Dichlorodifluoromethane, 176, 178, 322, 773 essential use status, 178

Montreal Protocol, 178

Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, 176, 322, 773

Montreal Protocol, 178

D-2,3-Didehydroerythro-hexono-1,4-lactone,

264

2,3-Didehydro-L-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone, 48

Dietary supplements

calcium phosphate, tribasic, 100 linoleic acid, 414

Diethanolamine, 238, 479, 795

Diethyl phthalate, 235, 240, 249, 589 Diethylene glycol monopalmitostearate, 283–

284

Diethylene glycol palmitostearate, 284 Diethyleneglycoli monopalmitostearas, 284

Diethylis phthalas, 240

Diethylolamine, 238

1,1-Difluoro-1-chloroethane, 174

Difluorochloromethane, 175

Difluoroethane, 242, 322, 773

with chlorodifluoroethane, 174

Montreal Protocol, 242

Digoxin, 379

( )-3,4-Dihydro-2,8-dimethyl-2-(4,8,12- trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol, 34

1,2-Dihydro-2-ketobenzisosulfonazole, 638

2,3-Dihydro-3-oxobenzisosulfonazole, 638

(dihydrogen borato)Phenylmercury, 524

2-(1,3-Dihydro-3-oxo-5-sulfo-2H-indol-2- ylidene)-2,3-dihydro-3-oxo-1H-indole-5- sulfonic acid disodium salt, 197

4,5-Dihydro-5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-4-[(4- sulfophenyl)azo]-1H-pyrazole-3- carboxylic acid trisodium salt, 198

( )-3,4-Dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2- (4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1- benzopyran-6-ol, 32

( )-3,4-Dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2- (4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1- benzopyran-6-ol acetate, 33

( )-3,4-Dihydro-2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(4,8,12- trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol, 34

Dihydroxyaluminum monostearate, 42

L-(+)-2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, 770 10b,13-Dihydroxycedr-8-ene-12,15-dioic

acid, 650

2,2'-Dihydroxydiethylamine, 238 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-(3-hydroxy-4-

methoxyhydrocinnamoyl)phenyl-2-O-(6- deoxy-a-Lmannopyranosyl)-b-D- glucopyranoside, 486

1,2-Dihydroxypropane, 624

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl docosanoate, 304

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate, 308

2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid, 770

Diiron trioxide, 364 Diisobutylphenoxyethoxyethyl dimethyl

benzyl ammonium chloride, 64 Diluents (dry powder inhalers)

lactose, 389

mannitol, 449 Diluents (liquids)

maltitol, 438

sunflower oil, 760

Diluents (medicated powders), starch, sterilizable maize, 734–735

Diluents (tablet/capsule) ammonium alginate, 46

�

calcium carbonate, 89, 92 calcium phosphate

dibasic anhydrous, 93

dibasic dihydrate, 96

tribasic, 100

calcium phosphate, tribasic, 100 calcium sulfate, 105

cellulose powdered, 136

silicified microcrystalline, 139

cellulose acetate, 142

compressible sugar, 748

confectioner’s sugar, 750

dextrates, 226

dextrin, 228

dextrose, 231

erythritol, 266

ethylcellulose, 278

fructose, 290

fumaric acid, 293

glyceryl palmitostearate, 311 hydrogenated vegetable oil type I, 800 isomalt, 366

kaolin, 378

lactitol, 383

lactose, 389

anhydrous, 385

spray dried, 396

lyphilized preparations, mannitol, 449 magnesium carbonate, 422

magnesium oxide, 426

maltodextrin, 442

maltose, 447

mannitol, 449

medium-chain triglycerides, 454

microcrystalline cellulose, 132

polydextrose, 542

polymethacrylates, 554

simethicone, 652

sodium alginate, 656

sodium chloride, 671, 673

sorbitol, 718

starch, 725

pregelatinized, 731

sterilizable maize, 734–735

sucrose, 744

sugar spheres, 752

sulfobutylether b-cyclodextrin, 754

talc, 767

tragacanth, 785

trehalose, 788

xylitol, 824 Dilute acetic acid, 7 Dilute alcohol, 19–20

Dilute ammonia solution, 45 Dilute ethanol, 20

Dilute hydrochloric acid, 329 Dilute phosphoric acid, 531 Dilute sulfuric acid, 759 Diluted glycerin solutions, 303 Diluted hydrochloric acid, 329 Diluted phosphoric acid, 531 Dimethicone, 223, 244, 653

Dimethyl 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate, 248

Dimethyl benzene-o-dicarboxylate, 248

Dimethyl benzeneorthodicarboxylate, 248

Dimethyl carbinol, 371

Dimethyl ether, 246, 326

Dimethyl ketone, 8

Dimethyl o-phthalate, 248

Dimethyl oxide, 246

Dimethyl phthalate, 234–235, 241, 248

Dimethyl phthalate, 248

�

Dimethyl sulfoxide, 250

Dimethyl sulphoxide, 250

Dimethylacetamide, 253

Dimethylacetamidum, 253

Dimethylacetone amide, 253

Dimethylamide acetate, 253

Dimethyl-b-cyclodextrin, 219, 756

Dimethylcyclopolysiloxane, 222

1,1-Dimethylethyl-4-methoxyphenol, 79

Dimethylformaldehyde, 8

Dimethylis sulfoxidum, 250

Dimethylmethane, 325

N-[2-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)amino]-2- oxoethyl]-N,N- diethylbenzenemethanaminium benzoate monohydrate, 224

Dimethylpolysiloxane, 244

Dimethylsilicone fluid, 244

Dimethylsiloxane, 244

N,N-Dimethyl-N-[2-[2-[4-(1,1,3,3-

tetramethylbutyl)phenoxy]ethoxy]ethyl] benzene-methanaminium chloride, 64

5,8-Dimethyltocol, 34

Dimeticone, 244

Dimeticonum, 244

Dimexide, 250

Dinatrii edetas, 255

Dinatrii phosphas anhydricus, 693 Dinatrii phosphas dihydricus, 693 Dinatrii phosphas dodecahydricus, 693 Dinitrogen monoxide, 490

Dinitrogen oxide, 490

Dinitrogenii oxidum, 490

Dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate, 258 Dioctyl phthalate, 235

Dioctyl potassium sulfosuccinate, 258 Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, 257 Diolamine, 238

Di-Pac, 748

Dipotassium dichloride, 600

Dipotassium edathamil, 261

Dipotassium edetate, 261

Dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 261 Dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate, 694 Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 694 Dipotassium phosphate, 694

Dipotassium pyrosulfite, 607 Direct compacting sucrose, 748 Disinfectants

alcohol, 18

benzalkonium chloride, 61

benzethonium chloride, 64

benzyl alcohol, 69

cetrimide, 152

cetylpyridinium chloride, 157

chlorhexidine, 163

chlorocresol, 171

chloroxylenol, 180

cresol, 208

isopropyl alcohol, 371

phenol, 514

phenoxyethanol, 517

phosphoric acid, 531

potassium metabisulfite, 607

povidone-iodine, 615

propylene glycol, 624

sodium borate, 669

sodium hydroxide, 684

thymol, 780

see also Antibacterial agents Disintegrants, hydroxypropyl starch, 344 Disintegrants (tablet/capsule), 532

alginic acid, 21

898 Index

Disintegrants (tablet/capsule) (cont.) calcium alginate, 86

carboxymethylcellulose calcium, 118

carboxymethylcellulose sodium, 120

cellulose, powdered, 136

chitosan, 159

colloidal silicon dioxide, 188 croscarmellose sodium, 211–212

crospovidone, 214–215

docusate sodium, 257

guar gum, 315

hydroxypropyl cellulose, 336

low-substituted, 341

magnesium aluminum silicate, 418 methylcellulose, 462

microcrystalline cellulose, 132

polacrilin potassium, 532

povidone, 611

sodium alginate, 656 sodium starch glycolate, 701 starch, 725

pregelatinized, 731

Disodium 5,5'-indigotin disulfonate, 197

Disodium disulfite, 690

Disodium edetate, 61, 255, 260–261

Disodium EDTA, 255

Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 255

dihydrate, 255

Disodium hydrogen citrate, 675 Disodium hydrogen phosphate, 693

anhydrous, 693

dodecahydrate, 693

Disodium phosphate, 693

Disodium pyrosulfite, 690

Disodium sulfite, 708

disodium tetraborate anhydrous, 670 Disodium tetraborate decahydrate, 669 Dispersible cellulose, 134

Dispersing agents

aluminum oxide, 38

diethanolamine, 238

ethylene glycol palmitostearate, 283 glycerin monostearate, 308 hypromellose acetate succinate, 350 lecithin, 409

poloxamers, 535, 537 polyethylene alkyl ethers, 565 poly(methylvinyl ether/maleic

anhydride), 561

sorbitan esters, 714 Dissolution enhancers

calcium carbonate, 89

crospovidone, 214–215

cyclodextrins, 217

fructose, 290

macrogol 15 hydroxystearate, 416

oleyl alcohol, 496

povidone, 611

see also Solubilizing agents

Dissolution-enhancing agents, sulfobutylether

b-cyclodextrin, 754

Dissolvine, 260

Distilled water, 805 Disulfurous acid

dipotassium salt, 607

disodium salt, 690

DI-TAB, 96, 98

DMA, 253

DMAC, 253

DM-b-CD, 219

DME, 246

DMP, 248

DMSO, 250

�Dobendan, 157 Docosanoic acid

diester with glycerin, 304

2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, 304 monoester with glycerin, 304 triester with glycerin, 304

Docusate calcium, 258

Docusate potassium, 258

Docusate sodium, 257

Docusatum natricum, 257

Dodecanoic acid, 406

Dodecoic acid, 406

Dodecyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, 620

Dodecyl gallate, 620 Dodecyl sodium sulfate, 687 Dodecylis gallas, 620

Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, 153

Dolomite, 423

DOP, 235

Double-dressed, white maize starch, 734

Dow Corning 245 Fluid, 222

Dow Corning 246 Fluid, 222

Dow Corning 345 Fluid, 222 Dow Corning Q7-2243 LVA, 652 Dow Corning Q7-2587, 652 Dow Corning Q7-9120, 244 Dracylic acid, 66

Drakeol, 471

Dried calcium sulfate, 106 Dried gypsum, 106

Dried sodium sulfite, 708

Drierite, 105

Dry ice, 116

DSS, 257

DTAB, 153

Duodecylic acid, 406 Dusting powders

absorbable, 734

chlorhexidine salts, 163

starch, 726

starch-derivative, 734

talc, 767

zinc stearate, 832

Dymel, 176

Dymel 134a/P, 772

Dymel 142b, 174

Dymel 152a, 242

Dymel 227 EA/P, 321

Dymel A, 246

Dypingite, 424

Dyriel 22, 175

Ear wax softeners, 30 Earthnut oil, 505

Eastacryl 30D, 553–554 Eastman Vitamin E TPGS, 32 ECG 505, 118

Eco-Lac, 381

Edathamil, 260

Edathamil calcium disodium, 262 Edathamil dipotassium, 261

Edathamil disodium, 255

Edenor, 737

Edenor C14 98-100, 484

Edenor C16 98-100, 501

Edetate calcium disodium, 260–261 Edetate dipotassium, 261

Edetate disodium, 255

Edetate sodium, 262

Edetate trisodium, 262

Edetic acid, 180, 256, 260

dipotassium salt, 261

disodium salt, 255

�tetrasodium salt, 262

and thimerosal, 778

trisodium salt, 262

Edetic acid calcium, disodium salt, 262 EDTA, 260

EDTA calcium, 262

EDTA dipotassium, 261

EDTA tetrasodium, 262

EDTA trisodium, 262

Effer-Soda, 665

Effervescent tablet formulations citric acid, anhydrous, 185 citric acid monohydrate, 185 dextrates, 226

fumaric acid, 293

potassium bicarbonate, 598

sodium bicarbonate, 665 sodium citrate dihydrate, 675 tartaric acid, 770

Egg lecithin, 409

Egg yolk lecithin, 409 Eglumine, 458

Elaic acid, 494

Elaol, 234

Elcema, 136

Elfan 240, 687

Elvanol, 592

Embanox BHT, 81

Embanox tocopherol, 34

Emcocel, 132

Emcompress, 96, 98

Emcompress Anhydrous, 93–94

EmCon CO, 128

Emdex, 226

Emerescence 1160, 517

Emerest 2316, 376

Emersol, 494, 737

Emersol 140, 501

Emersol 143, 501

Emersol 310, 414

Emersol 315, 414 Emollients

almond oil, 30

aluminum stearate, 42

castor oil, 128

ceratonia extract, 149

cetostearyl alcohol, 150

cetyl alcohol, 155 cetyl esters wax, 811 cholesterol, 182

cottonseed oil, 206

cyclomethicone, 222

dibutyl sebacate, 237

dimethicone, 244

ethylene glycol palmitostearate, 283 glycerin, 301

glycerin monostearate, 308

glyceryl monooleate, 306

glyceryl monostearate, 310

isopropyl myristate, 374

isopropyl palmitate, 376

lanolin, 399

lecithin, 409

light mineral oil, 474

medium-chain triglycerides, 454

mineral oil, 471

mineral oil and lanolin alcohols, 476 octyldodecanol, 492

oleyl alcohol, 496

petrolatum, 509

petrolatum and lanolin alcohols, 512 soybean oil, 722

starch, 726

Index 899

stearyl alcohol, 740

sunflower oil, 760–761

xylitol, 824

zinc acetate, 830

Empilan KB, 564

Empilan KM, 564

Emulgade 1000NI, 815

Emulgen, 564 Emulsifying agents

acacia, 1

agar, 14

ammonium alginate, 46 anionic emulsifying wax, 807 calcium alginate, 86

calcium stearate, 102

carbomers, 111

carrageenan, 124

cetostearyl alcohol, 150

cetyl alcohol, 155

cholesterol, 182

diethanolamine, 238

ethylene glycol palmitostearate, 283 glycerin monostearate, 308

glyceryl monooleate, 306

hectorite, 318

hydroxypropyl cellulose, 336

hydroxypropyl starch, 344

hypromellose, 346

lanolin, 399

hydrous, 404

lanolin alcohols, 402

lauric acid, 406

lecithin, 409

linoleic acid, 414

medium-chain triglycerides, 454

methylcellulose, 462

mineral oil and lanolin alcohols, 476 monobasic sodium phosphate, 696 monoethanolamine, 478

myristic acid, 484

nonionic emulsifying wax, 815 octyldodecanol, 492

oleic acid, 494

oleyl alcohol, 496

palmitic acid, 501

pectin, 507

poloxamer, 535

poloxamers, 537

polycarbophil, 539 polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, 565

polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives, 573

polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, 581

polyoxyethylene stearates, 586

potassium alginate, 594 propylene glycol alginate, 627 saponite, 644

self-emulsifying glyceryl monostearate, 310

sodium borate, 669

sodium citrate dihydrate, 675 sodium lactate, 685

sodium lauryl sulfate, 687 sorbitan esters, 714

stearic acid, 737

sunflower oil, 760

tragacanth, 785

triethanolamine, 794

xanthan gum, 821 Emulsifying ointment BP, 807–808 Emulsifying wax, 807, 815

anionic, 807, 816

�

incompatibilities, quaternary ammonium compounds, 807

with white soft paraffin, 807 cationic, 816

cetrimide emulsifying wax, 816 incompatibilities, anionic surfactants/

drugs, 816

nomenclature, 808, 816

nonionic, 566, 808, 815 cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, 815 phenol, 815

quaternary ammonium compounds, 815

surfactants, 808, 816

Emulsifying wax BP, 808, 816

Emulsifying wax USP, 808, 816 Emulsion stabilizers

colloidal silicon dioxide, 188 polyethylene glycol, 545 poly(methylvinyl ether/maleic

anhydride), 561

zinc acetate, 830

Encapsin, 217

Enstatite, 429

Enteric formulations/coating agents acetyltributyl citrate, 10

carbomers, 111

cellulose acetate phthalate, 145 colonic drug delivery, 315

guar gum, 315

hypromellose acetate succinate, 350 hypromellose phthalate, 354

polymethacrylates, 554 polyvinyl acetate phthalate, 589

potassium chloride as model drug, 600 shellac, 649, 651

Sureteric, 589

tributyl citrate, 792

triethyl citrate, 796

white wax, 817

zein, 828

see also Controlled-release agents

Entonox, 491

Equal, 53

Ergoplast FDB, 234 Erucic acid

canola oil, 108

colza oil, 108

rapeseed oil, 108–109

Erycorbin, 264

Erythorbic acid, 50, 264

sodium salt, 265

d-Erythorbic acid, 264

Erythrite, 266

Erythritol, 266

Erythritolum, 266

Erythroglucin, 266

D-erythro-Hex-2-enoic acid, sodium salt, 265 D-erythro-3-Ketohexonic acid lactone, 264 DL-erythro-9,10,16,-Trihydroxyhexadecanoic

acid, 650

Erythromycin stearate, 428

Essential oils, 260, 468 solubilizing agents

polyethylene alkyl ethers, 565 polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives,

573

polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, 581

Esterifying agents, propionic acid, 617 Esterifying agents, propionic acid, 617 Estol IPM, 374

Ethal, 155