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Reticular tissue

Section of lymph node, 400x

Dense irregular connective tissue

Section of dermis, 200x

Dense regular (collagenous) connective tissue

Section of tendon, 200x

Dense regular (elastic) connective tissue

Section of tunica media of aorta, 400x

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The supporting tissue category consists of the skeletal tissues — cartilage and bone. Like the connective tissues, the supporting tissues have

relatively few cells surrounded by a signifi cant amount of extracellular

Supporting Tissue

matrix, which for the most part the cells produce. However, unlike the soft matrix of the connective tissues, the extracellular

matrix of the supporting tissues is fi rm and rubber-like in cartilage and hard in bone tissue.

Hyaline cartilage

Section of cartilage in developing fetal bone, 200x

Fibrocartilage

Section of intervertebral disc, 200x

Elastic cartilage

Section of cartilage from auricle of ear, 400x

 1 Hyaline ground substance

 2 Collagen fibers in ground substance

 3 Elastic fibers in ground substance

 4 Chondrocyte nucleus

 5 Chondrocyte in lacuna

 6 Perichondrium

 7 Bone trabecula

 8 Osteocyte

 9 Red bone marrow

10 Canaliculi

 11 Lacuna

12 Lamella

13 Central canal

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Spongy bone

Section of epiphysis of metacarpal bone, 200x

Compact bone

Section of diaphysis of fibula, 100x; callout of osteon, 400x

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is a greater percentage of the tissue then are the cells. However, the extracellular matrix of blood and lymph is a liquid matrix called plasma, rather than the soft, fi rm matrix of connective tissues. The most recent Terminologia Histologica places

blood and lymph in their own subcategory called the hematolymphoid complex.

Hematolymphoid Complex The tissues blood and lymph traditionally were

classifi ed as connective tissues because, like

all connective tissues, the extracellular matrix

Blood smear

Wright’s stain, 200x; enlargement, 630x; individual cells, 1500x

 1 Erythrocyte or red blood cell (rbc)

 2 Leukocyte or white blood cell (wbc) - neutrophil

 3 Leukocyte or white blood cell (wbc) - monocyte

 4 Thrombocyte (platelet)

 5 Plasma

 6 Crenated red blood cell 2

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(shortening). The names of the different types of muscle tissues arise from the arrangement of the contractile proteins

within their cells. In some tissues the protein arrangement gives the cell a striated, or striped, appearance (striated muscle),

while in other tissues the striped appearance is not evident (non-striated or smooth muscle).

Muscle cells are long, slender cells that have special arrangements of the proteins

actin and myosin within the cytoplasm. The architectural design of these proteins

forms the muscle cell “machinery” that allows the cell to specialize at contracting

Smooth (nonstriated) muscle tissue

Longitudinal section of muscular wall of intestine, 500x

Skeletal striated muscle tissue

Section of vastus lateralis muscle, 400x

Cardiac striated muscle tissue

Section of ventricle of heart, 500x

 1 Nucleus

 2 Sarcoplasm

 3 Smooth muscle cell

 4 Cardiac muscle cell

 5 Skeletal muscle cell

 6 Intercalated disc

Muscle Tissue

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that are involved in protecting, insulating, and nourishing the neurons. The neurons can be grouped together in long slender

structures called nerves, or they can form the complex circuit boards we call the spinal cord and brain.

Nervous tissue forms the complex electrical computing system of the body. The cells

that characterize nervous tissue are the branched, wire-like cells called neurons. Surrounding the neurons of the nervous tissue are the smaller, more numerous glial cells

Nerve Tissue

Nerve tissue

Multipolar neuron smear, 400x

Neuron

400x

Nerve tissue

Section of ventral horn of spinal cord, 200x

 1 Nucleus of multipolar neuron

 2 Cell body of multipolar neuron

 3 Nucleus of glial cell

 4 Axon

 5 Dendrite

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Th e integument forms

the organ system that covers the body. From the Latin

meaning to cover inward, the integument is an important

system that performs a variety of functions that are

 essential to life. Th e outer layers of the integument called

the epidermis and dermis form the skin, which is an

 important protective layer. Th e skin protects the body in

a number of ways. Its tough, outer-covering of dead cells

protects the more delicate deeper layers from friction and

abrasion. Th e pigment cells in the epidermis produce

 melanin, a protective pigment that absorbs damaging ultraviolet radiation from the sun, to protect the rapidly dividing

keratinocytes that make up the majority of the epidermal layer

of the skin. Th e structure of the epidermal layer of the

skin and its secretions also protect the body from excessive water loss or gain. Th e large network of

blood vessels and numerous sweat glands form

an evaporative cooling system that help to protect the body from overheating in warm conditions or during exercise. Additionally, the impenetrable skin and some of its special cells

form a fi rst line of defense against bacterial

invasion.

Th ese are just some of the functions of the

integument. Other important functions are

the following: it is a major surface for sensory

 perception to receive input or stimuli from the

environment, it is an excretory surface to help rid

the body of metabolic wastes, it plays an important

role in energy storage and metabolism, it provides an

important site for the production of vitamin D and various

growth factors, and it plays a major role in sociosexual communication and identifi cation. Th is chapter will depict the

structural features of the integument that account for this

wide variety of important functions.

Find more information

about the integument in

3 Integument

17

REAL ANATOMY

18

podermis. The cadaver and histology images on this and the facing page illustrate these two layers of anatomy. The skin,

consisting of the superfi cial epidermis and the deeper dermis, structurally combines an epithelial tissue and connective tissue to form the body’s covering organ. The skin is an organ that produces hairs, various glands, fi nger and toe nails, and

accounts for the majority of the functions of the integument. The subcutaneous layer is a variable layer that can consist of

fat, fi brous connective tissue, loose connective tissue, and smooth muscle.

The integument consists of two major

parts or layers of anatomy, the skin

and the subcutaneous layer, or hySubdivisions of the Integument

Subcutaneous layer of the integument

Anterior view

Epidermal layer of the skin

Anterior view

19

 1 Epidermis

 2 Dermis

 3 Subcutaneous layer

 4 Fascia

 5 Periosteum

 6 Compact bone of tibia

 7 Fibula

 8 Medullary cavity

 9 Interosseous membrane

10 Tendon

 11 Muscle

12 Stratified squamous epithelium

13 Dense irregular connective tissue

14 Adipose tissue

15 Retinaculum cutis

16 Secretory coils of sweat gland

Step dissection of leg showing layers of the integument

Anterolateral view Integument

Section of integument, 100x

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my. It can range in thickness from a .10 mm (0.0039 in) on the eyelids to 1.5 mm (0.059 in) on the palms and

soles. Keratinocytes are the primary cells of the epidermis. They proliferate from the stratum basale and differentiate as they push toward the surface, where they even tually form dead cells fi lled with the protein

keratin. Also present in the basal layer are melanocytes that produce the brown pigment melanin to protect

the skin from the ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

The stratifi ed squamous epithelial epidermis is the superfi cial

layer of the skin. This cellular layer and its derivatives — hairs,

nails, and glands — is the most recognizable part of our anatoSkin - Epidermis

Epidermis of integument

100x

Epidermis of skin of a black

Section of thin skin, 200x

Epidermis of skin of a Caucasian

Section of thin skin, 200x

Epidermis of skin of a Caucasian

Section of thick palmar skin, 200x

 1 Stratum basale

 2 Stratum spinosum

 3 Stratum granulosum

 4 Stratum lucidum

 5 Stratum corneum

 6 Connective tissue of dermis

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between the dermis and epidermis is an intricate peg and socket-like arrangement between the two layers.

The dermal pegs are called dermal papillae. This arrangement has multiple functions. It assures that the

two layers are strongly united, it increases the surface area to improve the blood supply to the avascular

epidermis, and it increases the contact surface for sensory receptors. On the palms and soles the arrangement of the dermal papillae creates the friction ridges we call fi ngerprints.

The connective tissue dermis sits deep to the epidermis where it Skin - Dermis forms the strong binding layer of the skin. The zone of interface

Friction ridges (fi ngerprints) of right index fi nger

Anterior view

Dense irregular connective tissue of stratum reticulare

Section of dermis, 200x

Loose connective tissue of stratum papillare

Section of dermis, 200x

 1 Epidermis

 2 Loose connective tissue of

stratum papillare

 3 Dermal papilla of the stratum

papillare

 4 Dense connective tissue of

stratum reticulare

 5 Blood vessel in dermis

 6 Sweat glands in dermis

 7 Longitudinal collagen fibers

 8 Transverse collagen fibers

 9 Friction ridges formed by dermal

papillae

10 Flexion crease line

Dermis of integument

100x

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dermis. This developmental process creates a hair follicle, a baglike extension of the epidermis that projects into the dermis and is

responsible for producing the hair. The hair is a column of dead keratinocytes that arise from the basal keratinocytes at the bottom of

the hair follicle. A sebaceous gland, also derived from the epidermal epithelium, empties into the hair follicle, and a small band of dermal

smooth muscle, the arrector pili muscle, attaches to the base of the follicle. When the muscle shortens it produces “goose bumps” on

the surface of the skin and causes the hair to “stand up.” Nails also arise from invaginations that produce the shallow nail fold and root.

A plate of strongly keratinized tissue emerges from the nail root to cover the dorsal ends of the fi ngers and toes.

During embryonic and fetal development, the epithelial cells of Skin - Hairs and Nails the epidermis push down (invaginate) into the connective tissue

 1 Epidermis

 2 Dermis

 3 Follicle wall

 4 Hair

 5 Papilla

 6 Root of nail

 7 Nail

 8 Nail bed

 9 Lunula

10 Eponychium (cuticle)

 11 Hyponychium

12 Eccrine sweat glands

13 Cartilage

14 Bone

Hair follicle

Section of skin, 100x

Finger of a child

Longitudinal section, 50x

Hair bulb

Section of skin, 400x

Fingernail of an adult

Dorsal view

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Like hairs, glands arise as invaginations of the epidermis into the dermis during

embryonic and fetal life. The three prominent glands of the skin are the sebaceous

gland, the eccrine sweat gland, and the apocrine sweat gland. The sebaceous and

apocrine sweat glands typically empty into a hair follicle, whereas the eccrine sweat

gland empties onto the surface of the epidermis.

Skin - Glands

 1 Sebaceous secretory cells

 2 Eccrine secretory cell

 3 Eccrine duct cell

 4 Apocrine secretory cell

 5 Hair

 6 Hair follicle

 7 Arrector pili muscle

Sebaceous gland

Section of dermis, 200x

Eccrine sweat gland

Section of dermis, 200x

Apocrine sweat gland

Section of thin skin, 200x

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Captions describe the image and the

view or magnification of the anatomy

or histology

Frontal section of stomach Anterior view

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3

Histology is the study of tissues, and

 tissues are the building materials of the body. Like the materials we use to make

the clothing we wear, tissues are the materials that form the various layers and

structures of all the body’s organs. For example, you might wear a light undershirt

of cotton beneath a silk long-sleeved shirt and wear a wool sweater over the top of

the two shirts. Each layer of clothing is made of a diff erent material, and the material

is organized into a unique structure that has its own functional qualities. Th e

same is true of the organs of the body. Each organ consists of distinct structural layers, and each layer is a specifi c type of tissue. For example, the

stomach has an inner lining of simple columnar epithelium that is in

contact with the food we eat and secretes enzymes to help digest the

food. Th is epithelial layer is surrounded by a vascular layer of loose

connective tissue that contains the blood vessels that transport the

 absorbed molecules from the stomach. Smooth muscle tissue surrounds the two inner layers and helps toss and turn the food within

the stomach and move it toward the small intestine. Th e smooth

muscle tissue is covered by a slippery, thin layer of simple squamous

epithelium that forms the outer surface of the stomach and allows it to

move against neighboring organs while reducing the damaging friction.

And just as the layers of clothing have names — undershirt, long-sleeved shirt,

sweater — so also do the structural layers of an organ such as the stomach — mucosa,

submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.

All the tissues of the body can be organized into four basic tissue categories — epithelial tissue, connective and supporting tissue, muscle tissue,

and nervous tissue. Each tissue category has unique structural features

that are shared by the tissues of that category. Epithelial tissues are

surface tissues that consist of numerous cells tightly packed together.

Connective and supporting tissues share the common feature of having relatively few cells that are scattered within a surrounding fi brous

extracellular matrix. Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells with specialized protein arrangements that are designed to shorten. Nervous tissue cells are branching, wire-like cells with a great variety of shapes and

lengths. In this chapter you will explore these four tissue categories and the

specifi c tissue types that comprise each category. In the chapters that follow, the

diff erent tissues will be observed in the context of the organs and organ systems they

form.

Find more information

about histology in

2 Histology

3

REAL ANATOMY

4

closely packed cells of the epithelial tissues and contrast them with the scattered cells and the fi brous surrounding matrix

of the connective and supporting tissues. In the muscle tissue observe the long, slender specialized cells that are designed

to shorten, and in the nerve tissue the branched, wire-like cells. We will explore each of the principal tissue categories in

more detail on the pages that follow.

The facing pages show photomicrograph collages of the four principal tissue categories — epithelial

tissue, connective and supporting tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. The photomicrographs

illustrate the key structural features shared by the tissues in each category. Note the numerous

Tissues

Epithelial Tissues

Connective and Supporting Tissues

5

Muscle Tissues

Nerve Tissues

6

their cells and on the number of cell layers present. By combining the shape names — squamous (fl at cells), cuboidal, and

columnar — with the term simple if there is a single layer of cells or the term stratifi ed if there is more than one layer of cells,

almost all of the epithelial tissues can be described and named. The photomicrographs on this page and the facing page

represent the simple (single cell layer) epithelial tissues.

Epithelial tissues are surface tissues that consist of numerous cells, with

each cell forming membrane to membrane contact with its neighbors. As a

general rule, descriptions of epithelial tissues are based on the shape of

Epithelial Tissue

Simple squamous epithelium, mesothelium

Surface view of mesentery, 400x

Simple squamous epithelium, mesothelium

Section of mesentery, 400x

Simple squamous epithelium, endothelium

Section of capillary, 630x

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Urinary tubes in kidney - transverse section, 630x (left); longitudinal section, 400x (right)

 1 Nucleus

 2 Cytoplasm

 3 Cell membrane

 4 Capillary lumen

 5 Glandular lumen

 6 Connective tissue

 7 Mucous in goblet cell

 8 Microvilli

 9 Basement membrane

10 Blood vessel with red blood cells

 11 Cilia

12 Basal cell

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Simple columnar epithelium

Section of mucosa of small intestine, 630x

Pseudostratifi ed columnar epithelium

Section of mucosa of larynx, 400x

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The photomicrographs on this and the facing page illustrate the stratifi ed

(more than one layer of cells) epithelial tissues. Note that the tissues range

from two layers to numerous layers and the cell shape used for the tissue

name is the shape of the cells found in the surface layer.

Epithelial Tissue

Nonkeratinized stratifi ed squamous epithelium

Section of esophageal mucosa, 200x

Keratinized stratifi ed squamous epithelium

Section of skin, 200x

 1 Nucleus

 2 Cytoplasm

 3 Basal cell layer

 4 Intermediate cell layer

 5 Superficial cell layer

 6 Stratum basale

 7 Stratum spinosum

 8 Stratum granulosum

 9 Stratum lucidum

10 Stratum corneum

 11 Connective tissue

12 Basement membrane

13 Glandular lumen

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Stratifi ed cuboidal epithelium

Section of duct of esophageal gland, 400x

Stratifi ed columnar epithelium

Section of pharyngeal mucosa, 400x

Transitional epithelium

Section of urinary bladder mucosa, 400x

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and arrangement of the fi bers produced by the cells and secreted into the surrounding matrix. There are three named

fi bers in the matrix — collagen fi bers, reticular fi bers (actually a thin form of collagen), and elastic fi bers. The fi bers are

deposited in varying degrees of density and are arranged in different patterns. The tissue names are based on the different

fi ber types and patterns in the matrix.

Connective tissues have relatively few cells and the cells are surrounded by an extracellular matrix of fi bers, which the cells secrete.

The classifi cation and names of connective tissues arise from the type

Connective Tissue

Loose (areolar) connective tissue

Section of subcutaneous layer of integument, 400x

Adipose tissue

Section of epicardial fat, 200x

 1 Mast cell

 2 Fibroblast

 3 Collagen fiber

 4 Elastic fiber

 5 Reticular fiber

 6 Nucleus of adipose cell

 7 Cytoplasm

 8 Plasma membrane

 9 Lipid storage area

10 Nucleus of reticular cell

 11 Nucleus of fibroblast

12 Elastic lamella

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2

The design features of the Atlas of Human Anatomy are illustrated

on this page using a sample page from the book. Each page will

begin with a short introduction to the featured anatomy of the page.

Design of the Book

This brief narrative will occupy this text space. Below this narrative, the majority of the page will focus on the images of

anatomy and the appropriate labels for the images. The design elements used to teach and illustrate the anatomy are highlighted in the boxes below.

Featured Structure

The page heading will list the

anatomical structure or feature that is

the focal point of the page

Descriptive Narrative

A brief description of the structure

and function of the anatomical

structures on the page

Reference Image

The reference image helps to quickly

identify the featured anatomy and see

its relationships

Dissection Images

Beautiful dissections

illustrate the anatomy

of the body system

Structure List

Numbered list of all the

structures visible on the

anatomical images

Numbered

Structures

Unobtrusive numbered

structures without the

clutter and distraction of

leader lines

Microscope

Images

Crisp histology photomicrographs illustrate

the contextual

microscopic structure

of the anatomy

Photomicrograph of stomach mucosa

with callout above

40x and 100x

 1 Stomach

 2 Cardia of stomach

 3 Fundus of stomach

 4 Body of stomach

 5 Pyloric antrum

 6 Pyloric canal

Stomach

 7 Pylorus

 8 Pyloric sphincter

 9 Gastric rugae

10 Greater curvature

 11 Lesser curvature

12 Gastric pit

13 Surface mucous cell

14 Lamina propria

15 Mucous neck cell

16 Gastric glands

17 Liver

18 Gallbladder

19 Spleen

20 Greater omentum

Abdominal dissection revealing stomach Anterior view

entery. The stomach performs several functions, the most important of which is to store ingested food until

it can be emptied into the small intestine at a rate that allows for optimal digestion and absorption.

The stomach is a J-shaped organ of variable size and shape and has the greatest diameter of any part of the gut tube. It occupies the upper left quadrant of the

abdominal cavity, where it is anchored to the posterior abdominal wall by a mes17

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Captions

 Content

Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 2 Histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Chapter 3 Integument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Chapter 4 Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Chapter 5 Axial Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Chapter 6 Appendicular Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Chapter 7 Articular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Chapter 8 Muscular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Chapter 9 Head Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Chapter 10 Trunk Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Chapter 11 Upper Limb Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Chapter 12 Lower Limb Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Chapter 13 Peripheral Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Chapter 14 Central Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Chapter 15 Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Chapter 16 Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Chapter 17 Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Chapter 18 Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Chapter 19 Urinary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Chapter 20 Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

iv

1 Introduction

Human anatomy is the science that deals with the

structure and design of the human body. A knowledge of anatomy is not only important for the anatomist, but is an essential tool for all the professionals who deal

with the human body in any of a variety of ways. Furthermore, everyone

can benefi t from a knowledge of anatomy because it is what we are, and

understanding our bodies can be invaluable.

Anatomy is an ancient science. Th e principal methods anatomists

used, and still use, to reveal what is known about anatomy are

 dissection and microscopy. Dissection involves the cutting apart of

a body to reveal its gross structure. Th is was the fi rst technique

used to discover the structure of the body and is still the best way

to truly understand the design and relationship of anatomical

detail. Th e best drawings, photos, and virtual images can never

reveal what the dissector experiences during a dissection. Th e

advent of the microscope expanded anatomical knowledge by

revealing microscopic perspectives that were not available

to the unaided eye. Th is understanding of microscopic

structure opened the door to an increased knowledge of

the functional aspects of anatomy.

In this atlas we attempt to teach the elegant structure

and design of the human body using the tools and

methods of the anatomist — dissection and microscopy.

While there are numerous excellent visual resources that

depict anatomy, we believe that, with the exception of

 personal dissection study, excellent photographs based on

excellent dissections and microscopy are the truest form of

anatomical imagery. Nothing depicts the actual thing as well

as the actual thing. Our goal is to create images that teach,

and to use that imagery to highlight the patterns and design

features of anatomy.

Th is atlas approaches the body from a systemic perspective; that is, it covers each body system and the organs associated

with that system. Each system is highlighted in the dissection photos.

However, the dissections of the systemic anatomy oft en reveal regional

 perspectives and relationships, and the structural details of regional

 anatomy are labeled on every image. Have fun exploring what we think

might be the next best thing to dissection.

Find more

information about

anatomy in

REAL ANATOMY

1

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ATLAS OF

HUMAN ANATOMY

Mark Nielsen

University of Utah

Shawn Miller

University of Utah

J O H N W I L E Y & S O N S, I N C.

Vice President & Executive Publisher Kaye Pace

Acquisitions Editor Bonnie Roesch

Project Editor Lorraina Raccuia

Production Manager Dorothy Sinclair

Senior Production Editor Anna Melhorn

Marketing Manager Clay Stone

Creative Director Harry Nolan

Senior Designer Madelyn Lesure

Media Editor Linda Muriello

Cover Photo Credit Mark Nielsen

Th is book was set in Minion Pro by Mark Nielsen & Aptara®, Inc. and printed and bound by World Color USA Dubuque.

Th e cover was printed by World Color USA Dubuque.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except

as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the

 Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood

Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the

 Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008,

website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years,

helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfi ll their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that

include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship

Initiative, a global eff ort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the

issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifi cations and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our

vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/citizenship.

Evaluation copies are provided to qualifi ed academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the

next academic year. Th ese copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review

period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available at

www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. Outside of the United States, please contact your local representative.

ISBN-13: 978-0470-50145-0

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Anatomy is a visual science, and in no other subject does the age-old saying ring so true — “a picture is worth a thousand

words.” With this in mind we created this book to teach anatomy with the real thing — photographs of cadaver dissections

and the bones of the skeleton, and micrographs of the body’s tissues. We believe that every word that has ever been written

about anatomy is the result of someone describing what they observed in a dissection (or as is the case of many authors today,

the words are paraphrased from somebody else’s knowledge and writings about dissection). In this book we provide you with

the images of real anatomy, with the hope that this will help you better visualize the words of anatomy.

We oft en hear that photographs can never clarify and teach anatomy as well as art. While it is true that the artist has much

more creative license than the dissector, it is also true that a lot of anatomical art does not always accurately depict what is

actually observed by a dissector; or for that matter, a surgeon in a clinical setting. We believe that good dissection and photography can be instructive, especially when creatively coupled with teaching concepts. With this in mind, another objective

of this book is to present images that teach, and not just showcase a plethora of anatomy. Each dissection was made with an

instructive purpose and reference images are used to highlight and focus on the patterns or concepts depicted by the dissections. Th ere are many simple patterns of design that organize and clarify the structure of the vertebrate body. We attempt to

show these patterns in our presentation of anatomical structure throughout the chapters of this book. Th e few words that

accompany the images in the book draw attention to the patterns and the basic structure-function relationships of the

dissections and micrographs.

It has also been our goal to create a book that will benefi t students at all levels of anatomy education. Th e chapters are

constructed with a systematic approach to anatomy to meet the needs of the typical undergraduate anatomy course. Each

chapter illustrates the concepts and features of a body system and depicts those features with clear dissections and reference

images of the dissections. On the other hand, because it is dissection based the book is also an excellent reference for the

medical student, physical therapy student, or other graduate student who is studying cadaver anatomy from a regional

 approach. Even the layperson who wants to learn more about their amazing body can benefi t from the beautiful anatomy

images throughout the book. Students can continue their exploration of anatomy using Real Anatomy, 3-D imaging soft ware

that enables students to dissect through layers of the real human body.

To learn more about Real Anatomy, visit http://www.wiley.com/college/sc/realanatomy

In conclusion we would like to thank a few individuals for their help with the dissections that were photographed for this

book. Good dissection is a time consuming task that requires a strong knowledge of anatomy, skill and dexterity, and above

all a lot of patience. Nathan Mortensen played a major role in helping with the dissections throughout the pages of this book.

Also, the following individuals each contributed one or two dissections, and we want to thank them for their contribution:

Richard Homer, Torrence Meyer, Jordan Barker, Jon Groot, and John Dimitropoulos. We also want to thank Alexa Doig who

took a few of the cadaver photographs.

We hope this book expands your vista of the amazing machine we call the human body. We would love to have any

feedback you have on how we might improve the book for future editions.

 Mark Nielsen, University of Utah

marknielsen@bioscience.utah.edu

Shawn Miller, University of Utah

smiller@biology.utah.edu

Preface

iii

human_anatomy pdf

 

Aspirin

.Name of drug

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

Brand names: aspirin

Class:

-Platelet aggregation inhibitors

-NSAID

Indications ?

Blood clots can be dangerous if they form in the brain, lungs or heart. Taking aspirin

regularly will help to reduce the risk of blood clots. (This is sometimes described as

thinning the blood.)

Platelet aggregation inhibitors are used acutely in myocardial

infarction, atrial fibrillation, following coronary bypass, angioplasty and

stenting. It is also used as prophylaxis to prevent myocardial infarction

and stroke.

Contraindications :

You should not use aspirin if you are allergic to it, or if you have:

• a recent history of stomach or intestinal bleeding;

• a bleeding disorder such as hemophilia.

What is aspirin available as?

• Tablets : 81 mg, 162 mg.

When should I give aspirin?

Aspirin is usually given once each day. This is usually in the morning.

Give the medicine at about the same time each day .

Dose ?

-pain:

Oral:

300 to 650 mg orally every 4 to 6 hours as needed

Maximum dose: 4 g in 24 hours

- myocardial Ischemia :

-Current evidence supports use of low-dose aspirin 75 to 100 mg daily.

How should I give aspirin?

With or after the meal

When should the medicine start working?

The medicine should start working after about 3 days.

Aspirin side effects:

signs of an allergic reaction to aspirin: hives; difficult breathing; swelling

of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Stop using this medicine and call your doctor at once if you have:

• ringing in your ears, confusion, hallucinations, rapid breathing, seizure

(convulsions);

• severe nausea, vomiting, or stomach pain;

• bloody or tarry stools, coughing up blood or vomit that looks like coffee

grounds;

• fever

• swelling

• upset stomach, heartburn;

• drowsiness

• mild headache.

Can other medicines be given at the same time as aspirin?

• The patient can take medicines that contain paracetamol, unless your doctor has

told you not to.

• Do not take ibuprofen, anti-coagulants (for example, warfarin), or other

medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, unless your doctor has

said that you can.