Chung S. Management of bleeding in the cirrhotic patient. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;17:355.

Bhasin DK, Malhi NJ. Variceal bleeding and portal hypertension: much to learn, much to explore. Endoscopy.

2002;34:119.

Thabut D, Bernard-Chabert B. Management of acute bleeding from portal hypertension. Best Pract Res Clin

Gastroenterol. 2007;21:19.

Marti-Carvajal AJ at al. Vitamin K for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with acute or chronic liver

diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD00792.

Goulis J, Burroughs AK. Role of vasoactive drugs in the treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices. Digestion.

1999;60(Suppl 3):25.

Wao T et al. Effect of vasopressin on esophageal varices blood flow in patients with cirrhosis: comparisons with

the effects on portal vein and superior mesenteric artery blood flow. J Hepatol. 1996;25:491.

Law AW, Gales MA. Octreotide or vasopressin for bleeding esophageal varices. Ann Pharmacother.

1997;31:237.

de Franchis R. Longer treatment with vasoactive drugs to prevent early variceal re-bleeding in cirrhosis. Eur J

Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;10:1041.

Zhou Y et al. Comparison of the efficacy of octreotide, vasopressin, and omeprazole in the control of acute

bleeding in patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy: a controlled study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol.

2002;17:973.

Imperiale TF. A meta-analysis of somatostatin versus vasopressin in the management of acute esophageal

variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology. 1995;109:1289.

Stump DL, Hardin TC. The use of vasopressin in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Drugs.

1990;39:38.

Anderson JR, Johnston GW. Development of cutaneous gangrene during continuous peripheral infusion of

vasopressin. Br Med J. (Clin Res Ed). 1983;287:1657.

Gimson AE et al. A randomized trial of vasopressin and vasopressin plus nitroglycerin in the control of acute

variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology. 1986;6:410.

Bruha R et al. Double-blind randomized, comparative multicenter study of the effect of terlipressin in the

treatment of acute esophageal variceal and/or hypertensive gastropathy bleeding. Hepatogastroenterology.

2002; 49:1161.

de Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on

methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension [published correction appears in J Hepatol.

2005;43:547]. J Hepatol. 2005;43:167.

Cales P et al. Early administration of vapreotide for variceal bleeding inpatients with cirrhosis. French Club for

the Study of Portal Hypertension. N EnglJ Med. 2001;344:23.

112.

113.

114.

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

121.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

127.

128.

129.

130.

131.

132.

133.

134.

135.

136.

137.

138.

139.

Ioannou GN et al. Systematic review: terlipressin in acute oesophageal variceal haemorrhage. Aliment

Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:53.

Dib N et al. Current management of the complications of portal hypertension: variceal bleeding and ascites.

CMAJ. 2006;174:1433.

Lay CS et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation versus propranolol in prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding in patients

with cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21:413.

Tatemichi M et al. Differences in hemostasis among sclerosing agents in endoscopic injection sclerotherapy. Dig

Dis Sci. 1996;41:562.

Dagher L, Burroughs A. Variceal bleeding and portal hypertensive gastropathy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol.

2001;13:81.

Goff JS. Endoscopic variceal ligation. In: Basow DS, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA, 2011.

Villanueva C et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing ligation and sclerotherapy as emergency endoscopic

treatment added to somatostatin in acute variceal bleeding. J Hepatol. 2006;45:560.

Sarin SK et al. Prospective randomized trial of endoscopic sclerotherapy versus variceal band ligation for

esophageal varices: influence on gastropathy, gastric varices and variceal recurrence. J Hepatol. 1997;26:826.

Helmy A, Hayes PC. Review article: current endoscopic therapeutic options in the management of variceal

bleeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15:575.

Gow PJ, Chapman RW. Modern management of oesophageal varices. Postgrad Med J. 2001;77:75.

Henderson JM et al. Distalsplenorenalshunt versus transjugular intrahepatic portalsystematic shunt for variceal

bleeding: a randomized trial. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1643.

Tripathi D et al. The role of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) in the management

of bleeding gastric varices: clinical and haemodynamic correlations. Gut. 2002;51:270.

Hidajat N et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and transjugular embolization of bleeding rectal

varices in portal hypertension. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:362.

Jovine E et al. Splenoadrenal shunt. An original portosystemic decompressive technique.

Hepatogastroenterology. 2001;48:107.

Soriano G et al. Norfloxacin prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Gastroenterology. 1992;103:1267.

Fernandez J et al. Norfloxacin vs ceftriaxone in the prophylaxis of infections in patients with advanced cirrhosis

and hemorrhage. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:1049.

Chavez-Tapia NC et al. Meta-analysis: antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal

bleeding – an updated Cochrane review. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:509–518.

Vorobioff J et al. Prognostic value of hepatic venous pressure gradient measurements in alcoholic cirrhosis: a

10-year prospective study. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:701.

Escorsell A et al. Predictive value of the variceal pressure response to continued pharmacological therapy in

patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Hepatology. 2000;31:1061.

Uribe M et al. Portal-systemic encephalopathy and gastrointestinal bleeding after cardioselective beta-blocker

(metoprolol) administration to patients with portal hypertension. Arch Med Res. 1995;26:221.

Talwalkar JA, Kamath PS. An evidence-based medicine approach to beta-blocker therapy in patients with

cirrhosis. Am J Med. 2004;116:759.

PascalJP, Cales P. Propranolol in the prevention of first upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage in patients with

cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 1988;318:994]. N

EnglJ Med. 1987;317:856.

Sarin SK et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation plus propranolol versus endoscopic variceal ligation alone in primary

prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:797.

Abraczinskas DR et al. Propranolol for the prevention of first esophageal variceal hemorrhage: a lifetime

commitment? Hepatology. 2001;34:1096.

Angelico M et al. Effects of isosorbide-5-mononitrate compared with propranolol on first bleeding and long-term

survival in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1997;113:1632.

Garcia-Pagan JC et al. Isosorbide mononitrate in the prevention of first variceal bleed in patients who cannot

receive beta-blockers. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:908.

Vorobioff J et al. Propranolol compared with propranolol plus isosorbide dinitrate in portal-hypertensive patients:

long-term hemodynamic and renal effects. Hepatology. 1993;18:477.

Merkel C et al. Randomised trial of nadolol alone or with isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of

variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Gruppo-Triveneto per L’ipertensione portale (GTIP). Lancet. 1996;348:1677.

140.

141.

142.

143.

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

149.

150.

151.

152.

153.

154.

155.

156.

157.

158.

159.

160.

161.

162.

163.

164.

165.

166.

167.

168.

169.

Colombo M et al. Beta-blockade prevents recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in well compensated patients with

alcoholic cirrhosis: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 1989;9:433.

de la Pena J et al. Variceal ligation plus nadolol compared with ligation for prophylaxis of variceal rebleeding: a

multicenter trial. Hepatology. 2005;41:572.

Puente A et al. Drugs plus ligation to prevent rebleeding in cirrhosis: an updated systematic review. Liver Int.