ABSTRACT

Intravascular tumor extension is an uncommon complication of solid malignancies that, when present in the inferior vena cava (IVC), can result in fatal pulmonary tumor embolism. Currently, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery are the mainstays of treatment; however, there are no consensus guidelines for management. We describe three cases of pediatric solid malignancies with associated IVC extension and pulmonary tumor embolism. We hypothesize that there is scope for IVC filter placement in such cases to mitigate the risk of fatal pulmonary tumor embolism.

PMID:37526419 | DOI:10.1097/MPH.0000000000002731

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

Tissue factor positive microparticles as a biomarker for increased risk of breast cancer-associated thrombosis: a mini review

Curr Opin Hematol. 2023 Sep 1;30(5):180-185. doi: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000774.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT), such as venous thromboembolism (VTE), is a frequent complication in cancer patients, resulting in poor prognosis. Breast cancer is not highly thrombogenic but is highly prevalent, resulting in increased VTE cases. Many cancers express tissue factor (TF), a glycoprotein that triggers coagulation. The cancer cells were shown to express and release substantial amounts of TF-positive microparticles (MPTF), associated with a prothrombotic state. This narrative review evaluated the current use of the procoagulant MPTF as a biomarker for thrombosis risk in breast cancer.

RECENT FINDINGS: Tumors of epithelial origin with elevated TF expression have been associated with increased VTE incidence. Thus, studies have affirmed the use of MPTF biomarkers for VTE risk in many cancers. Patients with metastatic breast cancer and CAT were found to exhibit elevated procoagulant microparticles in vitro, due to TF expression. The silencing of TF was associated with decreased microparticle release in breast carcinoma cell lines, associated with decreased coagulation.

SUMMARY: CAT is a multifactorial condition, with several various underlying diseases. It is proposed that MPTF may be an effective biomarker for thrombosis risk in breast cancer patients but requires a more systemic evaluation utilizing standardized quantification methods.

PMID:37522480 | DOI:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000774

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

Comparative Efficacy of Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Cancer-Associated Thromboembolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cureus. 2023 Jun 28;15(6):e41071. doi: 10.7759/cureus.41071. eCollection 2023 Jun.

ABSTRACT

Patients diagnosed with cancer often experience an abnormal occurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and its related complications. In order to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of both treatment approaches, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis within the realm of cancer-associated thromboembolism. A thorough search was conducted across PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase databases to find studies comparing direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) with low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) for the treatment of VTE in patients with malignancy. The analyses utilized the random-effects model. This meta-analysis included 11 studies. The results showed that DOACs were associated with a significantly reduced risk of VTE recurrence (RR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.81, p<0.0001;<0.0001;

PMID:37519604 | PMC:PMC10375513 | DOI:10.7759/cureus.41071

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

Estrogen-based hormonal therapy and the risk of thrombosis in COVID-19 patients

Eur J Haematol. 2023 Jul 30. doi: 10.1111/ejh.14061. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Estrogen-containing contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy are used commonly, however, the risks of venous and arterial thrombosis imparted by such medications during COVID-19 infection or other similar viral infections remain undescribed.

METHODS: To assess the risk of venous and arterial thrombosis in patients receiving oral estrogen-containing therapy (ECT) with COVID-19 as compared to those receiving non-estrogen-based hormonal therapy, we conducted a multicenter cohort study of 991 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection, 466 receiving estrogen-containing hormonal therapy, and 525 receiving progestin-only or topical therapy.

RESULTS: The use of estrogen-containing therapy was found to significantly increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) following COVID-19 diagnosis after controlling for age (HR 5.46 [95% CI 1.12-26.7, p = .036]). This risk was highest in patients over age 50, with 8.6% of patients receiving estrogen-containing therapy diagnosed with VTE compared to 0.9% of those receiving non-estrogen-based therapies (p = .026). The risk of arterial thrombosis was not significantly associated with oral estrogen use.

CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that estrogen-containing therapy is associated with a significantly increased risk of VTE in COVID-19 patients, especially in older individuals. These findings may guide provider counseling and management of patients with COVID-19 on estrogen-containing therapy.

PMID:37519103 | DOI:10.1111/ejh.14061

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

How to Treat Today? Oral and Facial Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism

Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023 Jul 17;16(7):1011. doi: 10.3390/ph16071011.

ABSTRACT

The exact incidence of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (CA-VTE) in patients with oral and facial cancer (OFC) is not exactly known, and this risk is empirically considered to be low. However, this suggestion may result in disease underdiagnosis, prolong the initiation of adequate therapy, and consecutively increase CA-VTE-related morbidity and mortality. In addition, there might be specific clinical problems in the treatment of CA-VTE in patients with oral and facial cancer, such as swallowing difficulties, that might limit the possibilities of oral anticoagulation. Finally, there are limited data regarding the optimal treatment of CA-VTE in patients with oral and facial cancer, and this includes data on novel therapeutic strategies, including the use of direct oral anticoagulants. This article reviews current data on the optimal treatment strategy for CA-VTE in patients with OFC.

PMID:37513923 | PMC:PMC10385582 | DOI:10.3390/ph16071011

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

Incidence and Factors Associated With Pulmonary Embolism After Upper Extremity Trauma: A Tertiary Hospital Experience in Turkey

Cureus. 2023 Jun 28;15(6):e41077. doi: 10.7759/cureus.41077. eCollection 2023 Jun.

ABSTRACT

Introduction Venous thromboembolism (VTE), particularly pulmonary embolism (PE), is the third highest cause of death in trauma patients who survive beyond the first day. Musculoskeletal surgery is associated with several complications, some of which may be life-threatening, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and PE. Objective This research aims to describe risk variables for VTE after upper extremity (UE) fracture at a single institution and estimate the incidence of PE following UE fracture. Methods The writers accessed the database via their respective universities using the International Standard Classification (ICD) codes. The medical files of patients aged 18 and older who sought treatment at our emergency department for an injury to their UE and also sought treatment at the orthopedics and traumatology clinic between the years 2013 and 2021 were manually scanned. The patients who applied to the Chest Diseases Clinic within 30 days after the trauma and were diagnosed with PE in the ICD code scan were included in the study. Results UE trauma was the cause of admission to the emergency department for 3,265 patients, and 21 of those patients (0.64%) were found to have PE. Fifteen of the patients were male, and six were female. The median age was 59 years (IQR 17). There were no deaths associated with PE. One of the patients had a scaphoid fracture, seven patients had a humerus fracture, five patients had a distal radius fracture, two patients had an acromioclavicular joint injury, one patient had a shoulder dislocation, one patient had a finger fracture, four patients had wrist crush injury. Three patients had diabetes mellitus. Five patients were active smokers. JAK-2 gene V617F mutation was detected in one patient. One patient was diagnosed with prostate cancer, and one had gastric cancer. One patient had a central venous catheter. Two patients were being treated for hypothyroidism. Two patients had hypertension. Conclusion According to the findings of our research, the probability of developing PE in the days following of an injury to the UE was found to be 0.64%. Patients with UE injuries who are active smokers and who also have diabetes, hypertension, hypothyroidism, cancer, coagulation disorder (JAK2 gene V617F mutation), or a central venous catheter may benefit from anticoagulant prophylaxis. This is because these patients are at a higher risk of developing dangerous blood clots.

PMID:37519534 | PMC:PMC10375827 | DOI:10.7759/cureus.41077

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

Thoracic Diseases: Technique and Applications of Dual-Energy CT

Diagnostics (Basel). 2023 Jul 21;13(14):2440. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13142440.

ABSTRACT

Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is one of the most promising technological innovations made in the field of imaging in recent years. Thanks to its ability to provide quantitative and reproducible data, and to improve radiologists' confidence, especially in the less experienced, its applications are increasing in number and variety. In thoracic diseases, DECT is able to provide well-known benefits, although many recent articles have sought to investigate new perspectives. This narrative review aims to provide the reader with an overview of the applications and advantages of DECT in thoracic diseases, focusing on the most recent innovations. The research process was conducted on the databases of Pubmed and Cochrane. The article is organized according to the anatomical district: the review will focus on pleural, lung parenchymal, breast, mediastinal, lymph nodes, vascular and skeletal applications of DECT. In conclusion, considering the new potential applications and the evidence reported in the latest papers, DECT is progressively entering the daily practice of radiologists, and by reading this simple narrative review, every radiologist will know the state of the art of DECT in thoracic diseases.

PMID:37510184 | PMC:PMC10378112 | DOI:10.3390/diagnostics13142440

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

The use of bevacizumab in primary malignant tumors of the central nervous system: A single-center experience

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

A case report of Trousseau syndrome

Medicine (Baltimore). 2023 Jul 28;102(30):e34449. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000034449.

ABSTRACT

RATIONALE: In 1865, Trousseau first discovered pulmonary embolism caused by multiple venous thrombosis in patients with gastric cancer, and later all clinical manifestations of malignant patients during pathogenesis due to abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis were referred to collectively as Trousseau syndrome. Trousseau syndrome is not a benign thrombophlebitis, and when diagnosed it requires immediate treatment. The survival rate over 1 year is only 12%. Stroke in cancer patients has distinct characteristics different from conventional stroke and has higher mortality.

PATIENT CONCERNS: A 54-year-old female presented to the Department of Otolaryngology with recurrent right nasal bleeding for 4 days. After surgery, the patient experienced 7 different cerebral infarction courses. Finally died of brain herniation.

DIAGNOSIS: The specific abnormal laboratory index is the increase of D-dimer, suggesting the hypercoagulation state. The patient developed multiple cerebral infarction, myocardial injury, renal infarction, splenic infarction, and lower extremity arterial thrombosis, and finally was diagnosed Trousseau syndrome.

INTERVENTIONS: In the treatment, aspirin and atorvastatin were selected, but it did not work very well. D-dimer were high, we used low molecular weight heparin, and D-dimer decreased significantly.

OUTCOMES: Finally the patient died of brain herniation.

CONCLUSION: The raise of D-dimer and typical magnetic resonance imaging manifestation which provides a greater basis for diagnosis. The specific abnormal laboratory index is the increase of D-dimer, which provides direction for treatment and helps to evaluate treatment effect.

PMID:37505132 | PMC:PMC10378958 | DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000034449

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

Single center evaluation on the use of conditionally ordered low molecular weight heparins in malignant hematology patients with venous thromboembolism

J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2023 Jul 27:10781552231189695. doi: 10.1177/10781552231189695. Online ahead of print.