2. Kitterman JA, Phibbs RH, Tooley WH. Catheterization of umbilical vessels in newborn infants. Pediatr Clin North Am.

1970;17:895.

3. Oestreich AE. Umbilical vein catheterization—appropriate and

inappropriate placement. Pediatr Radiol. 2010;40:1941.

4. Dunn P. Localization of the umbilical catheter by post-mortem

measurement. Arch Dis Child. 1966;41:69.

5. Mandel D, Mimouni FB, Littner Y, et al. Double catheter technique for misdirected umbilical vein catheter. J Pediatr.

2001;139:5.

6. Baker DH, Berdon WE, James LS. Proper localization of umbilical arterial and venous catheters by lateral roentgenograms.

Pediatrics. 1969;43:34.

7. Weber AL, Deluce S, Shannan DL. Normal and abnormal position of the umbilical artery and venous catheter on the roentgenogram and review of complications. AJR. 1974;20:361.

8. Fleming SE, Kim JH. Ultrasound-guided umbilical catheter

insertion in neonates. J Perinatol. 2011;31:344.

9. Ades A, Sable C, Cummings S, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of umbilical venous catheter placement. J Perinatol. 2003;

23:24.

10. Anagnostakis D, Kamba A, Petrochilou V, et al. Risk of infection

associated with umbilical vein catheterization: a prospective study

in 75 newborn infants. J Pediatr. 1975;86:759.

11. Brans YW, Ceballos R, Cassady G. Umbilical catheters and

hepatic abscesses. Pediatrics. 1974;53:264.

12. Centers for Disease Control. Guidelines for prevention of intravascular device-related infections, parts 1 and 2. Am J Infect

Control. 1996;24:262.

13. Raad II, Luna M, Kaliel S-AM, et al. The relationship between

the thrombotic and infectious complications of central venous

catheters. JAMA. 1994;271:1014.

14. Williams JW, Rittenberry A, Dillard R, et al. Liver abscess in the

newborn: complication of umbilical vein catheterization. Am J

Dis Child. 1973;125:111.

15. Noel GJ, O’Loughlin JE, Edelson PJ. Neonatal staphylococcus

epidermitis right sided endocarditis: description of five catheterized infants. Pediatrics. 1988;82:234.

16. Oski FA, Allen DM, Diamond LK. Portal hypertension—a complication of umbilical vein catheterization. Pediatrics. 1963;

31:297.