 3845

Coral snake bite, 3600–3601t, 3601. See also

Snakebites

Cord blood stem cells, 746, 898, 3798

Cord blood transplantation, 898, 1137

Core body temperature (CBT), 3801t, 3803

Core-needle biopsy, 530, 2146

Co-repressors, 3643

CoreValve ReValving system, 2070

Cori syndrome (type IIIa GSD), 3263t

“Corkscrew” esophagus, 2428, 2428f

Corneal abrasions, 218

Corneal blink reflex, 186f, 187

Corneal light reflex, 217

Corneal ulcers, 1699t

Corollary discharge, 263

Coronary angiography

in cardiogenic shock, 2252

coronary artery visualization on, 1864, 1864f

CT. See Computed tomography (CT)

angiography (CTA)

intravascular ultrasound in, 1865, 1865f

optical coherence tomography during, 1865,

1865f

in Prinzmetal’s variant angina, 2052

in STEMI, 2060

Coronary arteriography, 2038

Coronary artery(ies)

aneurysm of, A9

calcification of, 1836, 1836f, 1842f, 2037, A12

chronic total occlusion of, A11

CT angiography of. See Computed tomography

(CT) angiography (CTA)

CT of. See Computed tomography (CT), in

cardiac disease

embryonic development of, 1800

MRI of. See Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

(CMR)

normal, 1864, 1864f

perforation of, during PCI, A11

perfusion imaging of. See Myocardial perfusion

imaging

stenosis of, 1864, 1864f, 1865f

thrombosis in, A10

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

brain injury following, 2272

for cardiogenic shock, 2252

complications of, 2057t

for heart failure, 1951–1952

for ischemic heart disease, 2044–2045, 2045f,

2068–2069

vs. PCI, 2045

pleural effusion after, 2199–2200

prophylactic, before noncardiac surgery,

3770–3771

racial/ethnic disparities in referral for, 60

for STEMI, 2051

survival benefit of, 2044

in women, 3065

Coronary artery disease (CAD). See also

Atherosclerosis; Ischemic heart disease

in alcohol use disorder, 3559

in allografts, 1974–1975, 1975f

AV conduction block in, 1881–1882

clinical features of, 1797

angina. See Angina

cardiac symptoms, 1797

dyspnea, 264, 265t

oral pain, 261

palpitations, 287

continuum of, A10

deaths from, 3064f

diagnosis of

CMR, 1843, 1844f, 1851f, 1859v

coronary angiography, 1864, 1864f, 1865f

CT, 1841–1843, 1842f, 1843f, 1844–1845, 2037

ECG, A7

imaging tests, 1840–1843, 1840t

myocardial perfusion imaging, 1841, 1841f,

1842f, 1850f, 1851f, A9

pre- and posttest probability analysis, 26, 26f,

1840

sex differences in, 3064–3065

stress echocardiography, 1841, 1859v, A9

diet and, 2521

dyslipidemia and, 3141

INDEX

I-54 Coronary artery disease (CAD) (Cont.):

heart failure in. See Heart failure (HF)

high-altitude travel and, 3621–3622

hypertension and, 2075

metabolic syndrome and, 3151

pathophysiology of, 2031–2032, 2696t, A10

PCI for. See Percutaneous coronary interventions

(PCI), for revascularization

periodontal disease and, 256

peripheral artery disease and, 2109

postmenopausal hormone therapy and, 3045,

3046t, 3047, 3048f

preoperative testing for, 3769–3770, 3770f

radiation-associated, 737, 854

risk factor modification for, A10

screening for, 3745t

sex differences in, 3064f

sudden cardiac death and, 2259, 2260f, 2261t

vasoconstrictor use in, 262

ventricular tachycardia in, 1920–1921

in women, 3064–3066

Coronary artery spasm (Prinzmetal’s variant

angina), 1828, 2041, 2052

Coronary atherosclerosis. See Coronary artery

disease (CAD)

Coronary blood flow, 2031

Coronary care units, 2060

Coronary revascularization. See Coronary artery

bypass grafting (CABG); Percutaneous

coronary interventions (PCI)

Coronaviruses, 1454t, 1455–1456, 1455f, 1507–1508

Coronavirus infections

clinical features of, 248–249

COVID-19 disease. See COVID-19 disease

diarrhea in, 300

Middle East respiratory syndrome, 980, 1508

SARS. See Severe acute respiratory syndrome

(SARS)

in transplant recipient, 1141

Coronin A deficiency, S8

Cor pulmonale

vs. constrictive pericarditis, 2024

in COPD, 2185

diagnosis of, 1826–1827

in polycythemia, 439

right ventricular dysfunction in, 1838

Corpus callosum, agenesis of, 3631

Corpus luteum, 3028f, 3031

Corrigan’s (water-hammer) pulse, 283, 1818, 1988

Corrosive esophagitis, 2433

Corticobasal degeneration syndrome

clinical features of, 175, 192, 198, 3375, 3380,

3389

neuropathology of, 3380f, 3381, 3381f, 3389

Corticospinal pathway, 166f

Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), 3030

Corticosteroids. See Glucocorticoid(s)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone, ectopic

production of, 722t, 724

Cortisol

actions of, 349, 2890, 3130t

circadian rhythm of, 2956, 2956f

deficiency of, 3133

inactivation of, 2958, 2959f

laboratory evaluation of, 2956–2957

synthesis of, 2955f

Cortisol awakening response, 3808

Cortisol-binding globulin (CBG), 2958

Cortisone acetate, 2899t

Corynebacterium spp., 1207–1208

C. afermentans, 1208

C. amycolatum, 1208

C. auris, 1208

C. diphtheriae, 1203, 1206, S11. See also

Diphtheria

C. glucuronolyticum, 1208

C. imitans, 1208

C. jeikeium, 1207

C. minutissimum, 373, 1208

C. pseudodiphtheriticum, 1208

C. pseudotuberculosis, 1207

C. striatum, 1208

C. ulcerans, 1207

C. urealyticum, 1207

C. xerosis, 1208

Cost-effectiveness, of screening tests, 40

Co-stimulatory molecules, 2671, 2693

Costochondritis (Tietze syndrome), 101t, 103, 105,

2876

Costoclavicular maneuver, 2112

Cosyntropin test, 2956, 2971, 2995

Cotransporters (symporters), 2290

Cotton dust exposure, 2167t, 2170

Cottonmouth water moccasin bite, 3600t. See also

Snakebites

Cotton-wool spots, 221f, 3211

Cough, 267

assessment of, 268, 2131

chronic, 268

duration of, 268

etiology of, 268–269

in GERD, 295

global considerations in, 269

in helminthic infections, 1699t

high-altitude, 3620–3621

impaired, 268, 268t

infectious droplets in, 948

in interstitial lung disease, 2191

in lung cancer, 598, 598t

mechanism of, 267–268, 268f

in Nocardia infections, 1337

nocturnal, 1936

with normal chest radiograph, 268–269

in pertussis, 1259, 1259t. See also Pertussis

in respiratory disease, 2131

with swallowing, 289

symptomatic, 268

in TB, 1364

treatment of, 269–270

Cough Assist Device, 3415

Cough headache, primary, 3368

Cough hypersensitivity syndrome, 269, 270

Cough suppressants, 269–270

Coumarin, herbs that contain, 454t

Countercurrent in-line heat exchanger, 3633

Countercurrent multiplication, 2293

Courvoisier’s sign, 659

COVAX, 3725

Cover test, 217, 229

COVID-19 disease, 1508

in cancer patients, 564, 611

in children, 137t, 393, 1508, 2816

clinical course of, 1509

clinical features of, 137t, 980

ADEM, 3476

AKI, 2284, 2298

ARDS, 2220

aspergillosis, 1677

coagulation abnormalities, 923, 2093f

cognitive impairment, 194

cutaneous, 142, 393

cytokine release syndrome, 2706

diarrhea, 1602

Guillain-Barré syndrome, 3491

vs. lung cancer, 611

mild/asymptomatic, 137t

moderate/severe, 137t

myositis, 2826

olfactory dysfunction, 235

pneumonia, 3850

pneumonitis, 576, 576f

prolonged fatigue, 3532–3533

respiratory, 248, 980

severe, 137t, 980

Tapia syndrome, 3444

thrombosis, 2092, 2093f

vascular damage, 910

complications of, 1509

control of, 1133

in diabetes patients, 3128

diagnosis of, 1509

chest radiograph, 1509, A12

peripheral blood smear, 441, 442f

RT-qPCR, 973

differential diagnosis of, 1515, 2816

epidemiology of, 137t, 1508, 3710, 3716

etiology of, 137t. See also SARS-CoV-2

excessive immune response in, 958

in HCT recipients, 1140

in IBD patients, 2489–2490

mortality rates of, 980, 1518f

in myasthenia gravis patients, 3516

in obese patients, 3087

in older adults, 1508, 3759

pathogenesis of, 2092, 2093f, 3796, 3850

prevention of, 1508

risk factors for severe illness in, 1508

sex differences in, 3067–3068, 3068f, 3077–3078

transmission of, 980, 1133, 1508, 3716–3717

in transplant recipient, 1146

treatment of, 980, 1509

antibody-based, 1510

antivirals, 1510

for complications of, 1511

glucocorticoids, 1510

immunomodulators, 1510

off-label repurposed drugs, 1510

remdesivir, 1098, 1463t, 1464, 1510

in vulnerable populations, 3710

COVID-19 pandemic

behavioral decisions affecting, 3783

genomics in response to, 973

global considerations in, 973, 980, 3710

impact on cancer mortality, 611

influenza circulation during, 1515

international travel and, 1001

opioid-related disorders during, 3569

poisoning cases during, 3596

resource allocation during, 69

vaccination rates for other diseases during, 3717

COVID-19 vaccines

development process, 19–20, 973

discussion with patients, 20

global access to, 3725

hesitancy concerning, 19–20

safety and efficacy, 981

thrombocytopenia following, 906

in transplant recipient, 1146

Cowden’s syndrome (multiple hamartoma

syndrome)

breast cancer screening in, 615

clinical features of, 395, 503t, 2992

genetic considerations in, 395, 503t, 703t, 2984t,

2992, 3663

tumors associated with, 395, 677, 703t

Cowpox, 1492t, 1494

INDEX

COWS mnemonic, 187 I-55

COX. See Cyclooxygenase (COX)

Coxiella burnetii, 952, 957, 1024, 1030t, 1034, 1431,

1438. See also Q fever

COX inhibitors. See Cyclooxygenase (COX)

inhibitors

Coxsackievirus infections

acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, 1605,

1605f

clinical syndromes associated with, 1603t

diagnosis of, 1605–1606

hand-foot-and mouth disease. See Hand-footand-mouth disease

herpangina, 258t, 1507, 1605

vs. herpes zoster, 1481

meningitis, 1106, 1604

myocarditis and pericarditis, 1604

oral manifestations of, 258t

pleurodynia (Bornholm disease), 1604

skin manifestations of, 134t, 140t, 393, 1604

CPA (chronic pulmonary aspergillosis), 1367

CPAP. See Continuous positive airway pressure

(CPAP)

cpe gene, 1221

C peptide, 3098, 3133

CpG islands, 517, 3644, 3645

CPHD (combined pituitary hormone deficiency),

2971t

CPOX gene mutations, 3239t, 3245

CPPD (calcium pyrophosphate deposition) disease,

2865–2866, 2865t

CPT2 (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2) deficiency,

3528

CR1 gene mutations, 3374

Crab lice (Pthirus pubis), 3610–3611

Crab yaws, 1415

Crackles, 2132

Cradle cap, 377

Cramps, muscle, 3519

Cranial epidural abscess, 1122–1123, 1123f

Cranial nerve disorders

anatomic considerations, 3436, 3437f

in botulism, 1217, 1218

dysphagia and dysphonia in, 3441–3442

etiology of, 3444t

facial nerve, 3439–3441. See also Bell’s palsy

glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 261, 3441

in Guillain-Barré syndrome, 3444, 3501

injuries, 3459

multiple, 3443–3444

neck weakness in, 3442–3443

in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 3354

tongue paralysis in, 3443

trigeminal nerve, 236, 3436–3439, 3439t. See also

Trigeminal neuralgia

Cranial nerve examination, 3279–3280

Craniofacial synostosis (Crouzon’s syndrome),

3649

Craniopharyngiomas, 218, 227, 707, 2906

“Crazy paving,” 2169f, 2170

CRE (carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae),

1135

C-reactive protein (CRP)

in CKD, 2312

in community-acquired pneumonia, 1012

in fever evaluation, 132

high-sensitivity, 1561t

in immune response to pneumococci, 1173

in infectious diseases, 944

in nutrition assessment, 2537, 2538t, 2541

in SLE, 2704t

in ulcerative colitis, 2475

Creatine kinase (CK)

myocardial band (CK-MB)

in cardiac trauma, 2029

in STEMI, 2055, 2055f

serum

in distal myopathies, 3525t, 3527

in glycogen storage disorders, 3528

in glycolytic defects, 3528

in inflammatory myopathies, 2820

in limb-girdle muscular dystrophies, 3522t,

3523–3524t

in muscle disease, 3520

in muscular dystrophy, 3521, 3524, 3526

Creatine phosphate, 1810

Creatinine

serum, 334t

in AKI, 2301–2302, 2304

in estimation of glomerular filtration rate,

2311t, S10

in hypovolemia, 341

in nutrition assessment, 2538t

as surrogate for glomerular filtration rate, 332

urine, 334t

Creatinine clearance, 332, 470, 3763

Creatinine height index, 2538t

CREB (cAMP response-element binding protein),

3538, 3538f, 3569–3570, 3570f, 3645t

CREB3L1 gene mutations, 3221, 3222t

CREBBP gene mutations, 3795

Cremasteric reflex, 3281

Crepitus, 2848, 2848t

“Crescent sign,” 561

CREST syndrome, 386, 406, 2771, 2852. See also

Systemic sclerosis

Cretinism, 257, 2927

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

after dura matter grafts, 3419

clinical features of, 191t, 192, 3375, 3416, 3420

diagnosis of, 194, 3420, 3421, 3421f

differential diagnosis of, 3375, 3420–3421

familial, 3417t, 3418t

genetic considerations in, 191t, 3419

iatrogenic, 3417, 3417t, 3419

infection control in, 3421–3422

molecular basis of, 191t

neuropathology of, 191t, 3298, 3299t, 3420

prevention of, 3422

as prion disease, 3417

treatment of, 3422

variant, 3417, 3417t, 3419–3420

CRIA (cleavage-resistant RIPK1-induced

autoinflammatory syndrome), 2843

Cricopharyngeal bar, 289

Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 2558

clinical features of, 318, 2553, 2558–2559, 2559t

diagnosis of, 2559t

genetic considerations in, 2559

vs. Gilbert syndrome, 2559t

subtypes of, 318–278, 2559t

treatment of, 2559, 2634

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic virus, 978, 1629t, 1643

Crisaborole, 375

CRISPR/Cas, 72, 747, 761, 763, 964, 3661

CRISPRs, 969

Cristoli virus, 1628t

Critical care medicine, 2217

Critically ill patient

AKI in, 2224

anemia in, 2224

approach to, 2217

assessment of illness severity in, 2217–2218,

2218t, 2219f

cholestasis in, 320

DVT in, 2223. See also Deep venous thrombosis

(DVT)

enteral nutrition for, 2543

glycemic control in, 2223–2224

hypoglycemia in, 3132–3133

hypogonadism in, 2916

monitoring of, 2222–2223, 2223f

multiorgan system failure in, 2222

neurologic disorders in, 2267, 2267t. See also

Coma

after solid organ transplant, 2275

approach to the patient, 2269

diagnostic studies, 2269

increased ICP monitoring and treatment,

2269–2270, 2270f, 2270t. See also

Intracranial pressure (ICP), increased

secondary brain insults, 2270

brain death, 2224

coma. See Coma

delirium. See Delirium

hyperperfusion disorders, 2274–2275, 2274f,

2274t

hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 184, 2271–

2272, 2271f

metabolic encephalopathies, 2272–2273

myopathy, 2276–2277, 3531

neuromuscular transmission disorders, 2276

neuropathy, 2276

osmotic demyelination syndrome (central

pontine myelinolysis), 344, 2273, 2273f

pathophysiology of, 2267–2268, 2268f, 3336f

peripheral nervous system, 2267t, 2276–2277

polyneuropathy, 3490

postcardiac bypass, 2272

respiratory evaluation in, 2276

sepsis-associated encephalopathy, 2273

status epilepticus. See Status epilepticus

stroke. See Stroke

subarachnoid hemorrhage. See Subarachnoid

hemorrhage

Wernicke’s disease/encephalopathy. See

Wernicke’s disease/encephalopathy

nutritional status of, 2223–2224

parenteral nutrition for, 2545

prevention of complications in, 2223–2224

respiratory failure in, 2220–2221, 2221f. See also

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

sepsis in, 2222

shock in, 2218–2220, 2220f. See also Shock

stress-related ulcers in, 2223, 2455–2456

weakness in, 2224

withholding/withdrawing care from, 2225

Critical values, in laboratory tests, S10

Crizanlizumab, 761

Crizotinib

actions and targets of, 507, 513t, 544, 545t

adverse effects of, 545t, 739

for anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, 851

genetic variations in response to, 477t, 479

for lung cancer, 544, 606–607, 607t

CRMP5 antibodies, 599, 728t, 731, 734, 735, 736

CroFab (Crotalidae polyvalent immune fab),

3600t

Crohn’s disease. See also Inflammatory bowel

disease (IBD)

cancer risk in, 2489

classification of, 2476t

clinical features of

diarrhea, 304

extraintestinal, 304, 399

gastroduodenal disease, 295, 2477

INDEX

I-56 Crohn’s disease, clinical features of (Cont.):

gastrointestinal bleeding, 313

ileocolitis, 2476

jejunoileitis, 2476

nausea and vomiting, 292

oral, 257

perianal disease, 2476–2477, 2505

pyoderma gangrenosum, 399

colorectal cancer in, 2489

complications of, 2477

diagnosis of

endoscopic, 2419, 2423f, 2477, 2477f

MRI in, 2477, 2478f

radiology in, 2462f, 2477

small-intestinal mucosal biopsies in, 2468,

2469t

differential diagnosis of, 1304, 1447, 2479–2480,

2479t

epidemiology of, 2469–2470, 2470t

etiology of, 2470–2471, 2471f

familial patterns of, 2470

genetic considerations in, 2471–2473, 2472t

immune regulation in, 2473

inflammasome mutations in, 2678–2679t

inflammatory cascade in, 2473–2474, 2699t

metastatic, 2481t

pathogenesis of, 2471f, 2473, 2695, 2696t

pathology of, 2474–2475, 2474f, 2475f

in pregnancy, 2488–2489

racial and ethnic differences in, 2470

serologic markers in, 2477–2478

smoking effects on, 2470

spondyloarthritis and, 2801–2802

“string sign” in, 2476

treatment of, 2488, 2701. See also Inflammatory

bowel disease (IBD), treatment of

vitamin K deficiency in, 2532

Cromolyn sodium, 2157, 2725

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome, 304

Cronobacter sakazakii, 1272

Cross-bridge cycling, in cardiac contraction, 1804f,

1805

Cross-cultural education, 66

Crossed straight-leg raising sign, 119

Crossing-over, 3644f, 3646–3647

Cross-sensitivity, drug, 415–416

Cross-talk, nuclear-mitochondrial, 3676, 3677f

Crotamiton, 3608

Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis), 255, 1519

Crouzon’s syndrome (craniofacial synostosis), 3649

Crovalimab, 791f

Crow-Fukase syndrome. See POEMS syndrome

Crown, tooth, 256

CRP. See C-reactive protein (CRP)

CRPS (complex regional pain syndrome), 94, 2876,

3435

CRTAP gene mutations, 3221, 3222t, 3224

Cruise ship passenger, 300

Crust (skin lesion), 325t, 1034f, 1035, 1036f

Crusted (Norwegian) scabies, 1575, 3608

CRY1/2 gene mutations, 3805t, 3809

Cryoablation, for ventricular tachycardia, 1915

Cryoglobulin(s), 2814

Cryoglobulinemia

in chronic HCV infection, 2604, 2613

clinical features of, 2281, 2335t, 2336t

monoclonal, 398

vascular purpura in, 910

Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, 2814, A14

Cryohydrocytosis, 781

Cryoprecipitate, 886t

for coagulation disorders in CKD, 2317

for coagulation disorders in liver disease, 918

for DIC, 917

for hemophilia, 913

Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS),

151, 1115t, 2677t, 2843

Cryosurgery, 532, 588

Cryotherapy, 381, 1503, 1503t

Cryothermy, 1872, 1872f

Cryptic epitopes, 2732

Cryptic miliary tuberculosis, 1367

Cryptococcomas, 1669

Cryptococcus spp., 945t, 1668

Cryptococcus spp. infections, 1668

approach to the patient, 1669

in cancer patient, 560, 560t

chronic meningitis in, 1113t, 1116f

clinical features of, 230, 1112, 1653t, 1669

complications of, 1670

diagnosis of, 945t, 1653t, 1669, S11

disseminated, 143, A1

epidemiology of, 945t, 1668

in HIV infection, 1564t, 1576–1577, 1670

immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

and, 1669

pathogenesis of, 1668–1669, 1669f

prevention of, 1669

prognosis of, 1670

risk factors for, 1653t

skin manifestations of, 1669, 1669f, A1

subacute meningitis, 1108–1109

in transplant recipient, 1141t, 1143

treatment of, 1109, 1670

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), 2193f,

2194f, 2195

Cryptogenic sensory and sensorimotor

polyneuropathy (CSPN), 3497

Cryptorchidism, 690, 3004, 3016

Cryptosporidium/cryptosporidiosis, 1765

clinical features of, 300, 300t, 1698, 1766, S6

diagnosis of, 1765t, 1766, S6, S12

differential diagnosis of, 300t

epidemiology of, 1698, 1765–1766, S12

in HIV infection, 1568–1569

incubation period for, S6

life cycle of, 1765–1766, S12

pathophysiology of, 1766

in travelers, 1064t

treatment of, 1711, 1766

in war veterans, S6

Crystal(s)

arthritis induced by. See Arthritis,

crystal-induced

renal tubular obstruction by, 2359–2360

urinary, 2370f, 2371. See also Nephrolithiasis

Crystallopathies, 2671, 2676

Crystalluria, in ethylene glycol poisoning, S1

CSBT gene mutations, 3407

Csendes’ procedure, 2451

CSF3R gene mutations, 859

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) analysis. See

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) leakage, 115, 115f, 3376,

3457

CSPN (cryptogenic sensory and sensorimotor

polyneuropathy), 3497

CSTB gene mutations, 3308t

CT. See Computed tomography (CT)

CTA. See Computed tomography (CT) angiography

(CTA)

CTC1 gene mutations, 3682t

CTCL (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma). See Mycosis

fungoides

ctDNA. See Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)

Ctenocephalides felis, 1435

CTEPH (chronic thromboembolic pulmonary

hypertension), 2124, 2126

CTLA-4, 528f, 537, 2703, 2703f, 2718

CTLA-4 antibodies. See also specific drugs

action and targets of, 528, 528f, 537, 2701, 2703,

2703f, 2705t

adverse effects of, 573, 741, 1963, 2480, 2591,

2825–2826, 2996

microbiome and effectiveness of, 3697

CTLA4 gene mutations, 2471, 2614, 2738, 3796

CTNNB1 gene mutations

cancers associated with, 500t

in hepatoblastoma, 656

in hepatocellular adenoma, 645, 657

in hepatocellular carcinoma, 644–645, 645t

in thyroid cancer, 2951

CTRC gene mutations, 2659

CTX-M, 1135

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), 2243, 2243f, 2674,

2675t

CTZ (chemoreceptor trigger zone), 80, 291

Cubilin, 766

Cubital tunnel syndrome, 3498

CUL3, 353

Culex mosquitos, 1633, 1636, 1637, 1778t,

3714

Culicoides paraensis, 1639

Culiseta mosquitos, 1638

Cullen sign, 792

Cullen’s sign, 2659

Cultural competence, 67

“Cupping,” in glaucoma, 225, 225f

CURB-65 criteria, for pneumonia, 1012

Curbside consults, 3762

Curium exposure, S5

Curling’s ulcer, 2455

Cushing’s disease, 2914

clinical features of, 2915, 2915t

vs. Cushing’s syndrome, 2959

definition of, 2959

diagnosis of, 2915–2916

etiology of, 2914

pathogenesis of, 2881

prevalence of, 2914–2915

screening tests for, 2904t

treatment of, 2916, 2916f

Cushing’s syndrome, 2959

in Carney complex, 2991

caused by ectopic ACTH production. See

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),

ectopic production of

clinical features of, 2915t, 2960–2961, 2961t

bleeding, 453

cutaneous, 390, 398, 2961f, A15

dyslipidemia in, 3145

hirsutism, 3039

hypertension, 2079

hypokalemia, 349, S1

metabolic alkalosis, 366

obesity/abdominal fat, 321, 2961f, 3085, A15

vessel wall disorders, 910

vs. Cushing’s disease, 2959

diagnosis of, 2079, 2962, 2962f, 2964f, 3085,

3811

differential diagnosis of, 2915t, 2962f, 2963,

2964f

epidemiology of, 2960

etiology of, 2960–2961, 2960t, 2965t

genetic considerations in, 2965t

glucocorticoid withdrawal and, 543

INDEX

hormonal rhythms in, 2891 I-57

in lung cancer, 599

periodic, 2991

treatment of, 2962f, 2963, S1

Cushing’s ulcer, 2455

Cutaneous anthrax, 140t, 144, 1037, S3

Cutaneous arteritis, 2815

Cutaneous CD30+ T-cell lymphoma, 858

Cutaneous diphtheria, 1204, 1205, 1205f, 1206

Cutaneous emboli, 392

Cutaneous larva migrans. See Larva migrans,

cutaneous

Cutaneous leishmaniasis. See also Leishmania spp.

infections

clinical features of, 1699t, 1746–1747, 1747f, S6

diagnosis of, 1699t, 1747, S6, S12

differential diagnosis of, 1747

epidemiology of, 1742t, 1743f, 1746, S6

etiology of. See Leishmania spp.

immunopathogenesis of, 1746

incubation period for, S6

prevention of, S6

treatment of, 1702t, 1747, S6

in war veterans, S6

Cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis, 2815

Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia

(pseudolymphoma), 384, 396

Cutaneous mastocytosis, 386, 394, 397, 864,

2729–2730

Cutaneous reflexes, 165, 3281

Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis. See

Leukocytoclastic (cutaneous smallvessel) vasculitis

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. See Mycosis fungoides

Cutaneous ulcers, 399

etiology of, 399, 400t, 1036f, 1037

with fever, 140t, 144

hyperbaric oxygen therapy for, 3625, 3626t, 3627,

3627f

in parasitic infections, 1699t

venous, 2116, 2116f

Cutaneous vasculitis. See Vasculitis

Cutavirus, 1497

Cutibacterium acnes, 381, 1046, 1050t

Cutis verticis gyrata, 205

CVID (common variable immunodeficiency), 842,

842t, 2717

CVP (central venous pressure), 1816–1817, 2221

CVS (chorionic villus sampling), 3660

c-v wave, 283

CWD (chronic wasting disease), 3417, 3417t

CX3

CR1, 2684t, 2685t

CX3CR1, 1551t

CXC chemokine family, 443, 2684t, 2685t, 2687

CXCL12, 744, 745, 897, 1552t

CXCR1, 2685t

CXCR2, 2684t, 2685t

CXCR3-A, 2684t, 2685t

CXCR3-B, 2684t, 2685t

CXCR4 gene, 444, 876, 2711, 2717

CXCR4 receptor

in hematopoietic stem cells, 745, 897

in HIV infection, 1528, 1547, 1547f

ligands, cell types, and disease connection,

2685t

source, target, and biologic activity, 2684t

CXCR5, 2685t

CXCR6, 2685t

CXCR6 gene, 1551t

Cyanide poisoning

in chemical terrorism, S4

clinical features of, 3593t, S4

complications of, 2271, 2272

differential diagnosis of, S4

mechanisms of, 273, 3593t, S4

prognosis of, S4

treatment of, 3593t, S4

Cyanocobalamin, for cobalamin deficiency, 774

Cyanosis, 273

approach to the patient, 274

central, 274, 274t, 1815

in coma, 185

in congenital heart disease, 439

degree of, 274

differential diagnosis of, 274

etiology of, 274t

in hemoglobinopathy, 764

pathophysiology of, 273–274

peripheral (acrocyanosis), 274, 274t, 1815

CYB5A gene mutations, 3002, 3003t

CYB5R3 deficiency, 765

Cyclic adenosine 5’-monophosphate (cyclic AMP),

131, 131f, 3345

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), 1935,

2128, 3056–3057, 3056f

Cyclic neutropenia, 132, 257, 444

Cyclic vomiting syndrome, 292, 294

Cyclin B1, 2696t

Cyclin-dependent kinase(s), 509, 552

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. See CDK

inhibitors

Cyclobenzaprine, 129, 2870, 3474, 3593t

Cyclobutane dimers, 417

Cyclomodulins, 957

Cyclooxygenase (COX), 132, 2435, 2437f

Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, 96, 132–133,

925f. See also Aspirin

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors. See also

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

(NSAIDs)

adverse effects of, 94–96, 353, 2435

for colorectal cancer prevention, 492

for fever, 132–133

in NSAID-induced ulceration prevention, 2449

for osteoarthritis, 2861, 2861t

for pain, 94–96

in peptic ulcer disease, 311

for polyposis syndromes, 638

Cyclooxygenase 3 (COX-3), 132

Cyclopentolate hydrochloride, for red or painful

eye, 218

Cyclophosphamide

actions of, 539

adverse effects of, 539, 540t, 621, 2744t, 2746,

2784, 2825t

bladder cancer, 742, 2805

cardiovascular, 738t, 739, 1964

cutaneous, 391, 410

cystitis, 539, 577, 742, 899

immune system dysfunction, 740

infertility, 741, 2338, 3017

leukopenia, 2808

long-term, 738t

major, 2805t

male infertility, 3017

nausea and vomiting, 554

ovarian failure, 2747

pulmonary, 739

for autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 787

for Behçet syndrome, 2818

for breast cancer, 621

for Burkitt’s lymphoma, 846

for CLL, 839

for DLCBL, 847

drug interactions of, 2744t

for EGPA, 2165, 2810

for Ewing’s sarcoma, 715

for follicular lymphoma, 848

for gastric lymphoma, 634

for gestational trophoblastic disease, 701

for granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 2808

hepatotoxicity, 2585

for inflammatory myopathies, 2825t

interactions and issues, 540t

for lung cancer, 611

for lupus nephritis, 2338

for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, 849

for malignant pheochromocytoma, 2979

for MS, 3473

for mucous membrane pemphigoid, 404

for multiple myeloma, 874t

for myasthenia gravis, 3515

for pemphigus vulgaris, 402

for photoallergy, 422

for SLE, 2744t, 2746–2747

for systemic sclerosis, 2783, 2785

for vasculitis, 2805

for Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 876

Cyclops, 1773, 1783, 1796

Cyclosarin (GF), S4

Cycloserine, 1372, 1376, 1376t, 1403, 2527

Cyclospora cayetanensis/cyclosporiasis, 300, 1765t,

1766, S12

Cyclosporin A, 330

Cyclosporine

actions of, 2328, 2328t, 2484, 2637

adverse effects of, 378t, 797, 2328t, 2484, 2637,

2825t

carcinogenicity, 491t

dyslipidemia, 3145

fetal, 2747

gingival hyperplasia, 257

gout, 2847t

hirsutism, 3039

hyperkalemia, 353

hypertension, 2077t

hypertrichosis, 410

hypoperfusion syndrome, 2274f, 2274t, 2275

microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, 907

myopathy, 2847t

nephrotoxicity, 2328, 2363, 2637

osteoporosis, 3196

seizure, 3311t

seizures, 2484

skin cancer, 421

thrombotic microangiopathy, 2365

for aplastic anemia, 797

for atopic dermatitis, 375, 385t

for Behçet syndrome, 2818

contraindications to, 378

for drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome, 412

drug interactions of, 467t, 471t, 2328, 3787

azithromycin, 1705t

azoles, 1703t

chloroquine, 1702t

for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, 404

for IBD, 2484

for immunosuppression

after cardiac transplantation, 1974t

after kidney transplantation, 2328, 2328t

after liver transplantation, 2637

for inflammatory myopathies, 2825t

metabolism of, 467t

for myasthenia gravis, 3515

for myelodysplasia, 802

P-glycoprotein and, 467t

INDEX

I-58 Cyclosporine (Cont.):

for photoallergy, 422

for psoriasis, 378, 378t, 385t

for psoriatic arthritis, 2800

for SJS/TEN, 414

for SLE, 2747

for urticaria, 2723

Cyclothymic disorder, 3544

CYP1A1, 595

CYP2B6, 1552t, 1555

CYP2C9

in drug metabolism pathways, 467t

drug responses and, 469, 475, 476t, 478

frequency of variants in, 475t

warfarin dose requirements and, 933, 934t

CYP2C19

in drug metabolism pathways, 467t

drug responses and, 476t, 478, 922, 926–927

frequency of variants in, 475t

CYP2D6

in autoimmune hepatitis, 2696t

in drug metabolism pathways, 476f

drug responses and, 467t, 476t, 477–478

frequency of variants in, 475t

CYP3A, 467t, 922, 2610

CYP3A4, 477, 1150, 2607, 2609, 3169

CYP3A5, 476t, 477

CYP7A1 gene mutations, 2643

CYP11A1, 2957

CYP11A1 gene mutations, 3002, 3003t

CYP11B1 gene mutations, 349, 3005, 3005t, 3647

CYP11B2 gene mutations, 349, 3647

CYP17 (17α-hydroxylase), 2696t

CYP17 (17α-hydroxylase) gene mutations, 2957,

3002, 3003t

CYP19 gene mutations, 3005, 3005t, 3018

CYP21 (21-Hydroxylase), 2696t

CYP21A1P pseudogene, 3647

CYP21A2 (21-hydroxylase gene) mutations, 2973,

2974t, 3004, 3005t, 3647

CYPIIa (cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme),

2696t

Cyproheptadine

for antidepressant side effect management of,

3543t

for Cushing’s disease, 2916

for cyclic vomiting syndrome, 294

for ergot alkaloid overdosage/poisoning, 3590t

for migraine prevention, 3364

for serotonin syndrome, 3595t

for urticaria, 2723

Cyproterone acetate

adverse effects of, 3042, 3076

for hirsutism, 3042

for hot flushes with androgen deprivation

therapy, 3076

CysLT (cysteinyl leukotrienes), 2150, 2720

CysLT1

 receptor antagonists. See Montelukast;

Zafirlukast

Cyst, 370t. See also specific types and sites

Cystathionine metabolism disorders, 3270t

Cystathionine synthase, 768f, 769

Cystathioninuria, 3270t

Cystatin B, 3308t

Cystatin C, 334

Cystectomy

for bladder cancer, 679, 680t

for IC/BPS, 331

Cysteine metabolism disorders, 3270t

Cystic duct stump syndrome, 2648–2649

Cysticercosis

chronic meningitis in, 1114t

clinical features of, 221, 1037, 1791

diagnosis of, 1791, S12

etiology of, 1119–1120

neurologic. See Neurocysticercosis

treatment of, 1792

Cystic fibrosis (CF), 2176

clinical features of

bronchiectasis, 2173, 2174t, A12

clubbing, 2875

gastrointestinal, 303, 2176

hemoptysis, 271

hepatic, 2176, 2629

other organ systems, 2176

pancreatic, 2176, 2665

respiratory, 2176

CT in, A12

diagnosis of, 2147, 2177–2178

disease spectrum of, 2178

genetic considerations in, 2176–2177, 2177f,

2178f, 3644f, 3649, S10

genetic testing for, 3659, 3667t, S10

global considerations in, 2179–2180

infections in

Aspergillus, 2165, 2179

B. cepacia, 1290, 2179, 2211

nontuberculous mycobacterial, 970, 1393

P. aeruginosa, 1285, 2176, 2179

transmission of, 970

newborn screening for, 2177–2178

pathogenesis of

airflow resistance, 2136

autoantigens, 2696t

CFTR deficiency, 2176–2177, 2177f, 2178f,

2180v

immunodeficiency, S8

protein misfolding, 3849

pulmonary inflammation and remodeling,

2177

treatment of

CFTR modulation, 2178–2179

chronic management, 2179

early interventions for, 3667t

lung transplantation, 2179, 2210–2211

personalized molecular therapies, 2178–2179

pulmonary exacerbation, 2179

quality improvement in, 2179

vitamin E deficiency in, 2531

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance

regulator. See CFTR protein

Cystine, 3786

Cystine stones, 2369, 2370f, 2373. See also

Cystinuria; Nephrolithiasis

Cystinosis, 3275t, 3276, 3276

Cystinuria, 2292t, 2293, 2370, 3274, 3275t

Cystitis. See also Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

alkaline-encrusted, 1207

chemotherapy-induced, 539

clinical features of, 1072

definition of, 1070

diagnosis of, 1074f, 1075

E. coli, 1266

epidemiology of, 1071

hematuria in, 337

hemorrhagic, 577, 899

in men, 1075

prognosis of, 1078

recurrent, 1078, 1162t

sexually transmitted, 1080t

treatment of, 1075–1077, 1076t

Cystoisospora belli/cystoisosporiasis

clinical features of, 300, 945t, 1700t, 1766, 2479

diagnosis of, 1765t, 1766, S12

epidemiology of, 945t

in HIV infection, 1570, 1766, 2479

life-cycle hosts of, S12

treatment of, 1712, 1766

Cystopathy, diabetic, 3125

Cystoscopy, 328, 688

Cytarabine

actions of, 814

adverse effects of, 410, 711t, 738t, 815, 2274t,

3493t

for AML, 814–815, 816

for DLBCL, 847

for mantle cell lymphoma, 850

for neoplastic meningitis, 571

for primary central nervous system lymphoma,

706

Cytidine deaminase, 553, 2704t

Cytoadherence, 1723

Cytochrome b5 (CYB5A), 3002

Cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency, 781t

Cytochrome c oxidase, 518

Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, 3672, 3673f

Cytochrome oxidase inhibitors, 3593t

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, 466

Cytogenetic analysis, 3651t, 3660

Cytogenomic analysis, 3651t. See also Singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

Cytokeratins (CKs)

in breast cancer, 618

in carcinoma of unknown primary, 717, 718t,

719f

in lung cancer, 596

Cytokine(s), 2686

in asthma, 2150, 2151f

in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases,

2696t, 2701

in autoimmune hypothyroidism, 2934

biologic activity of, 2681–2684t

in cancer treatment, 537–538

definition of, 2671, 2702

expression of, 2671

of innate immune system, 2674t, 2676

in nutrition assessment, 2538t

production in CNS, 131

proinflammatory

in anemia, 752, 753f

in atherosclerosis, A10

in HIV infection, 1546

in host response to pathogens, 2695

in hypertension, 2075

in IBS, 2492

in metabolic syndrome, 3154

pyrogenic, 131, 131f

receptors of, 2681–2684t, 2688

signaling deficiency, in SCID, 2713

sources and targets of, 2681–2684t

in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, 2938

in thyroid hormone synthesis, 2928

Cytokine inhibitors, 164, 2701. See also Tumor

necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors

Cytokine receptor–linked kinase, 2885t

Cytokine receptors, 2688, 2887f, 2888. See also

specific receptors

Cytokine release syndrome, 574, 739, 2275, 2706

Cytokine storm, 958, 1181, 1516

Cytokine therapy, 559, 564

Cytolysins, 959

Cytolytic T cells. See Natural killer T (NK-T) cells

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 1487–1488

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) immune globulin, 1490

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, 1487

in cancer patient, 561, 561t, 564

INDEX

congenital, 1488, 1488t, 3767 I-59

diagnosis of, 1489–1490, S11

diarrhea in, 300

differential diagnosis of, 1488t

epidemiology of, 1487

esophagitis, 2415f, 2433

graft-versus-host disease and, 1139

in HIV infection, 1488t, 1489, 1564t, 1565f,

1570, 1580

in liver allograft, A13

lymphadenopathy in, 458

mononucleosis, 1488

nausea and vomiting in, 292

neuropathy in, 3491

pathogenesis of, 1487–1488

pathology of, 1488

perinatal, 1488

pneumonia, 1505, 1513

in pregnancy, 3767

prevention of, 1490

proctitis, vs. IBD, 2479

reactivation in hypersensitivity syndrome, 412

retinitis, 1462, 1489, 1489f, 1490, 1580

skin manifestations of, 393

transfusion-transmitted, 896t, 1490

in transplant recipient

after HCT, 1138t, 1139, 1139t, 1487, 1488t

after solid organ transplant, 1141–1144, 1488t,

1489

brain, 2275

herpesviruses and, 1144

pathophysiology of, 1139, 1144

prophylaxis for, 901, 901t, 1462, 1488t, 2330

sites of, 1141t

treatment of, 1139, 1144, 1488t, 2330

treatment of, 1461–1463, 1461t, 1490, 1513, 3452

Cytopathology, S11

Cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

(c-ANCA), 2735, 2803, 3508

Cytosine, 3641, 3646f

Cytosine arabinoside

actions of, 542

adverse effects of, 540t, 542, 554, 575, 770, 775

for CNS leukemia, 832

interactions and issues, 540t

Cytoskeletal proteins, 1955, 1956t, 1957f

Cytotoxic T cells. See CD8+ T cells

Cytotoxins, bacterial, 958–959

Czech Republic, 43t

D

d4T (stavudine), 1586, 1590f, 1592f, 2591

Dabigatran

adverse effects of, 936, 1906

discontinuation before lumbar puncture, S9

dosage of, 935–936

drug interactions of, 471t

for DVT/PE, 2098

indications for, 935

management before endoscopic procedures,

2904t

monitoring treatment with, 456, 936

for NSTE-ACS, 2050t

pharmacology of, 935t

in pregnancy, 937

reversal of, 936, 2099, 3351

for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, 1906,

1907t

for stroke prevention in cardiac disease, 3346

for VTE prophylaxis, 2100t

Dabrafenib

actions and targets of, 513t, 547t, 552

adverse effects of, 547t, 585

for lung cancer, 607

for melanoma, 547t, 552, 584t, 585

Dacarbazine (DTIC)

actions of, 539

adverse effects of, 422t, 488, 539, 540t, 554, 711t

interactions and issues, 540t

for malignant pheochromocytoma, 2979

for melanoma, 585

for soft tissue sarcomas, 714

Daclatasvir, 1468–1469, 1468t, 2608t, 2609–2610

Daclizumab, 2707t

Dacomitinib, 513t, 544, 545t, 606, 606t

Dacryocystitis, 220

Dacryocytes, 425

Dactinomycin, 540t, 542, 701, 715

Dactylitis

characteristics of, 1035, 2848

etiology of, 1035, 2848

in psoriatic arthritis, 2799

in reactive arthritis, 2797

in sickle cell disease, 2872

DADs (delayed afterdepolarizations), 1869, 1869f,

1869t

Dakin’s solution, S4

Dalbavancin

actions of, 1148, 1164t, 1187

adverse effects of, 1154t, 1159

for enterococcal infections, 1202

indications for, 1156t, 1158

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

resistance to, 1156t, 1164t, 1166

for staphylococcal infections, 1186t, 1187

Dalfampridine, 3474

Dalfopristin. See Quinupristin-dalfopristin

Dallas Criteria, for myocarditis, 1960

Dalteparin, 2099t, 2100t

DALY (disability-adjusted life years), 3704, 3705f,

3706t, 3736, 3736f

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs),

2243, 2243f, 2732, 2856f

Damocles syndrome, 489

Danazol, 905t, 1526, 2637

Dandruff, 1690

Danicopan, 791f

Danon disease (LAMP2 deficiency), 1967, 3257t,

3264t, 3267

Dantrolene, 3455, 3474

Dapagliflozin, 1942, 1948–1949, 1948t, 3110t, 3112

Daphnia, 1038

Dapsone

for acne vulgaris, 382

adverse effects of

frequent, 1704t

in G6PD deficiency, 784t, 785, 1574

hemolysis, 404

hypersensitivity, 412, 1389. See also Druginduced hypersensitivity syndrome

(DIHS)

methemoglobinemia, 404, 765

neuropathy, 3494t

occasional, 1704t

for dermatitis herpetiformis, 404

drug interactions of, 1704t

for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, 404

for leprosy, 1389, 1389t

for linear IgA disease, 404

for lupus dermatitis, 2748

for mucous membrane pemphigoid, 404

overdosage/poisoning with, 3593t

for PCP, 1695t

for PCP prophylaxis, 1563t, 1695t, 1696

in pregnancy and lactation, 1704t

for relapsing polychondritis, 2829

for toxoplasmosis prophylaxis, 1563t

Daptomycin

actions of, 1149, 1164t, 1165f, 1187

adverse effects of, 1154t, 1159, 1187, 1202

for enterococcal infections, 1028, 1201t, 1202

indications for, 1156t, 1159

for infective endocarditis, 1028

for MRSA infections, 1185, 1186t

for osteomyelitis, 1049t

for peritonitis, 1056

resistance to, 1156t, 1164t, 1168, 1187, 1203

for staphylococcal infections, 1185, 1186t, 1187

Daratumumab, 514t, 536f, 873, 874t, 875, 882

Darbepoetin alfa, 754

DARC, 1551t

Darier’s sign, 397, 2730

Darmbrand (enteritis necroticans), 1221

Darolutamide, 686, 687f, 688

Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care, 53

Darunavir, 1576, 1588t, 1589, 1590f, 1592t

DAS181, 1464

Dasabuvir, 1468t, 1469, 2608–2609t, 2609

Dasatinib

actions and targets of, 511, 513t, 544, 545t

adverse effects of, 545t, 739, 741, 824t, 825

for ALL, 832–833, 833t

for CML, 511, 824–825, 824t

genetic variations in response to, 477t, 544

DASH diet, 2082, 2082t

Data analysis, in precision medicine, 36–37, 36f

Data sharing, 3854

Daunorubicin

actions of, 541

adverse effects of, 384, 410, 540t, 541

for AML, 814–815

for APL, 818

interactions and issues, 540t

liposomal, for Kaposi’s sarcoma, 1583

David procedure, 1990f

“Dawn phenomenon,” 3808, 3811

Dawson finger, 3479

DAX-1, 2892, 2892t, 2956

DAX1 gene mutations, 3014, 3649

DAX1/NR0B1 gene mutations, 2999

Day-care centers, 300

Daytime sleepiness, 208–209, 208t, 2208

DAZ gene mutations, 3651

DBS. See Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

DBT (dialectical behavior therapy), 3553

DCC gene, 637

DC-CK1/PARC, 2683t

DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ), 616–617

DCP (des-γ-carboxy prothrombin), 646

DC-SIGN, 1528

DDAVP. See Desmopressin (DDAVP)

ddC (zalcitabine), 1590f

ddI (didanosine), 1590f, 2591

DDR2 gene mutations, 597, 597t

DDX41 gene mutations, 809, 809t

Deafness. See Hearing loss

Death

from cancer, 481t, 482, 483f, 484t

cardinal signs of, 89

childhood, 3704

infectious disease–related, 941, 942f

leading causes of, 3063–3064

age-specific, 41t

cardiovascular disease, 1810, 1811–1812,

1812f, 1813f

epidemiologic transition in, 1810–1812