topics

11/9/25

INDEX

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, 844t, 850, I-13

858–859

Angiokeratoma, 396, 3258, A15

Angioma

cavernous, 3349t, 3353

cherry, 370t

senile, 372f

spider, 321, 2549, 2625, 2625f

Angiomyolipoma, renal, 2354

Angiopoietins, 524, 524f, 526f, 745

Angiosarcoma, 397–398, 713, 714

Angiostrongylus spp. infections

abdominal, 1777

clinical features of, 1114t, 1699t, 1772, 1777

diagnosis of, 945t, 1772, S12

epidemiology of, S12

life cycle of parasite, 1772, 1772f, S12

pathogenesis of, 1697, 1772

treatment of, 1771t, 1772–1773

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

in glomerular filtration rate regulation, 2288,

2289f

in sarcoidosis, 2834

in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, 3068f, 3078

in sodium absorption, 2295

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

actions of, 269, 2084

adverse effects of

acid-base disorders, 364

anaphylaxis, 472

angioedema, 2084, 2722, 2723

cough, 269, 2084, 2153

cross-sensitivity and, 415

cutaneous, 383, 409, 411

erectile dysfunction, 3058

hyperkalemia, 353

hypoglycemia, 3132

lupus syndrome, 2847t

renal, 334, 2084, 2297, 2298f, 2316

for aortic aneurysm in Marfan’s syndrome, 2103

for aortic dissection, 2106

drug interactions of, 471t

for heart failure, 1945, 1946f, 1947, 1948t

for HIV-associated nephropathy, 1571

for hypertension, 2083t, 2084

in CKD, 2316, 2319

comparison to other agents, 2085

in diabetic nephropathy, 3124

in metabolic syndrome, 3156

for ischemic heart disease, 2042

for lupus nephritis, 2747

metabolism of, 468

for NSTE-ACS, 2049, 2052

preoperative continuation of, 3771

for prevention of sudden cardiac death, 2264

for pulmonary edema, 2256

for renal artery stenosis, 2078

for scleroderma renal crisis, 2366, 2786

for STEMI, 2061

timing of administration of, 3811

for treatment-induced cardiovascular disease,

739

Angiotensin II

aldosterone levels and, 349

in blood pressure regulation, 2074

in glomerular filtration rate regulation, 2288,

2289f, 2297

in sodium reabsorption, 340, 2295

in urinary tract obstruction, 2375

Angiotensinogen, 2074

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)

actions of, 2084

adverse effects of, 2084

cutaneous, 411

hyperkalemia, 353

hypoglycemia, 3132

renal, 2297, 2298f, 2316

aldosterone-renin ratio effects of, 2966t

for heart failure, 1945, 1946f, 1947, 1948t

for hypertension, 2083t, 2084

in CKD, 2316, 2319

comparison to other agents, 2085

in diabetic nephropathy, 3124

in metabolic syndrome, 3156

for lupus nephritis, 2747

metabolism of, 468, 478

for Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2785

for renal artery stenosis, 2078

for STEMI, 2061

Angle of Louis, 1817

Anhidrotic ectodermic dysplasia, 2714

Anidulafungin, 1657, 1675t, 1676t

Anifrolumab, 2745t, 2746

“Animal rule,” S3

Animals

bite-wounds. See Bite-wounds

infectious disease and exposure

to, 943

Anion gap, 360

Anisakis/anisakiasis, 945t, 1777

Anismus, 308

Anisocoria, 216–217

Anisocytosis, 425, 433, 433f, 463

Anistreplase, 937–938

ANK gene mutations, 779t, 3551

ANKH gene mutations, 2865

Ankle-brachial index (ABI), 2076, 2108

Ankle, pulse measurement in, 1820f

ANKRD26 gene mutations, 809, 809t

Ankylosing spondylitis. See Axial spondyloarthritis

Anlotinib, 652f

ANNA-3, 599

Annelid worm stings, 3603, 3603f

Annexin-2, 451

Annular pancreas, 2668–2669

Annular skin lesion, 370t

Annuloaortic ectasia, 283

ANO3 gene mutations, 3402, 3403t

Anoctaminopathy (LGMD2L), 3520, 3523t

Anogenital warts. See Condyloma acuminata

Anomia, 196, 197, 218

Anopheles mosquitos

climate change and, 1004

in lymphatic filariasis, 1778t

in malaria transmission, 1720–1722, 1721f

Anorchia, bilateral, 3002

Anorectal (rectoanal) angle, 299, 299f

Anorectal disorders, 2501

anal fissures, 2505

anorectal abscess, 2504–2505, 2504f

candidiasis, 1672

in Crohn’s disease, 2476–2477

C. trachomatis infection, 1447

fecal incontinence. See Fecal incontinence

fistula in ano, 1366, 2505

hemorrhoidal disease, 307, 2423f, 2503t, 3620

in HIV infection, 1570, 1570f

perianal skin tags, in IBD, 2480

rectal prolapse, 2501, 2501f

solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, 313, 2479–2480

in systemic sclerosis, 2781–2782, 2781t

warts, 1500f

Anorectal manometry, 308, 2503

Anorectum, 299, 299f

Anorexia

in appendicitis, 2514

in chronic disease, 2540

in gastric cancer, 630

in malnutrition, 2537

in terminally ill patient, 88t

Anorexia nervosa, 292, 315, 3552

Anorexiants, 2077t, 3091–3093, 3155

Anosmia. See Olfactory disorders

Anosognosia, 200, 3324, 3370

Anovulation, 555, 3034

Anoxic cerebral injury, in critically ill patient,

2225

ANP. See Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Anserine bursitis, 2850, 2878

Antacids

adverse effects of, 301, 303, 366

drug interactions of, 471t, 1155t, 1702t, 1703t

for GERD, 296

for internal radionuclide contamination, S5

for peptic ulcer disease, 2443, 2443t

Antagonistic pleiotropy, 3733

Anterior cerebral artery, 167, 3326f, 3327f

Anterior choroidal artery, 3326–3327f, 3328f

Anterior choroidal artery infarct, A16

Anterior dens dislocation, A16

Anterior horn cell disorders, 165, 168

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION),

222–223, 222f

Anterior pituitary. See also Pituitary gland

hormone expression and regulation in, 2892t. See

also specific hormones

insufficiency. See Hypopituitarism

tumors. See Pituitary tumors

Anterior spinal artery syndrome, 3446, 3450

Anterocollis, 3402

Anterograde amnesia, 202

Anterolateral system, 169

Anthracyclines

adverse effects of, 410, 554, 555, 621, 737, 738t,

1964

for AML, 814

for breast cancer, 621, 625

for soft tissue sarcomas, 714

Anthralin, 387t

Anthrax

in bioterrorism, S3

clinical features of, 979, S3

cutaneous, 140t, 144, 1037, A1, S3

diagnosis of, S3

gastrointestinal, S3

inhalational, 979, S3

injection, S3

prevention of, S3

treatment of, S3

Anthrax vaccine, S3

Anthrax vaccine adsorbed, S3

Anthropometrics, 2538t

Anti-AChR, 2735, 3510, 3511t

Antiandrogens. See Androgen deprivation therapy

(ADT)

Antiangiogenic (stroma-directed) antibodies, 525f,

526–527, 526f, 536f, 537

Antiarrhythmics, 1871. See also specific drugs

actions of, 1871–1872, 1872t

adverse effects of, 301, 1875t

for atrial fibrillation, 1907

classification of, 1871–1872, 1872t

genetic variations in response to, 478

overdosage/poisoning with, 3595t

for pain, 95t, 98

for ventricular arrhythmias, 1913

INDEX

I-14 Antibacterial drugs, 1148. See also specific drugs

and diseases

absorption of, 1150

actions of, 1148–1149, 1164t, 1165f

adverse effects of, 784t, 1066, 1154t

allergy to, 1151

for anaerobic gram-negative rods, 1356t

approach to therapy with, 1151, 1155t

concentration-dependent, 1150

distribution of, 1150

empirical therapy with, 1151

for acutely ill febrile patient, 974, 975t

for community-acquired pneumonia,

1013–1015, 1014t

for fever of unknown origin, 151

for infective endocarditis, 1030–1031

excretion of, 1150

gut microbiome and, 3694

inappropriate use of, 248, 1135, 1263

for infections in cancer patient, 562–563

metabolism of, 1150

pharmacodynamics of, 1150, 1150f

pharmacokinetics of, 1150, 1150f

in pregnancy and lactation, 1151, 1152t

prophylactic use of, 1161, 1162t

for animal bite-wounds, 1126–1127, 1127t

for bronchiectasis, 2175

for cancer patient, 564

for chronic neutropenia, 450

for dental procedures, 262, 1033–1034, 1033t

for transplant recipient, 1142t, 1145

resistance to. See also specific drugs

in anaerobic bacteria, 1355, 1356t

definition of, 1163

epidemiology of, 1168–1169, 1168t

genomics in detection of, 961t, 965–967

in gram-negative bacteria, 1013, 1263–1265,

1264t

in health care–associated infections,

1134–1135

mechanisms of, 1013, 1163, 1164t, 1165f

in M. pneumoniae, 1013

prevention of, 1168–1169

regional spread and control of, 1128, 1129f

in S. pneumoniae, 1013

urgency of, 1134, 1134t, 1168–1169, 1168t

selection of, 968

stewardship of, 248, 250, 1135–1136, 1162–1163,

1263, 1265

susceptibility testing, S11

time-dependent, 1150

Anti-β2

-glycoprotein, 2745, 2749t

Antibody(ies). See also Immunoglobulin(s); specific

antibodies

affinity maturation of, 2693

blood group, 884, 887–888, 887t

for cancer treatment. See Cancer biologic therapy

cytotoxic reactions of, 2700

definition of, 2671

drug-dependent, 905

in neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes, 728, 728t

in parasitic infections, S12

virus-specific, detection of, 1459

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

(ADCC), 1557, 1557f, 1558, 2671, 2676

Antibody-drug conjugates, 536, 543, 742

Antibody enhancement, 1557

Antibody isotype switching, 2695

Antibody-mediated rejection, 1974

Anticardiolipin (aCL), 2745, 2749t

Anti-CCP, 2851

Anti-CCP antibodies, 2192, 2757, 2759, 2759t

Anticholinergics. See also specific drugs

adverse effects of, 180, 261, 2494

for asthma, 2156

for COPD, 2186

for dystonia, 3404

for IBS, 2494

for lower urinary tract symptoms, 3075

for nausea and vomiting, 293, 294t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3584, 3590t

Anticholinesterase agents. See Cholinesterase

inhibitors

Anticholinesterase test. See Edrophonium

Anticipation, 3655

Anticoagulant(s), 928

for acute limb ischemia, 2111

adverse effects of, 1906, 2099

dental procedures and, 262

drug interactions of, 471t

for DVT, 2098–2099, 2099t, 3766

intracranial hemorrhage due to, 3350

in noncardiogenic stroke prevention, 3346–3347

for NSTE-ACS, 2050t

oral, 933, 935–936, 935t, 2904t. See also specific

drugs

parenteral. See specific drugs

for pulmonary embolism, 2098–2099, 2099t

reversal of, 917, 936, 2099, 3351

for STEMI, 2051, 2060–2061

for stroke prevention, 1906–1907, 1907t, 3341t,

3346

for suppurative thrombophlebitis, 1124

Anticonvulsants. See Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)

Anti-dandruff shampoo, 377

Antidepressants. See also specific drugs

actions of, 3537–3538

adverse effects management, 3543t

adverse effects of, 83, 301, 409, 410, 3542t

for depression, 3542t, 3548–3549, 3549f

for fatigue, 164

for functional dyspepsia, 297

for IBS, 2494–2495

for insomnia, 84, 212

for nausea and vomiting, 294

for pain, 95t, 97–98, 98t

for panic disorder, 3541–3542

for personality disorders, 3553

for somatic symptom disorder, 3552

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). See Arginine

vasopressin (AVP)

Antidotes, 3586, 3589. See also specific drugs/poisons

Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Autoinjector

(ATNAA), S4

Antidromic AV reentry, 1896f, 1897

Anti-dsNDA, 2738t, 2745

Antiemetics, 293, 294t

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). See also specific drugs

actions of, 3312

adverse effects of

cobalamin malabsorption, 771t

cross-sensitivity and, 415–416

cutaneous, 411

erythroderma, 384

genetic considerations in, 416

hair loss, 410

hypersensitivity, 412. See also Drug-induced

hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS)

neurologic, 3318–3320t

osteoporosis, 3196

in pregnancy, 771

SJS/TEN, 392, 414. See also Stevens-Johnson

syndrome (SJS); Toxic epidermal

necrolysis (TEN)

systemic, 3318–3320t

vitamin D deficiency, 3188

weight gain, 3087

for brain abscess, 1119

breast-feeding and, 3324

discontinuation of, 3320–3321

dosage monitoring, 469

drug interactions of, 571, 1710, 2328,

3318–3320t, 3323–3324

for focal seizures, 3317, 3320

for generalized seizures, 3320

genetic factors in response to, 3317

initiation of, 3316, 3320

monitoring of, 3320

for nausea and vomiting, 294

for neurocysticercosis, 1120

overdosage/poisoning with, 3592t

for pain, 95t, 98

pharmacology of, 3318–3320t

in pregnancy, 3323

for refractory epilepsy, 3321

for seizures in brain tumors, 702

selection of, 3316–3317, 3317t, 3320

Antierythrocyte antibody, 2738t

Anti-factor Xa assay, 456, 930, 931

Antifibrinolytic drugs, 913

Antifungal agents, 1656. See also specific drugs

azoles, 1656–1657, 1703t

echinocandins, 1657, 1675–1676, 1675t, 1676t,

1685–1686, 1685t, 2432

flucytosine. See Flucytosine

griseofulvin, 380, 380t, 387t, 1657

prophylactic, in transplant recipients, 1138

resistance to, 1675–1676, 1675t

susceptibility testing, S11

terbinafine. See Terbinafine

topical, 1657

Antiganglioside antibodies, 3502, 3503f, 3504t

Antigen(s)

B cell receptor for, 2671

definition of, 2671

macroscopic detection of, S11

polysaccharide, selective antibody deficiency

to, 2717

T cell receptor for, 2672

T cell recognition of, 2690–2691, 2690f

viral, detection of, 1459

Antigenic drift, 1458, 1515

Antigenic shift, 1458, 1515

Antigen-presenting cells, 536f, 537, 2327, 2327f

Antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM)

disease, 271, 2332, 2335t, 2338–2339,

Anti-GQ1b, 3502

Antihistamines. See also specific drugs

for allergic rhinitis, 2725, 2726f

for atopic dermatitis, 385t

for contact dermatitis, 385t

for cough, 269

for insect stings, 3614

for insomnia, 211–212

for nausea and vomiting, 94t, 293

overdosage/poisoning with, 3584, 3590t, 3595t

for pityriasis rosea, 379

for premedication, 577–578

for pruritus, 375, 411

for scombroid poisoning, 3605–3606

for systemic mastocytosis, 2731

for urticaria, 2723

for vertigo, 162t

Antihistone, 2738t

Anti-Hu paraneoplastic neuropathy, 3508

INDEX

Anti-IgE. See Omalizumab I-15

Anti-insulin receptor, 2995t, 2996

Anti-Jo-1, 2822, 2823f, 2852t

Anti-La, 2738t, 2789, 2789t, 2852t

Antimalarial drugs. See also specific drugs

adverse effects of, 383, 1732t, 2746

cutaneous, 377, 379, 383, 391, 409, 410

in GP6D deficiency, 784, 784t

seizure, 3311t

for discoid lupus erythematosus, 406

drug interactions of, 1702–1703t

for malaria, 1730t, 1732t

for malaria prophylaxis, 1734t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3593t, 3595t

in pregnancy and lactation, 1702–1703t

properties of, 1732t

resistance to, 1730–1731, 1735–1736, 1736f, 3709

for SLE, 2746

for subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 406

Anti-Ma proteins, 728t, 731

Antimetabolites. See also specific drugs

adverse effects of, 555

antibacterial, 1149, 1164t

in cancer chemotherapy, 540–541t, 542–543, 625

Antimicrobial peptides, 955, 2671, 2674t

Antimicrobial stewardship, 248, 250, 1135–1136,

1162–1163, 1263, 1265

Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA), 2627

Antimitotic agents, 541t, 543. See also specific drugs

Antimonial compounds, 1701, 1702t, 1745, 1747,

1748

Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), 2999, 3028, 3030

Antimycobacterial agents, 1397. See also

Tuberculosis, treatment of; specific drugs

Antimyeloperoxidase (MPO) antibodies, 2340,

2803, 2807, 2809

Anti-neurexin 3 alpha, 729t, 733

Antineuronal antibodies, 728, 728t, 2738t

Antineutrophil antibodies, 444

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

cytoplasmic, 2803

in drug-induced vasculitis, 415, 2816

in EGPA, 2163, 2803

in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 2803, 2807,

2808

in microscopic polyangiitis, 2808

perinuclear, 2803

in relapsing polychondritis, 2828

in rheumatoid arthritis, 2759

in vasculitis, 2340, 2803

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)

in musculoskeletal disease, 2851–2852, 2852t

in rheumatoid arthritis, 2759

in SLE, 2738t, 2740, 2740t, 2745, 2852t

in systemic sclerosis, 2783

Antiparasitic agents, 1701, 1702–1707t. See also

specific drugs

Antiphospholipid antibodies, 456, 2738t, 2745,

2749t

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), 2749

in cancer, 726

clinical features of, 32f, 2336t, 2366–2367, 2750,

2750t

definition of, 2749

diagnosis of, 2745, 2750

differential diagnosis of, 2750

epidemiology of, 2749

high-altitude symptoms of, 3621

pathogenesis of, 2366–2367, 2696t, 2735,

2749–2750

in pregnancy, 2750, 2750t

renal manifestations of, 2366–2367

seronegative, 2749

skin manifestations of, 399

SLE and, 2745, 2747–2748

treatment of, 2367, 2750–2751

Anti-PL antibodies (aPL), 2749

α2

-Antiplasmin, 452, 452f, 937, 937f

Antiplatelet antibody, 2738t

Antiplatelet drugs, 925

actions of, 925

during and after PCI, 2067–2068

chronic use in cardiac disease, 3341t

discontinuation before dental procedures, 262

discontinuation before lumbar puncture, S9

for ischemic heart disease, 2042

for NSTE-ACS, 2050–2051, 2050t, 2052

perioperative, 3771–3772

for peripheral artery disease, 2109

for STEMI, 2060–2061

for stroke/TIA prevention, 3341t,

3345–3346

for stroke treatment, 3338

Antiporters (exchangers), 2290

Antiproliferative factor, 326

Anti-proteinase 3, 2340

Antipsychotics

actions of, 3554–3555

for acute alcohol intoxication, 3561

adverse effects of, 3087, 3407–3408, 3555–3556,

3555t

for dementia, 194, 3375

for depression, 3544

drug interactions of, 3543t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3590t, 3591t,

3594–3595t

for schizophrenia, 3554–3556, 3555t

Antipyretic agents, 132–133

Antireflux surgery, 297

Antiretroviral agents. See Combination

antiretroviral therapy (cART)

Antiribosomal P, 2738t

Anti-RNP, 2738t

Anti-Ro, 2738t, 2745, 2747, 2789, 2789t, 2852t

Antisense oligonucleotides, 3415

Anti-Sm, 2738t, 2745, 2852t

Antisynthetase syndrome (AS), 2819t, 2822, 2823f,

2824–2825, 2825t

Antithrombin

actions of, 452, 452f, 457

activation of, 929, 929f, 931

deficiency of, 923

Antithrombotic drugs, 924–925, 924f

anticoagulants. See Anticoagulant(s)

antiplatelet drugs. See Antiplatelet drugs

fibrinolytic drugs. See Fibrinolytic drugs

Antithrombotic mechanisms, 451–452, 452f

Antithymocyte globulin (ATG)

adverse effects of, 2637

for aplastic anemia, 797

in HCT preparation, 898

for immunosuppression

after cardiac transplantation, 1974t

after kidney transplantation, 2327

after liver transplantation, 2637

for myelodysplasia, 802

Antithyroid drugs, 410, 2941–2942. See also specific

drugs

Anti-TNF-α antibodies. See Tumor necrosis

factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors

Antitoxin

botulinum, 1217, 1218–1219, S3

diphtheria, 1206

α1

-Antitrypsin (AAT), 2466

α1

-Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency

clinical features of

cutaneous, 397

granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 2340

hepatic, 2549, 2628

pulmonary, 2174, 2174t, 2180, 2184

diagnosis of, 2550t, A13

early interventions for, 3667t

genetic considerations in, 3649, 3849

genetic testing for, 3659, 3667t

hepatocellular carcinoma and, 643

protein misfolding in, 3849

α1

-Antitrypsin (AAT) therapy, 2188

Antitumor antibiotics, 539, 540t

Anti-tumor cell antibodies, 535, 536–537, 536f

Antitussive agents, 269–270

Antiuricosuric compounds, 3249

Antivenom

adverse effects of, 3599

indications for, 3598

for marine envenomations, 3603, 3605

for scorpion stings, 3613

for snakebite treatment, 3598–3599,

3600–3601t

Antiviral therapy, 1460. See also Combination

antiretroviral therapy (cART); specific

drugs and diseases

for chronic HBV infections, 1464–1467, 1465t

for chronic HCV infections, 1467–1470, 1468t

for herpesvirus infections, 1460–1463, 1461t

for respiratory infections, 1463–1464, 1463t

Antley-Bixler craniosynostosis, 3002

Anton’s syndrome, 3329

Antrectomy, for duodenal ulcers, 2451

Ant(s), stinging, 3614

Anuria, 336

Anxiety

asthma exacerbations and, 2154

in cancer patient, 742–743

complementary and integrative therapies for,

3786, 3788

definition of, 3541

erectile dysfunction and, 3058

female sexual dysfunction and, 3062

in respiratory acidosis, 367

vs. syncope, 157

Anxiety disorders, 3541

alcohol-induced, 3558

generalized anxiety disorder, 3543, 3544t

at high altitudes, 3621

insomnia in, 211

nausea and vomiting in, 292

obsessive-compulsive disorder, 3546

palpitations in, 287

panic disorder, 101t, 105, 3541

phobic disorders, 3544

stress disorders, 3545. See also Posttraumatic

stress disorder (PTSD)

vertigo in, 161–162

in women, 3068

Anxiolytics. See Benzodiazepine(s)

Aorta

acute occlusion of, 2106

aneurysm of. See Aortic aneurysm

atherosclerosis of, 2101, 2106

coarctation of, 2079–2080

congenital anomalies of, 2101

dissection of. See Aortic dissection

IgG4-related disease of, 2838, 2838t

inflammatory disease of. See Aortitis

rupture of, 2029

syphilis of, 1987

INDEX

I-16 Aortic aneurysm, 2101

abdominal, 2103

clinical features of, 124, 321, 2103

diagnosis of, 124, 2103–2104

epidemiology of, 2103

physical examination in, 1816, 1818, 1819

rupture of, 2103

screening for, 39t, 2103–2104, 3745t

treatment of, 2104, 2104f

chest pain in, 101t, 102

etiology of, 2101–2102, 2102t

familial, 2102

hemoptysis in, 270

infectious causes of, 2102

in late syphilis, 1410, 2102

medial degeneration in, 2101–2102

monitoring expansion of, 2103

mycotic. See Mycotic aneurysm

rupture of, 110, 111t, 124, 2103

thoracic, 2102–2103, 2103f, 2812, A14

traumatic, 2102

treatment of, 2103, 2104

Aortic dissection, 2104

aortic regurgitation in, 2105

chest pain in, 101t, 102, 104

classification of, 2104–2105, 2105f

clinical features of, 2105

diagnosis of, 22–23, 105, 2105

intramural hematoma and, 102, 2104

murmur in, 283

penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer and, 102,

2104–2105

in pregnancy, 3764

risk factors for, 2105

treatment of, 2087t, 2105–2106

Aortic occlusion, 2106

Aortic regurgitation, 1986

in aortic dissection, 2105

with aortic stenosis, 2006

in aortitis, 2106

carotid pulse in, 1819f

clinical features of, 287, 1987–1988

diagnosis of

cardiac catheterization, 1988

chest radiograph, 1988

CMR, 1848, 1848f, 1859v

ECG, 1988

echocardiography, 1847–1848, 1848f,

1988

history in, 1987–1988

physical examination in, 1988

etiology of, 1986–1987, 1987t

heart sounds/murmur in, 279, 283, 1816, 1821,

1821f, 1988

with mitral stenosis, 2006

pathophysiology of, 1987

in pregnancy, 3764

in relapsing polychondritis, 2828

in rheumatic heart disease, 2767

treatment of, 1988, 1989f, 1990f, 1991t

Aortic root disease, 283, 1987, 1990–1991, 1990f,

3141, 3764

Aortic stenosis, 1978

with aortic regurgitation, 2006

in bicuspid aortic valve, 1979

carotid pulse in, 1818, 1819f

clinical features of, 32f, 1980–1981

congenital, 1979

diagnosis of

cardiac catheterization, 1982

chest radiograph, 1981–1982

ECG, 1981

echocardiography, 1846–1847, 1848f, 1981, A9

hemodynamic measurements, 1861, 1862f

valve area, 1862

epidemiology of, 1978, 1979f

etiology of, 1979, 1979t

heart sounds/murmur in, 1822

characteristics of, 1821, 1821f, 1981

duration, 279

intensity and radiation, 279f, 280

systemic vascular resistance and, 285

with mitral regurgitation, 2006

myocardial ischemia in, 2031

natural history of, 1982

palpitations in, 287

pathogenesis of, 1979, 1980f

pathophysiology of, 1980

in pregnancy, 3764

preoperative evaluation and management of,

3773

rheumatic, 1979

stroke prevention in, 3341t

sudden cardiac death in, 2261t

systems biology applied to, 3818t

treatment of, 1982–1985, 1983f, 2070. See also

Aortic valve replacement

Aortic valve

bicuspid, 1847f, 1979

sclerosis, 281

stenosis. See Aortic stenosis

Aortic valve replacement

indications for, 1982–1983, 1983f, 1989f, 1990

with mitral valve replacement, 2007

paravalvular abscess following, A9

surgical, 1982–1983, 1983t, 1984f, 1985f, 1986t,

1991t

transcatheter. See Transcatheter aortic valve

implantation (TAVI)

Aortic valvuloplasty, 1984

Aortitis, 2106

aneurysm in, 2102

etiology of, 2102t

in giant cell arteritis. See Giant cell arteritis

idiopathic, 2107

IgG4-related, 2837, 2838t

imaging in, 1856, 1857f, A9

infective, 2107

rheumatic, 2107

syphilitic, 1410, 2107

in Takayasu’s arteritis. See Takayasu’s arteritis

Aortobifemoral bypass, 2110

Aortocolic fistula, 313

Aortoenteric fistula, 312

Aortography, 1863–1864

Aortoiliac disease, 2108. See also Peripheral artery

disease

APACHE II scoring system, 2218, 2218t, 2219f

APAF-1 gene, 519

APAF-1 protein, 518

Apalutamide, 686–687, 687f, 688

Apatite, 2866. See also Calcium apatite deposition

disease

APC gene mutations

in colorectal cancer, 499f, 637

in familial adenomatous polyposis, 502–503,

503t, 638

in Gardner’s syndrome, 703t

germline and somatic, 504f

APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathycandidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy), 1672,

2718

Apeú virus, 1627t

Aphagia, 287

Aphasia, 196

in AD, 3370

Broca’s, 196t, 197

caring for patient with, 204

clinical examination in, 196–197

clinical examination of, V2

clinical features of, 196t

conduction, 196t, 197

fluent transcortical, 196t, 197

global, 196t, 197

isolation, 196t, 197

jargon, 196

nonfluent transcortical, 196t, 197

primary progressive, 198–199

progressive, V2

pure alexia without agraphia, 196t, 198

pure word deafness, 196t, 197–198

subcortical, 198

Wernicke’s, 196–197, 196t

Aphemia, 198

Apheresis, 885–886t, 1740–1741

Aphthous ulcers

etiology of, 257, 443

in HIV infection, 1568, 1569f

in IBD, 2480, 2481t

prevention of, 450

recurrent, 257, 259t

Apical ballooning syndrome, 2029

Apixaban

adverse effects of, 936, 1906

dosage of, 935

for DVT/PE, 2098

indications for, 935

management before endoscopy, 2904t

management before lumbar puncture, S9

pharmacology of, 935t

reversal of, 3351

for stroke prevention in cancer, 3346–3347

for stroke prevention in cardiac disease, 935,

1906, 3346

for VTE prophylaxis, 2100t

APL. See Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)

aPL (anti-PL antibodies), 2749

APLAID (PLCγ-associated antibody deficiency and

immune dysregulation), 2718

Aplasia cutis, 2942, 3765

Aplastic anemia, 792

after liver transplantation, 2638

classification of, 793t

definition of, 792–793

diagnosis of, 795f, 796, A6

epidemiology of, 793

etiology of, 794t

chemical-induced, 793, 794t

drug-induced, 793–794, 794t

immunologic, 794

infectious, 794

inherited, 793t, 794–795

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, 789, 794

posthepatitis, 794

pregnancy, 794

radiation-induced, 793

history in, 795

monocytopenia in, 448

pathophysiology of, 795

physical examination in, 795–796

prognosis of, 796

in telomere disease, 3681, 3684f

treatment of, 796–798, 898, 901, 902t

Apnea

sleep. See Sleep apnea

in terminally ill patient, 88t

INDEX

Apnea testing, 188 I-17

APOA1 gene mutations, 3139t, 3146

APOBEC, 1523

APOBEC3F gene, 1552t, 1555

APOBEC3G gene, 1552t

APOBEC proteins, 1528, 1555

APOB gene mutations, 3145

APOC2 gene, 3138

APOC3 gene, 480, 3138, 3148

ApoE2 gene, 3143

ApoE gene, 1552t, 1554, 3373, 3649

APOE gene, 3135, 3143

ApoE ε4 allele, 3064, 3065f, 3373

Apoferritin, 748, 750

APOL1 gene mutations

in atherosclerotic nephropathy, 2347

in CKD, 2282, 2284t, 2311, 2332

in HIV infection, 1552t, 1554

in human African trypanosomiasis, 1754

APOL1/MYH9 gene, 2091, 2738

Apolipoprotein(s), 3135, 3136t

Apolipoprotein A, 2644

Apolipoprotein(a), 3135, 3136t

Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), 3136t, 3146

Apolipoprotein A-V (ApoA-V), 3135, 3136t, 3138

Apolipoprotein B, 3135, 3136t, 3137, 3138

Apolipoprotein B-48, 3135, 3136, 3136t

Apolipoprotein B-100, 3135, 3136t, 3140

Apolipoprotein C-II (ApoC-II), 3135, 3136t

Apolipoprotein C-II (ApoC-II) deficiency, 2659

Apolipoprotein C-III (ApoC-III), 3136t

Apolipoprotein E, 3136, 3136t

Apolipoprotein M, 2755

Apomorphine, 3394, 3395, 3396t, S5

Aponeurotic ptosis, 228

Apoplexy, pituitary, 2897

Apoptosis

of cancer cells, 508t, 518–519, 518f, 534, 534f

cellular and molecular control of, 2695, 2697f

definition of, 957, 2671

in HIV infection, 1545–1546

initiation of, 957, 1456

pathways of, 518–519, 518f, 534f, 957, 2697f

of red blood cells, 431

in smoking, 2181

Apotransferrin, 748

APP. See Amyloid precursor protein (APP)

Appendectomy, 2516

Appendiceal fecalith, 2515, 2515f

Appendicitis, 2513

clinical features of, 111, 111t, 292, 2513–2514,

2514t

complications of, 2513

diagnosis of, 112, 2515, 2515f

differential diagnosis of, 1088, 2513t, 2515

epidemiology of, 2513

in immunocompromised patients, 2515–2516

liver abscess and, 1058

in older adults, 2515

pathogenesis of, 2513

peritonitis in, 1056

in pregnancy, 2515

treatment of, 2516

Appendix, 667, 2513, 2513f, 2514f

Apperceptive agnosia, 201

Appetite, 2522

Appetite suppressants, 2077t, 3091–3093, 3155

APP gene mutations, 191t, 3298, 3302, 3373, 3795

Apraxia

in AD, 3370

buccofacial, 198

construction, 201

definition of, 165, 198

dressing, 201

gait, 175

ideational, 198

ideomotor, 198

limb, 198

limb-kinetic, 198

oculomotor, 201, V3

of speech, 198

sympathetic, 198

Apremilast

adverse effects of, 378t, 2805t

for Behçet syndrome, 2818

for psoriasis, 378, 378t

for psoriatic arthritis, 2800

Aprepitant, 80, 115, 293, 294, 488, 554

Apriso, 2483, 2483t

Aprosodia, 198

APRT (adenine phosphoribosyltransferase)

deficiency, 3253

APs. See Accessory pathways (APs)

APS. See Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)

APS-1. See Autoimmune polyendocrine

(polyglandular) syndrome-1 (APS-1)

APS-2. See Autoimmune polyendocrine

(polyglandular) syndrome-2 (APS-2)

aPTT. See Activated partial thromboplastin time

(aPTT)

Aquagenic urticaria, 2722

Aquaporins

AVP actions and, 2919, 2919f

in CNS flow, 3296

in collecting duct, 2293

in loop of Henle, 2293

in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 346, 2375

in neuromyelitis optica, 35

in proximal tubule, 2291

in water balance, 339, 339f, 2294–2295, 2295f

Arachnidism, necrotic, 3612

Arachnodactyly, 3229

Arachnoid cysts, 2906

Arachnoiditis, lumbar, 123

Araraquara virus, 1628t

Araucária virus, 1628t

Arboviruses, 1094

Arbovirus infections, 996, 1094, 1107

ARBs. See Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infections, 135t,

393, 1208

Arcobacter spp. infections, 1302, 1303t

Arcus corneae, A15

ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress syndrome

(ARDS)

Area postrema (chemoreceptor trigger zone),

291

Area under the receiver operating curve (AUC),

3829, 3829t

Arenaviruses, 978, 1454t, 1455f, 1456, 1624, 1626t

Arenavirus infections

clinical syndromes of, 1626t, 1634t

geographic distribution of, 1632–1633t

Junín/Argentinian hemorrhagic fever, 1642

Lassa fever, 978, 1642

lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM), 1106,

1108, 1114t, 1639

Machupo/Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 1642

ARF (acute rheumatic fever). See Rheumatic fever

ARF gene mutations, 582

Argasid (soft) tick, 3609

Argatroban

actions of, 932–933

for DVT/PE, 2098, 2099t

for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 906,

1861

monitoring during treatment with, 933

pharmacology of, 933t

Argentinian/Junin hemorrhagic fever, 1626t,

1642

Arginase deficiency, 3270t

Arginine, 3273, 3678

Arginine vasopressin (AVP), 2918

deficiency of

in diabetes insipidus. See Diabetes insipidus

(DI)

in hypodipsic hypernatremia, 2923, 2923f

ectopic production of. See Syndrome of

inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD)

in edema, 275

in heart failure, 1934f

metabolism of, 2919

for sepsis/septic shock, 2248

for shock, 2241

structure of, 2918, 2918f

synthesis and secretion of, 338–339, 2918–2919

in thirst, 2919–2920

in urine volume regulation, 2919, 2919f

in water balance regulation, 338–339, 339f, S1

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor-2, 2888t

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor-2 antagonists,

2925, 2925f

Argininosuccinic acidemia, 3270t

Argininosuccinic aciduria, 3273

Arginosuccinic acidemia, 3270t

Argon plasma coagulation, 2406, 2421f, V5

Argyll Robertson pupil, 216, 1410

Argyria, 391

ARID1A gene mutations, 644, 645, 645t, 698, 719,

3794

ARID2 gene mutations, 644, 645, 645t

Aripiprazole, 3542, 3554, 3555t

Aristolochia, 2362

Aristolochic acid nephropathy, 2282, 2301, 2362,

2364

Armodafinil, 82, 164, 214, 3474

ARNT1 gene mutations, 3014

Aromatase deficiency, 3036

Aromatase inhibitors

actions of, 515–516

adverse effects of, 543, 620, 738t, 2847t, 3196

for breast cancer prevention, 492, 614

for breast cancer treatment, 515–516, 543, 613t,

620, 624

for endometriosis, 3038

for male precocious puberty, 3012, 3013

Aromatic amines, 491t, 2171

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, 2696t

Arousal level, in coma, 186

ARR (aldosterone-renin-ratio), 2966t

Arrhythmias. See Cardiac arrhythmias

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

(ARVC), 1916f, 1921, 1966, 1966f

Arsenic exposure/poisoning

bladder cancer and, 677

carcinogenicity of, 491t, 3579

clinical features of, 3377, 3496, 3579, 3580t

diagnosis of, 3580t

diarrhea in, 301, 302

global considerations in, 3581

hyperpigmentation in, 391

neuropathies in, 3495t, 3496

optic neuropathy in, 224

pathophysiology of, 3580t

sources of, 3580t

treatment of, 3580t

INDEX

I-18 Arsenic trioxide, 551t, 553, 571, 810, 818

Arteether, 1702t

Artemether

actions of, 1707

adverse effects of, 1702t, 1732t

for malaria, 1730t, 1731, 1732t

pharmacology of, 1707, 1732t

in pregnancy and lactation, 1702t

resistance to, 1731

Artemisinin derivatives, 1702t, 1707, 1736f. See also

Artemether; Artesunate

Arterial blood gases

abnormal, approach to, 360

in hypothermia, 3632

in respiratory disease evaluation, 2133, 2139

in shock, 2239

Arterial diseases, of extremities

acrocyanosis, 1815, 2113f, 2114

acute limb ischemia, 2110–2111

arteriovenous fistula. See Arteriovenous fistula

atheroembolism, 2111, 2111f

erythromelalgia (erythermalgia), 804, 808, 2113f,

2114

fibromuscular dysplasia, 2078, 2088, 2110, 3343

frostbite. See Frostbite

livedo reticularis, 88, 399, 2113f, 2114, 2750

peripheral artery disease. See Peripheral artery

disease

pernio (chilblains), 2113f, 2114, 3634

popliteal artery aneurysm, 2112

popliteal artery entrapment, 2112

Raynaud’s phenomenon. See Raynaud’s

phenomenon

thoracic outlet compression syndrome, 2111–2112

thromboangiitis obliterans, 2110, 2112

Arterial hypoxemia, 273, 2232–2233

Arterial lactate, 2246

Arterial oxygen content (CaO2

), 2236

Arterial spin labeling, in MRI, 3289f, 3290

Arterial switch procedure, 2014–2015, 2016f,

2016t

Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome, 128

Arterial thrombosis, 920

in acute limb ischemia, 2111

in antiphospholipid syndrome, 2750, 2750t

genetic considerations in, 921–922, 922t

lupus anticoagulant in, 919

mesenteric, 2506, 2507t, 2508

platelets in, 920–921, 920f, 924

risk factors for, 921, 923, 924

vascular disease and, 920

vs. venous thrombosis, 924

Arterial tortuosity syndrome, 3229

Arterial volume, effective, reduction in, 275

Arteries. See Blood vessels

Arteriogenesis, 1803

Arteriolosclerosis, 3382

Arteriovenous fistula

acquired, 2112

clinical features of, 397, 2112

congenital, 2112

diagnosis of, 2112

for dialysis access, 2322, 2377–2379,

2378f

dural, 3353

pulmonary, cyanosis in, 274

treatment of, 2112

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

cerebral, 3292, 3352, A16

hemoptysis in, 272

in Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, 910, 3352

spinal cord, 3452, 3453f

Arteritis

cutaneous, 2815

giant cell (temporal). See Giant cell arteritis

(temporal arteritis)

necrotizing, 3343

obliterative, 2839

Takayasu’s. See Takayasu’s arteritis

Arterolane, 1732t

Artery of Percheron, occlusion of, 3328, A16

Artery-to-artery embolic stroke, 3340–3341. See

also Ischemic stroke

Artesunate

actions of, 1707

adverse effects of, 1732t

drug interactions of, 1702t

for malaria, 975t, 1730t, 1731, 1732t

pharmacology of, 1707, 1732t

in pregnancy and lactation, 1702t

resistance to, 1731

Arthritis/arthropathy. See also Osteoarthritis (OA)

in acromegaly, 2871

in axial spondyloarthritis, 2793

back pain in, 122–123

bacterial. See Infectious (septic) arthritis

clinical features of

in familial Mediterranean fever, 2841

gonococcal. See Gonococcal infections,

disseminated

in HIV infection, 1573

hypertrophic. See Hypertrophic

osteoarthropathy

infectious. See Infectious (septic) arthritis

in Lyme disease, 1427

monoarticular, 1040t

in myofascial pain syndrome, 97

new-onset, in hospitalized patient, 2747

polyarticular, 1040t

postinfectious, 1045. See also Reactive arthritis

psoriatic. See Psoriatic arthritis

in relapsing polychondritis, 2827

in Sjögren’s syndrome, 2788, 2788t

in SLE, 2740

in complex regional pain syndrome, 2876. See

also Complex regional pain syndrome

(CRPS)

costochondritis and, 2876

crystal-induced, 2862

calcium apatite deposition disease, 2866–2867,

2866f, 2866t

calcium oxalate deposition disease, 2867,

2867f

calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease,

2865–2866, 2865t

clinical features of, 2862t

gout. See Gout

differential diagnosis of, 1040t

in hemochromatosis, 2871, 3233

in hemophilia, 2871–2872

in hyperlipidemia, 2873

in hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. See

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

in IBD, 2480, 2481t

in myofascial pain syndrome, 2876–2877

neoplasias and, 2877, 2877f

neuropathic, 2873–2874, 2874f, 2874t

ochronotic, 3272

paraneoplastic, 2877

with rash, 1631, 1633–1635, 1634t

in sickle cell disease, 2872–2873, 2872t

in thalassemia, 2873

in Tietze syndrome, 2877

Arthroconidia, 1661

Arthropathy. See Arthritis/arthropathy

Arthroplasty, 2862

Arthropod-borne viruses, 1624. See also specific

viruses

diagnosis of, 1631, 1635

disease syndromes of. See also specific diseases

arthritis and rash, 1631, 1633–1635, 1634t

encephalitis, 1634t, 1635–1638

fever and myalgia, 1634t, 1638–1640

hemorrhagic fevers. See Viral hemorrhagic

fevers

prevention in international travelers, 996

pulmonary disease, 1634t

epidemiology of, 1631

geographic distribution of, 1632–1633t

reservoirs and vectors of, 1625–1630t

transmission of, 1624

Arthropod injuries, 3608. See also specific organisms

Arthroscopy, 2862

Artificial intelligence/deep learning, 2145, 2145f,

3826. See also Machine learning

Artificial neuron, 3828, 3828f

Artificial saliva, 237

Artificial tears, 220

Art of medicine, 1

ARVC (arrhythmogenic right ventricular

cardiomyopathy), 1916f, 1921, 1966, 1966f

Arylsulfatase A, 3687

Arylsulfatase B deficiency (Maroteaux-Lamy

disease), 3255t, 3260

5-ASA (5-aminosalicylic acid) agents, 2482–2483,

2483t

Asacol, 2482, 2483t

Asbestos, 491t, 2167–2168, 2167t

Asbestos-related disease

asbestosis, 2167–2168, 2168f

chest imaging in, 2168, 2168f

CT in, A12

lung cancer, 594, 2168. See also Lung cancer

mesothelioma, 2168. See also Mesothelioma

risk of, 2168

soft tissue sarcomas, 712

Ascaris lumbricoides/ascariasis, 1773

clinical features of, 1773–1774, 1774t, 2165

diagnosis of, 945t, 1700t, 1774, 2652, S12

epidemiology of, 945t, 1697, 1773, S12

life cycle of parasite, 1697, 1773, S12

treatment of, 1711, 1774, 1774t

Ascending arousal system, 205

Ascites, 322

in cardiovascular disease, 1816

chylous, 323

diagnosis of, 323, 323f

etiology of, 321, 323

in heart failure, 1936

in liver disease, 2631

clinical features of, 2631

complications of, 324, 2632

definition of, 276

diagnosis of, 2549, 2631

in hepatocellular carcinoma, 648

with jaundice, 318

pathogenesis of, 322, 2631, 2631f

peritonitis and, 2632

refractory, 2631, 2632f

treatment of, 323–324, 2631, 2632f

malignant, 324, 488–489

in ovarian cancer, 696

in pancreatic disease, 323, 2653–2654, 2655t

pathogenesis of, 322–323, 323f

peritonitis and, 323, 324, 1054

ASCL1 gene mutations, 809

INDEX

Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C I-19

ASD. See Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Asenapine, 3555, 3555t

Aseptic necrosis of femoral head, 2872, 3259

Asexual, 3079t

Asfotase alfa, 3214

Asherman’s syndrome, 3034–3035

Ashkenazi Jewish population

BRCA gene testing in, 504–505, 614

dystonia in, 3402

factor XI deficiency in, 914

Gaucher disease in, 3259. See also Gaucher

disease

hearing loss in, 242

PD in, 3388

Tay-Sachs disease in, 3258. See also Tay-Sachs

disease

unstable hemoglobins in, 765

Ash leaf spot, 374, 388

Asialoglycoprotein receptor, 2696t

Asian longhorned tick, 3610

Asimultanagnosia, 3329

Askin’s tumor, 715

Asparaginase

actions of, 543

adverse effects of, 540t, 543, 577, 711t

for ALL, 831, 831f, 832

interactions and issues, 540t

Asparagine synthetase deficiency, 3270t

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

in acute viral hepatitis, 2575

in alcohol-associated liver disease, 2618

in autoimmune hepatitis, 2614

in chronic HBV infection, 2594

in jaundice evaluation, 318, 319

in liver function evaluation, 2554, 2556t

in SLE, 2743

Aspartylglucosaminuria, 3256t

Aspergilloma, 1367, 1679, 1681t

Aspergillus

antifungal susceptibility testing of, S11

ecology of, 1677

epidemiology of, 1677

laboratory identification of, 1653t, 1679–1680

Aspergillus infections, 1677

after TB, 1367

in asthma, 2153

in cancer patient, 558t, 560, 560t, 564

clinical features of, 561, 1653t, 1677

aspergilloma, 1679

bronchitis, 1678

cerebral, 1675t, 1678

chronic meningitis, 1113t

cutaneous, 143, 1675t, 1678, A1, A5

endocarditis, 1675t, 1678

keratitis, 1679

ocular, 230

otitis externa, 1679

sinusitis, 251, 252

in cystic fibrosis, 2179

diagnosis of, 561, 1677t, 1679–1680, 1679f, 1680f

disseminated, 1678, A1, A16

epidemiology of, 1677, 1677t

genetic considerations in, 1677

in HIV infection, 1567

immune response to, 1655, 1655f

pathogenesis of, 1677

prognosis of, 1681

prophylaxis for, 564, 1681, 1681t

respiratory tract

allergic bronchopulmonary. See Allergic

bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

allergic sinusitis, 1679

in asthma, 1679

in cancer patient, 561

chronic pulmonary disease, 1678–1679, 1679f,

1681t

chronic sinusitis, 1679

hemoptysis in, 270

invasive pulmonary disease, 1675t, 1677–1678

invasive sinusitis, 1678

pulmonary hemorrhage, 572

tracheobronchitis, 1678

risk factors for, 1653t, 1677

in transplant recipient, 1138, 1143, 2275, 2330

treatment of, 1681t

in war veterans, S6

Aspergillus terreus, 564

Asphyxiant/blood agents, S4. See also Cyanide

poisoning

Aspiration

cough in, 268

in dysphagia, 291

in enteral nutrition, 2543

in opioid use disorders, 3571

pneumonia and, 1009, 1010, 1352

pneumonitis and. See Pneumonitis

of vomitus, 293

Aspirin, 925

actions of, 925, 925f

for acute pericarditis, 2021

adverse effects of

anaphylaxis, 472

bleeding, 454, 926

bronchospasm, 2153

cutaneous, 408, 411

eosinophilia, 449

gastric irritation/bleeding, 94, 926, 2042

gout, 2847t

hepatotoxicity, 2586

immunologic factors in, 408

nephropathy, 2362

Reye’s syndrome, 1480, 1482

uricosuria, 3252

allergy to, 926

for antiphospholipid syndrome, 2751

for cardiac catheterization pretreatment, 1860

chronic use in cardiac disease, 3341t

with clopidogrel, 926, 3345

for colorectal cancer prevention, 492, 639

for coronary heart disease prevention, 40t, 3126

dosage of, 926

drug interactions of, 3111

for erythromelalgia, 2114

for fever, 132–133

genetic variation in response to, 921, 922t

for giant cell arteritis, 2812

indications for, 925

for ischemic heart disease, 2042

for Kawasaki disease, 2816

for leprosy reactions, 1390

low-dose, 262, 467

management of

before endoscopic procedures, 2904t

before lumbar puncture, S9

perioperative, 3772

for medication-overuse headache, 115

metabolism of, 467

for migraine, 3362t

for myocardial infarction

NSTE-ACS, 2049, 2050t, 2052

as secondary prevention, 2065

STEMI, 2057, 2060, 2065

for niacin-associated flushing, 2527

for pain, 94–96, 95t

in PCI, 2044, 2066, 2067

for peripheral artery disease, 2109

for preeclampsia prevention in high-risk women,

3763

resistance to, 926

for rheumatic fever, 2768–2769

for stroke/TIA prevention, 3341t, 3345–3346

for stroke treatment, 3338

for subacute thyroiditis, 2944

for tension-type headache, 3365

for VTE prophylaxis, 2100t

in women, 3066

Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, 2159

Asplenia, 463, 984f, 2711, S8

Assigned sex at birth, 3079t

Assist control (AC) ventilation, 2231, 2231t, 2232f.

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