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The major difference between the arteries and veins of the abdomen
is the fact that all the visceral venous return from the capillaries of the
digestive system and spleen pass via the hepatic portal system to the
Abdominal Vessels
capillaries of the liver before returning to the heart. Within the liver, both the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein branch to
form a complex network of specialized capillaries called the hepatic sinusoids. The hepatic sinusoids then drain into the
hepatic veins to return the blood to the inferior vena cava.
Abdominal veins
Dissection of abdomen showing arteries and veins of the intestines
Anterior view
1 Inferior vena cava
2 Hepatic portal vein
3 Superior mesenteric vein
4 Right colic vein
5 Inferior mesenteric vein
6 Renal vein
7 Superior mesenteric artery
8 Inferior mesenteric artery
9 Middle colic artery
10 Marginal artery
11 Left colic artery
12 Common iliac artery
13 External iliac artery
14 Internal iliac artery
15 Superior gluteal artery
16 Inferior gluteal artery
17 Obturator artery
18 Internal pudendal artery
19 Lateral sacral artery
20 Superior vesical artery
21 Vaginal artery
22 Obliterated umbilical artery
23 Uterus
24 Bladder
25 Prostate
26 Rectum
27 Stomach
28 Kidney
29 Upper bands of sacral plexus
30 Sympathetic trunk
31 Inferior vesical artery
32 Middle rectal artery
33 Obturator nerve
34 Uterine artery
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283
The common iliac arteries, the terminal branches of the
aorta, carry all of the blood supply to the lower limbs and
pelvis. All pelvic viscera, along with the body wall anatomy
Pelvic Vessels
of the pelvis and perineal regions, receive their blood supply from the internal iliac artery. Numerous
branches arise from the internal iliac artery to supply the pelvic wall, the perineum, and the gluteal
region. Other branches course into the pelvic cavity to supply the viscera. The veins are similar in
name and course with the corresponding arteries.
Dissection of pelvic arteries of female
Medial view, anterior at left
Dissection of pelvic arteries of male
Medial view, anterior at right
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As in the upper limb, the main arterial
pathway into the lower limb consists of
a single, major arterial roadway that
Inferior Limb Vessels
gradually tapers as it gives rise to numerous branches on its pathway through the limb. This large
arterial roadway begins as the external iliac artery in the pelvis, passes beneath the inguinal ligament
to enter the thigh as the femoral artery, passes to the back of the knee to become the popliteal artery,
and in the proximal aspect of the leg bifurcates into the anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries,
which course through the leg and into the foot.
Dissection of gluteal region showing gluteal arteries and nerves
Posterior view
1 Superior gluteal artery
2 Inferior gluteal artery
3 Internal pudendal artery
4 Femoral artery
5 Deep artery of thigh
6 Muscular branches of femoral
7 Femoral vein
8 Great saphenous vein
9 External iliac artery
10 Internal iliac artery
11 External iliac vein
12 Common iliac artery
13 Aorta
14 Gluteus maximus muscle
15 Sacrotuberous ligament
16 Piriformis muscle
17 Spermatic cord (cut)
18 Penis (cut)
19 Adductor longus muscle
20 Rectus femoris muscle
21 Vastus intermedius muscle
22 Gracilis muscle
23 Vastus lateralis muscle
24 Vastus medialis muscle
25 Fascia lata
26 Sartorius muscle
27 Iliacus muscle
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Dissection of femoral vessels in femoral triangle
Anterior view
Dissection of vessels of inferior limb
Anterior view
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Inferior Limb Vessels
1 Popliteal artery
2 Anterior tibial artery
3 Posterior tibial artery
4 Fibular artery
5 Superior lateral genicular artery
6 Inferior lateral genicular artery
7 Inferior medial genicular artery
8 Femoral vein
9 Great saphenous vein
10 Femoral artery
11 Superficial epigastric artery
12 Superficial epigastric vein
13 External pudendal vein
14 Superficial circumflex iliac vein
15 Superficial circumflex iliac artery
16 Femoral nerve
17 Soleus muscle
18 Popliteus muscle
19 Subcutaneous layer
20 Fascia lata
21 Sartorius muscle
22 Adductor longus muscle
23 Biceps femoris muscle
24 Semitendinosus muscle
25 Scrotum
Dissection of popliteal and crural arteries
Posterior view
Dissection of proximal crus revealing arteries
Posterior view
Dissection of popliteal region revealing arteries
Posterior view
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Similar to the veins of the upper limb, the venous pathways in the lower limb consist of both deep veins that accompany the
arteries, and superfi cial veins that course through the hypodermis. In the foot and leg, the deep veins form vena comitans with
their arterial counterparts; however, the more proximal popliteal and femoral veins are large single vessels accompanying
their associated arteries. Two major superfi cial venous channels receive numerous tributaries from smaller superfi cial veins
throughout the lower limb. These major superfi cial veins are the small saphenous vein and the great saphenous vein. Unlike
the upper limb, the majority of venous blood fl ow through the lower limb passes via the deep veins. Anastomosing veins
between the saphenous veins and the deep veins have one-way valves. The valves direct blood fl ow to the deep veins
where contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles facilitate movement of the blood toward the heart.
Dissection of femoral vein and tributaries in femoral triangle
Anterior view
Dissection of great saphenous vein
Anteromedial view
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