Anterior view, muscles removed to expose pronator quadratus
20 20
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4 2 4
5 5
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18 18 18 18
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190
There are two
muscle groups
in the posterior
Posterior Antebrachial Muscles
antebrachium — the eight muscles of the lateral group that share a common attachment on or near the
lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the four muscles of the radial group that course along the distal
aspect of the radius to insert on the thumb and fi rst fi nger. Like the triceps of the posterior brachial
compartment, all the muscles of the posterior antebrachium receive innervation via the radial nerve.
With a few exceptions, the muscles are extensors of either the elbow, wrist, or digits.
Posterior Antebrachial Muscles
1 Brachioradialis
2 Anconeus
3 Supinator
4 Extensor carpi radialis longus
5 Extensor carpi radialis brevis
6 Extensor digitorum
7 Extensor digiti minimi
8 Extensor carpi ulnaris
9 Abductor pollicis longus
10 Extensor pollicis longus
11 Extensor pollicis brevis
12 Extensor indicis
Other Muscles and Structures
13 Biceps brachii
14 Brachialis
15 Triceps brachii
16 Flexor carpi radialis
17 Pronator teres
18 Flexor pollicis longus
19 Abductor digiti minimi
20 Dorsal interossei
Superfi cial muscles of the right antebrachium
Posterior view, hand pronated
1
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191
Deep muscles of the right antebrachium
Posterior view, lateral group muscles removed and hand pronated
Deep muscles of the right antebrachium
Anterolateral view, lateral group muscles removed and hand pronated
3 3
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10 11
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192
There are three muscle groups in the hand — the muscles of the thenar eminence
at the base of the thumb, the muscles of the hypothenar eminence at the base of
the little fi nger, and the three layers of intermetacarpal muscles that occupy the
Hand Muscles
spaces between the metacarpal bones. All of these muscles arise from the anterior muscles of the embryonic limb bud and
receive anterior division nerve supply from the median and ulnar nerves as they pass from the anterior antebrachium into
the hand. While the median nerve supplies the majority of the muscles of the anterior antebrachium, the ulnar nerve supplies
all but three of the muscles in the hand.
Superfi cial muscles of the right hand
Anterior view
Muscles of the
thenar eminence
Muscles of the
hypothenar eminence 12 13
16
1
2
6
12 13
16
1
2
6
193
Intermediate muscles of the right hand
Anterior view
Hand Muscles
1 Abductor pollicis brevis
2 Flexor pollicis brevis
3 Adductor pollicis
4 Abductor digiti minimi
5 Flexor digiti minimi brevis
6 Palmaris brevis
7 Lumbricals
8 Palmar interossei
9 Dorsal interossei
Other Muscles and Structures
10 Flexor digitorum superficialis
11 Flexor digitorum profundus
12 Palmaris longus
13 Flexor carpi ulnaris
14 Flexor pollucis longus
15 Flexor carpi radialis
16 Palmar aponeurosis
17 Flexor retinaculum
18 Ulna
Muscles of the
thenar eminence
Muscles of the
hypothenar eminence
Intermetacarpal muscles
10 10
10 10
10
10
11
11
11
12
15
16
13
8
17
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194
Hand Muscles
Deep muscles of the right hand
Anterior view
Muscles of the
thenar eminence
Muscles of the
hypothenar eminence
Intermetacarpal muscles
Hand Muscles
1 Abductor pollicis brevis (cut)
2 Flexor pollicis brevis (cut)
3 Opponens pollicis
4 Adductor pollicis
5 Abductor digiti minimi
6 Flexor digiti minimi brevis
7 Opponens digiti minimi
8 Palmaris brevis
9 Lumbricals (cut)
10 Palmar interossei
11 Dorsal interossei
Other Muscles and Structures
12 Flexor digitorum superficialis
13 Flexor digitorum profundus
14 Carpal tunnel
3
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6 7
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12
Th e design of the inferior limb
musculature is similar to that of the true limb muscles of the superior limb.
Th e major diff erence between the two limbs is that the proximal end of the
lower limb forms a direct skeletal attachment to the vertebral column via the
strong sacro-iliac joint, unlike the unattached scapula of the superior limb.
Because of this diff erence, the inferior limb does not require body wall muscles to support, stabilize, and suspend it from the axial skeleton. Th ere are
two additional features that are important to keep in mind when studying
this powerful locomotor limb. First, during development of the lower limb
the embryonic posterior muscles rotate and reposition themselves to the
anterior aspect of the limb. For this reason the knee and ankle move directly opposite the elbow and wrist. Th e second notable feature is that
there are three muscle compartments in the thigh and leg, as compared
to just two in the brachium and antebrachium. One of the two original
compartments in each lower limb segment (thigh and leg) splits to give
rise to an additional compartment. Th e thigh has an anterior compartment and a posterior compartment, but the posterior compartment is
subdivided into posterior and medial compartments. Th e leg has a large
posterior compartment and a smaller anterior compartment and the
anterior compartment is subdivided into anterior and lateral compartments. As with the upper limb, we present the muscles of the lower limb
proper in their muscle compartments. Again, this greatly simplifi es the
learning process because most of the muscles in a compartment share similar attachments, perform common actions, and have a common nerve supply.
Unlike the compartmental muscles of the lower limb proper, the proximal
muscles of the lower limb that surround the hip joint are a more diverse group of
muscles. Some are true limb muscles, while others are annexed muscles from the
trunk wall. We organize these hip muscles into three groups — the deep hip rotator
muscles, the gluteal muscles, and the hip fl exors.
Find more information
about the muscles of the
lower limb in
REAL ANATOMY
195
Lower Limb Muscles
196
the lower limb to the scapular muscles of the upper limb. Like the shoulder muscles, the muscles surrounding the hip joint
are a varied group of muscles, with some annexed from the body wall of the abdominopelvic region. In the limb proper the
muscles develop in muscular compartments as they do in the upper limb; however, the embryonic posterior aspect of the
limb rotates to an anterior position. As a result, the nerves that arise from the posterior divisions of the lumbosacral plexus
innervate the anterior muscle compartments, and the nerves from the anterior divisions of the plexus innervate the posterior
muscle compartments. The developmental groups of muscles and their nerve supply are outlined below.
The muscles of the lower limb share similarities with their
upper limb counterparts, yet have important differences. As
you will notice in the groups below there are no homologues in
Lower Limb Muscles
Hip Muscles
Gluteal muscles
(Nerve supply - gluteal nerves, superior to maximus and inferior
to the other three; arise from lateral aspect of ilium and are prime
movers and stabilizers of hip joint)
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae
Deep hip rotator muscles
(All are lateral rotators of the hip joint and insert on the medial
aspect of greater trochancter)
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Obturator externus
Superior gemellus
Inferior gemellus
Quadratus femoris
Hip flexor muscles
Psoas major
Iliacus
Anterior Thigh Muscles
(Nerve supply - femoral nerve; major extensor group of the knee)
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Articularis genu
Medial Thigh Muscles
(Nerve supply - obturator nerve with exception of pectineus, which is
supplied by femoral nerve and condylar head of adductor magnus,
which is supplied by tibial nerve)
Pectineus
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Adductor minimis
Gracilis
Posterior Thigh Muscles
(Nerve supply - Tibial nerve with exception of short head of biceps
femoris, which is supplied by common fibular nerve)
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Anterior Leg Muscles
(Nerve supply - deep fibular nerve)
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus tertius
Lateral Leg Muscles
(Nerve supply - superficial fibular nerve)
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Posterior Leg Muscles
(Nerve supply - tibial nerve)
Triceps surae
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Dorsal Foot Muscles
(Nerve supply - deep fibular nerve)
Extensor hallucis brevis
Extensor digitorum brevis
Plantar Foot Muscles
(Nerve supply - tibial nerve via its terminal branches, medial plantar
nerve supplies first lumbrical, abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis,
and flexor digitorum brevis; lateral plantar nerve supplies all the others)
First layer
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi
Second layer
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricales
Third layer
Flexor halluci brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Fourth layer
Plantar interossei
Dorsal interossei
197
Muscles of the lower limb
Anterior view
1 Tensor fasciae latae
2 Iliacus
3 Psoas major
4 Pectineus
5 Adductor longus
6 Gracilis
7 Sartorius
8 Rectus femoris
9 Vastus lateralis
10 Vastus medialis
11 Gluteus maximus
12 Adductor magnus
13 Biceps femoris
14 Semitendinosus
15 Semimembranosus
16 Gastrocnemius
17 Soleus
18 Tibialis anterior
19 Fibularis longus
20 Fibularis brevis
21 Iliotibial tract
22 Calcaneal tendon
23 Quadriceps tendon
24 Flexor digitorum longus
Muscles of the lower limb
Posterior view
1
2
3
4
5
6 7
8
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12
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