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Superior Limb Vessels
Dissection of antebrachial arteries
Anterior view
Dissection of palmar arterial arch and branches to digits
Anterior view
1 Brachial artery
2 Ulnar artery
3 Radial artery
4 Anterior interosseous artery
5 Superficial palmar arch
6 Common digital artery
7 Proper digital artery
8 Deep palmar arch
9 Cephalic vein
10 Median cubital vein
11 Basilic vein
12 Median antebrachial vein
13 Accessory cephalic vein
14 Brachial vein
15 Interosseous membrane
16 Transverse carpal ligament
17 Supinator muscle
18 Pronator quadratus muscle
19 Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons
20 Flexor digitorum profundus tendons
21 Biceps brachii muscle
22 Triceps brachii muscle
23 Pectoralis major muscle
24 Deltoid muscle
25 Deltopectoral groove
26 Serratus anterior muscle
27 Brachioradialis muscle
28 Coracobrachialis muscle
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Within the upper limb there are two sets of veins: deep veins that accompany the arteries, and superfi cial veins that course
through the hypodermis without arterial counterparts. The deep veins, running with the arteries of the upper limb, have the
same names as their arterial counterparts. These veins are signifi cantly smaller than the arteries they accompany and form
vena comitans with anastomotic channels around the arteries. The superfi cial veins of the upper limb are large and numerous.
There are three major superfi cial veins into which all the other superfi cial veins fl ow; they are the basilic vein, cephalic vein,
and median cubital vein. The median cubital vein is a connecting vein between the cephalic vein and the basilic vein. The
cephalic and basilic veins eventually pass deep to join the axillary vein at the proximal end of the limb. Most of the venous
return from the upper limb passes through the superfi cial veins.
Dissection of superfi cial vein of upper limb
Medial view of left upper limb
Dissection of cephalic vein
Anterior view
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The branches of the aorta that supply the thoracic
region can be divided into two principal groups —
those that supply the thoracic body wall and those
Thoracic Vessels
that supply thoracic viscera. Two arterial supply routes carry blood into the thoracic body wall. Posteriorly the aorta courses vertically down the vertebral column, while anteriorly the internal thoracic
arteries arise from the subclavian arteries and course vertically down the inside of the sternum.
Between these anterior and posterior supply arteries are interconnecting collateral arteries. These
collateral vessels are the anterior intercostal arteries and the posterior intercostal arteries, which supply the tissues of the intercostal spaces and form collateral circuits between the anterior and posterior arterial pathways. All thoracic viscera receive their blood supply from branches of the aorta. The
thoracic viscera include the heart, lungs with their associated bronchial tubes, and the esophagus.
Dissection of vessels of posterior thoracic wall
Anterior view
1 Aorta
2 Posterior intercostal artery
3 Posterior intercostal vein
4 Azygos vein
5 Hemi-azygos vein
6 Accessory hemi-azygos vein
7 Superior vena cava
8 Brachiocephalic vein
9 Subclavian vein
10 Internal jugular vein
11 Inferior vena cava
12 Right atrium (cut)
13 Left subclavian artery
14 Left common carotid artery
15 Right common carotid artery
16 Hepatic vein
17 Trachea
18 Diaphragm
19 Esophageal hiatus
20 Subcostal muscle
21 Innermost intercostal muscle
22 Esophagus
23 Sympathetic trunk nerve
24 Thoracic lymphatic duct
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Like the arterial supply to the thoracic wall, the venous drainage returns via both anterior-wall and posterior-wall drainage
veins. The veins of the anterior wall have the same names as their arterial counterparts, while the veins of the posterior wall
differ in name and structure. Unlike the aorta, which is the posterior-wall supply artery, the superior vena cava and inferior
vena cava diverge from the posterior thoracic wall to enter the thoracic cavity and return their contents to the heart. In the
absence of vena cavae in the posterior thoracic wall, an azygos system of veins is formed to drain the body wall and the
thoracic viscera. These azygos veins communicate with the superior vena cava to return their contents to the heart. With
the exception of the azygos veins, the veins are similar to the arteries in name and distribution.
Dissection of vena cavae and tributaries
Anterior view
Dissection of azygos veins
Anterior view
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Like the thorax, the abdomen has somatic ar- Abdominal Vessels
teries that supply the abdominal muscle wall
and visceral arteries that supply the viscera of the abdominal cavity. These vessels follow the same
pattern observed in the thoracic region; that is, the abdominal body wall has both anterior (epigastric
arteries) and posterior (aorta) supply pathways that form interconnecting collateral arteries, while the
viscera receive branches from the aorta — celiac artery to the foregut, superior mesenteric artery to
the midgut, inferior mesenteric artery to the hindgut, and renal arteries to the kidneys.
Deep dissection of abdomen showing renal vessels
Anterior view
Dissection of abdomen showing celiac branches and supply of foregut viscera
Anterior view, stomach reflected upward
Branches of celiac artery Branches of celiac artery
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Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Dissection of abdomen showing arterial supply of midgut and hindgut viscera
Anterior view
1 Aorta
2 Celiac artery
3 Splenic artery
4 Common hepatic artery
5 Left gastric artery
6 Right gastric artery
7 Left gastro-omental artery
8 Right gastro-omental artery
9 Proper hepatic artery
10 Gastroduodenal artery
11 Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
12 Superior mesenteric artery
13 Middle colic artery
14 Marginal artery
15 Right colic artery
16 Ileocolic artery
17 Jejunal arteries
18 Ileal arteries
19 Inferior mesenteric artery
20 Left colic artery
21 Sigmoid artery
22 Superior rectal artery
23 Renal artery
24 Segmental arteries
25 Common iliac artery
26 Inferior vena cava
27 Hepatic vein
28 Renal vein
29 Hepatic portal vein
30 Superior mesenteric vein
31 Inferior mesenteric vein
32 Splenic vein
33 Suprarenal vein
34 Testicular vein
35 Kidney
36 Liver
37 Stomach
38 Transverse colon
39 Suprarenal gland
40 Pancreas
41 Spleen
42 Duodenum
43 Ascending colon
44 Descending colon
45 Ileum
46 Diaphragm
47 Ureter
48 Psoas major muscle
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