8
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12
13
14
15
16
16
17
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
198
The muscles that surround the hip joint form three groups. The gluteal muscles arise
from the posterior musculature of the embryonic limb bud and are prime movers of the
hip joint. They create the characteristic profi le of the human buttocks. The deep hip
Hip Muscles
Muscles of the gluteal region, gluteus maximus removed on left
Posterior view
rotator muscles are closely associated with the body wall of the pelvic region. Five of the six muscles sit deep to the gluteal
musculature on the posterior aspect of the hip joint. The hip fl exors are deep body wall muscles of the abdominal wall that
have been annexed by the lower limb during development. These muscles, the psoas major and iliacus, form a pulley over
the superior ramus of the pubis on their descent onto the lesser trochanter of the femur.
Gluteal muscles Deep hip rotator muscles
1
2
4 5
6
7
7
8
9
13
14 15
16
17
18
20
28
25
26
1
2
4 5
6
7
7
8
9
13
14 15
16
17
18
20
28
25
26
199
Muscles of gluteal region, gluteus maximus and medius removed
Posterolateral view
Gluteal Muscles
1 Gluteus maximus
2 Gluteus medius
3 Gluteus minimis
4 Tensor fasciae latae
Deep Hip Rotator Muscles
5 Piriformis
6 Superior gemellus
7 Obturator internus
8 Inferior gemellus
9 Quadratus femoris
10 Obturator externus
Hip Flexor Muscles
11 Psoas major
12 Iliacus
Other Muscles and Structures
13 Biceps femoris
14 Semitendinosus
15 Semimembranosus
16 Adductor magnus
17 Adductor minimus
18 Gracilis
19 Vastus intermedius
20 Pelvic diaphragm
Gluteal muscles
Gluteal muscles Hip fl exor muscles
Deep hip rotator
muscles
Deep dissection of iliopsoas muscles
Anterior view
21 Transversus abdominis
22 Quadratus lumborum
23 Psoas minor
24 Pectineus (cut)
25 Iliotibal tract
26 Sacrotuberous ligament
27 Penis (cut)
28 Ilium
29 Femur
3
3
6 7
8
9
9
10
11
19
21
21
5
11
12
22 23
24
28
29
26
27
3
3
6 7
8
9
9
10
11
19
21
21
5
11
12
22 23
24
28
29
26
27
200
The four major muscles of the anterior
compartment form the quadriceps femoris
muscle group.The four muscles of this
Anterior Thigh Muscles
group converge to form the strong quadriceps tendon that surrounds all but the posterior surface of the patella.
As the sole extensors of the knee, the quadriceps are essential for running, jumping, and kicking. The sartorius,
which is the longest muscle in the body, is a knee fl exor. The small articularis genus raises the suprapatellar
bursa during extension of the knee. All of the muscles in this compartment receive their innervation via the
femoral nerve from the posterior divisions of the lumbar plexus.
Muscles of the thigh
Anterior view, left thigh
Muscles of the thigh, rectus femoris cut
Anterior view. left thigh
1
1
1
2
2
3
4 4
5
5
8
9
10
11
11 12
12
13
13
14
14
15 15
7
7
19
20
20
22
25
25
26
1
1
1
2
2
3
4 4
5
5
8
9
10
11
11 12
12
13
13
14
14
15 15
7
7
19
20
20
22
25
25
201
Deep muscles of the thigh
Anterior view
Anterior Thigh Muscles
1 Rectus femoris
2 Vastus lateralis
3 Vastus intermedius
4 Vastus medialis
5 Sartorious
6 Articularis genus
Other Muscles and Structures
7 Tensor fasciae latae
8 Transversus abdominis
9 Rectus abdominis
10 Pyramidalis
11 Iliacus
12 Psoas major
13 Pectineus
14 Adductor longus
15 Gracilis
16 Gluteus minimis
17 Obturator externus
18 Quadratus femoris
19 Inguinal ligament
20 Spermatic cord
21 Linea alba
22 Iliotibial tract
23 Femur
24 Inferior epigastric vessels
25 Penis (cut)
26 Rectus sheath
3
4
6
11 12
16
17
18
20
21
23
24
25
3
4
6
11 12
16
17
18
24
25
202
Dissection of medial thigh muscles
Anterior view, right thigh
Dissection of medial thigh muscles
Posterior view, right thigh
The six muscles of the medial compartment are all capable
of adducting the hip joint. The pectineus and four adductor
muscles all originate from a medial position on the pubis
Medial Thigh Muscles
and ischium and project laterally to insert on the posterior surface of the femur. The gracilis muscle differs from the others
in the group by crossing the knee joint in addition to the hip. It courses with the sartorius muscle as a fl exor of the knee. With
the exception of the pectineus and condylar part of the adductor magnus, all the muscles are innervated by the obturator
nerve, which arises from the anterior divisions of the lumbar plexus.
Medial Thigh Muscles
1 Pectineus
2 Adductor longus
3 Adductor brevis
4 Adductor magnus
5 Adductor minimis
6 Gracilis
Other Muscles and Structures
7 Sartorius
8 Iliacus
9 Psoas major
10 Tensor fasciae latae
11 Rectus femoris
12 Obturator externus
13 Vastus lateralis
14 Articularis genus
15 Gluteus medius
16 Piriformis
17 Superior gemellus
18 Obturator internus
19 Inferior gemellus
20 Quadratus femoris
21 Biceps femoris (short head)
22 Gastrocnemius
23 Plantaris
24 Soleus
25 Pelvic diaphragm
26 Transversus abdominis
27 Rectus abdominis
28 Spermatic cord
29 Sacrotuberous ligament
30 Femur
31 Penis (cut)
1
1
2
2
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
7
10 8 9
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
22
23
29
24
20
25
21
28
26
27
1
1
2
2
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
7
10 8 9
12
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18
18
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21
22
23
29
24
30
25
31
28
26
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203
Muscles of the gluteal region and thigh
Posterior view, gluteus maximus removed on left
Like the medial compartment of
the thigh, the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus
Posterior Thigh Muscles
arise from the embryonic anterior, or fl exor, musculature. The muscles of this compartment, the smallest
of the three thigh compartments, are long, two-joint muscles that share much in common. All three
muscles arise from the ischial tuberosity, extend the hip and fl ex the knee, and receive their nerve supply
via the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve (with the exception of the short head of the biceps femoris, which
is innervated by the common fi bular branch of the sciatic nerve). Often referred to as the hamstring
muscles, these muscles work with the sartorius and gracilis as the strong fl exors of the knee joint.
Posterior Thigh Muscles
1 Biceps femoris (long head)
2 Biceps femoris (short head)
3 Semitendinosus
4 Semimembranosus
Other Muscles and Structures
5 Gluteus maximus
6 Gluteus medius
7 Piriformis
8 Superior gemellus
9 Obturator internus
10 Inferior gemellus
11 Quadratus femoris
12 Adductor minimus
13 Adductor magnus
14 Pelvic diaphragm
15 Gracilis
16 Gastrocnemius
17 Sacrotuberous ligament
18 Iliotibial tract
19 Ilium
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 16
17
18
19
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 16
17
18
19
204
Thigh Muscles
Transverse section of right thigh
Inferior view, level at mid thigh
Anterior compartment
Medial compartment
Posterior compartment
1 Rectus femoris
2 Vastus lateralis
3 Vastus intermedius
4 Vastus medialis
5 Sartorious
6 Gracilis
7 Adductor longus
8 Adductor magnus
9 Biceps femoris
10 Semitendinosus
11 Semimembranosus
12 Femoral artery
13 Femoral vein
14 Hypodermis
15 Femur
16 Yellow bone marrow
17 Sciatic nerve
18 Saphenous nerve
1
2 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1
9
12
13
205
Superfi cial muscles of the anterior crus
Anterior view
Deep muscles of the anterior crus
Anterolateral view
The anterior compartment of the leg consists of
four muscles, all of which dorsal fl ex the ankle
joint and are innervated by the deep fi bular nerve
Anterior Leg Muscles
from the posterior divisions of the sacral plexus. These muscles sit in a tight fascial compartment anterior to the
interosseous membrane and between the tibia and fi bula. As their tendons cross the ankle joint they are held
fi rmly in place between the tibial and fi bular malleoli by two strong retinacular bands. Two of the muscles, the
tibialis anterior and fi bularis tertius, insert on the ankle. The other two muscles, the extensor digitorum longus
and extensor hallucis longus, reach the ends of the digits and also function as digital extensors.
Anterior Leg Muscles
1 Tibialis anterior
2 Extensor digitorum longus
3 Extensor hallucis longus
4 Fibularis tertius
Other Muscles and Structures
5 Vastus lateralis
6 Fibularis longus
7 Fibularis brevis
8 Gastrocnemius
9 Soleus
10 Extensor hallucis brevis
11 Extensor digitorum brevis
12 Interosseous membrane
13 Anterior tibial vessels
14 Extensor retinaculum
15 Tibia
16 Patellar ligament
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
11
12
13
14
15
15
16
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
11
12
13
14
15
15
206
Muscles of the crus
Lateral view
Deep muscles of the crus
Lateral view
The small lateral compartment, like the anterior
compartment, arises from the embryonic dorsal
limb muscles. The two muscles within this comLateral Leg Muscles
partment, the fi bularis longus and fi bularis brevis, are similar. They both arise from the lateral aspect of the
fi bula. They both pursue a pulley-like course behind the lateral malleolus, under the cover of a retinaculum,
in their passage to the bottom of the foot. They both plantar fl ex and evert the foot. The superfi cial fi bular
nerve, from the posterior divisions of the sacral plexus, supplies both muscles.
Lateral Leg Muscles
1 Fibularis longus
2 Fibularis brevis
Other Muscles and Structures
3 Gastrocnemius
4 Soleus
5 Fibularis tertius
6 Extensor digitorum longus
7 Tibialis anterior
8 Extensor hallucis longus
9 Extensor digitorum brevis
10 Interosseous membrane
11 Calcaneal tendon
12 Femur
13 Tibia
14 Fibula
15 Lateral malleolus
16 Patellar ligament
1
2
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
9
11
12
13
14
15
16
10
1
2
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
9
11
12
13
14
10
207
Superfi cial muscles of the crus
Posterior view Deep muscles of the crus
Posterior view
The posterior compartment of the leg comprises the large
muscle mass on the back of the leg that is often referred to
as the calf. This compartment has two distinct muscle
Posterior Leg Muscles
groups – a large superfi cial group and a smaller deep group. The superfi cial group, the gastrocnemius, the soleus, and the
plantaris, each insert on the calcaneus. The gastrocnemius and soleus combine to form the large tendocalcaneus, or Achilles
tendon. The smaller, deep group consists of four muscles, three of which form a pulley-like arrangement around the medial
malleolus. These are the fl exor hallucis longus, fl exor digitorum longus, and tibialis anterior. The fourth muscle in the group
is the deeply situated popliteus that occupies the fl oor of the popliteal fossa.
Posterior Leg Muscles
1 Tibialis posterior
2 Flexor digitorum longus
3 Flexor hallucis longus
4 Popliteus
5 Plantaris
6 Soleus
7 Gastrocnemius
Other Muscles and Structures
8 Fibularis brevis
9 Fibularis longus (tendon)
10 Flexor digitorum brevis
11 Abductor hallucis
12 Flexor hallucis brevis
13 Abductor digiti minimi
14 Calcaneal tendon
15 Fibula
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
5
6
6
7
7 7
8
8
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