66. Berg WA, Sechtin AG, Marques H, et al. Cystic breast masses and the ACRIN 6666 experience.

Radiol Clin North Am 2010;48:931–987.

67. Berg WA, Campassi CI, Ioffe OB. Cystic lesions of the breast: sonographic- pathologic correlation.

Radiology 2003;227:183–191.

68. Daly CP, Bailey JE, Klein KA, et al. Complicated breast cysts on sonography: is aspiration necessary

to exclude malignancy? Acad Radiol 2008;15:610–617.

69. Dixon JM, McDonald C, Elton RA, et al. Risk of breast cancer in women with palpable breast cysts:

a prospective study. Edinburgh Breast Group. Lancet 1999;353:1742–1745.

70. NCCN Clinical practice guidelines in oncology (breast cancer). 2014. Available at:

http://www.consensocancermamario.com/guias/NCCN_2015.pdf

71. Guray M, Sahin AA. Benign breast diseases: classification, diagnosis, and management. Oncologist

2006;11:435–449.

72. Ciatto S, Andreoli C, Cirillo A, et al. The risk of breast cancer subsequent to histologic diagnosis of

benign intraductal papilloma follow-up study of 339 cases. Tumori 1991;77:41–43.

73. Lewis JT, Hartmann LC, Vierkant RA, et al. An analysis of breast cancer risk in women with single,

multiple, and atypical papilloma. Am J Surg Pathol 2006;30:665–672.

74. Valdes EK, Feldman SM, Boolbol SK. Papillary lesions: a review of the literature. Ann Surg Oncol

2007;14:1009–1013.

75. Mercado CL, Hamele-Bena D, Oken SM, et al. Papillary lesions of the breast at percutaneous coreneedle biopsy. Radiology 2006;238:801-808.

76. Wen X, Cheng W. Nonmalignant breast papillary lesions at core-needle biopsy: a meta-analysis of

underestimation and influencing factors. Ann Surg Oncol 2013;20:94–101.

77. Wang J, Costantino JP, Tan-Chiu E, et al. Lower-category benign breast disease and the risk of

invasive breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96: 616–620.

78. Jensen RA, Page DL, Dupont WD, et al. Invasive breast cancer risk in women with sclerosing

adenosis. Cancer 1989;64:1977–1983.

79. Mitnick JS, Vazquez MF, Harris MN, et al. Differentiation of radial scar from scirrhous carcinoma of

the breast: mammographic-pathologic correlation. Radiology 1989;173:697–700.

80. Linda A, Zuiani C, Furlan A, et al. Radial scars without atypia diagnosed at imaging-guided needle

biopsy: how often is associated malignancy found at subsequent surgical excision, and do

mammography and sonography predict which lesions are malignant? AJR Am J Roentgenol

2010;194:1146–1151.

81. Kennedy M, Masterson AV, Kerin M, et al. Pathology and clinical relevance of radial scars: a

review. J Clin Pathol 2003;56:721–724.

82. Patterson JA, Scott M, Anderson N, et al. Radial scar, complex sclerosing lesion and risk of breast

2094

cancer. Analysis of 175 cases in Northern Ireland. Eur J Surg Oncol 2004;30:1065–1068.

83. Carty NJ, Carter C, Rubin C, et al. Management of fibroadenoma of the breast. Ann R Coll Surg Engl

1995;77:127–130.

84. Harvey JA, Nicholson BT, Lorusso AP, et al. Short-term follow-up of palpable breast lesions with

benign imaging features: evaluation of 375 lesions in 320 women. AJR Am J Roentgenol

2009;193:1723–1730.

85. Dupont WD, Page DL, Parl FF, et al. Long-term risk of breast cancer in women with fibroadenoma.

N Engl J Med 1994;331:10–15.

86. El-Wakeel H, Umpleby HC. Systematic review of fibroadenoma as a risk factor for breast cancer.

Breast 2003;12:302–307.

87. Sklair-Levy M, Sella T, Alweiss T, et al. Incidence and management of complex fibroadenomas. AJR

Am J Roentgenol 2008;190:214–218.

88. Wechselberger G, Schoeller T, Piza-Katzer H. Juvenile fibroadenoma of the breast. Surgery

2002;132:106–107.

89. Marshall LM, Hunter DJ, Connolly JL, et al. Risk of breast cancer associated with atypical

hyperplasia of lobular and ductal types. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997;6:297–301.

90. Degnim AC, Visscher DW, Berman HK, et al. Stratification of breast cancer risk in women with

atypia: a Mayo cohort study. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:2671–2677.

91. Collins LC, Baer HJ, Tamimi RM, et al. Magnitude and laterality of breast cancer risk according to

histologic type of atypical hyperplasia: results from the Nurses’ Health Study. Cancer

2007;109:180–187.

92. Page DL, Schuyler PA, Dupont WD, et al. Atypical lobular hyperplasia as a unilateral predictor of

breast cancer risk: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2003;361:125–129.

93. Hartmann LC, Sellers TA, Frost MH, et al. Benign breast disease and the risk of breast cancer. N

Engl J Med 2005;353:229–237.

94. Nakhlis F, Gilmore L, Gelman R, et al. Incidence of adjacent synchronous invasive carcinoma

and/or ductal carcinoma in-situ in patients with lobular neoplasia on core biopsy: results from a

prospective multi-institutional registry (TBCRC 020). Ann Surg Oncol 2016;23(3):722–728.

95. Bur ME, Zimarowski MJ, Schnitt SJ, et al. Estrogen receptor immunohistochemistry in carcinoma in

situ of the breast. Cancer 1992;69: 1174–1181.

96. Li CI, Anderson BO, Daling JR, et al. Changing incidence of lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast.

Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002;75:259–268.

97. Rosner D, Bedwani RN, Vana J, et al. Noninvasive breast carcinoma: results of a national survey by

the American College of Surgeons. Ann Surg 1980;192:139–147.

98. Margenthaler JA, Duke D, Monsees BS, et al. Correlation between core biopsy and excisional biopsy

in breast high-risk lesions. Am J Surg 2006;192:534–537.

99. Brem RF, Lechner MC, Jackman RJ, et al. Lobular neoplasia at percutaneous breast biopsy:

variables associated with carcinoma at surgical excision. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008;190:637–641.

100. Foster MC, Helvie MA, Gregory NE, et al. Lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical lobular hyperplasia

at core-needle biopsy: is excisional biopsy necessary? Radiology 2004;231:813–819.

101. Elsheikh TM, Silverman JF. Follow-up surgical excision is indicated when breast core needle

biopsies show atypical lobular hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ: a correlative study of 33

patients with review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29:534–543.

102. Menes TS, Rosenberg R, Balch S, et al. Upgrade of high-risk breast lesions detected on

mammography in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Am J Surg 2014;207:24–31.

103. Georgian-Smith D, Lawton TJ. Calcifications of lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast: radiologicpathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;176:1255–1259.

104. Sneige N, Wang J, Baker BA, et al. Clinical, histopathologic, and biologic features of pleomorphic

lobular (ductal-lobular) carcinoma in situ of the breast: a report of 24 cases. Mod Pathol

2002;15:1044–1050.

105. Bentz JS, Yassa N, Clayton F. Pleomorphic lobular carcinoma of the breast: clinicopathologic

features of 12 cases. Mod Pathol 1998;11:814–1822.

106. Haagensen CD. Lobular neoplasia (lobular carcinoma in situ). In: Haagensen CD, Bodian C,

2095

Haagensen DE, eds. Breast Carcinoma: Risk and Detection. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1981:238–

291.

107. Rosen P, Kosloff C, Lieberman PH, et al. Lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast: detailed analysis

of 99 patients with average follow-up of 24 years. Am J Surg Pathol 1978;2:225–251.

108. Andersen JA. Lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast. An approach to rational treatment. Cancer

1977;39:2597–2602.

109. Salvadori B, Bartoli C, Zurrida S, et al. Risk of invasive cancer in women with lobular carcinoma in

situ of the breast. Eur J Cancer 1991;27:35–37.

110. Ottesen GL, Graversen HP, Blichert-Toft M, et al. Lobular carcinoma in situ of the female breast.

Short-term results of a prospective nationwide study. The Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group.

Am J Surg Pathol 1993;17:14–21.

111. Bodian CA, Perzin KH, Lattes R. Lobular neoplasia. Long term risk of breast cancer and relation to

other factors. Cancer 1996;78:1024–1034.

112. Page DL, Kidd TE Jr, Dupont WD, et al. Lobular neoplasia of the breast: higher risk for subsequent

invasive cancer predicted by more extensive disease. Hum Pathol 1991;22:1232–1239.

113. FA T. Intraductal proliferative lesions. In: FA T, P D, eds. World Health Organization Classification of

Tumors, Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs. Lyon, France:

IARC Press; 2003:63.

114. Khoumais NA, Scaranelo AM, Moshonov H, et al. Incidence of breast cancer in patients with pure

flat epithelial atypia diagnosed at core-needle biopsy of the breast. Ann Surg Oncol 2013;20:133–

138.

115. Bianchi S, Bendinelli B, Castellano I, et al. Morphological parameters of flat epithelial atypia (FEA)

in stereotactic vacuum-assisted needle core biopsies do not predict the presence of malignancy on

subsequent surgical excision. Virchows Arch 2012;461:405–417.

116. Peres A, Barranger E, Becette V, et al. Rates of upgrade to malignancy for 271 cases of flat

epithelial atypia (FEA) diagnosed by breast core biopsy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012;133:659–666.

117. Sudarshan M, Meguerditchian AN, Mesurolle B, et al. Flat epithelial atypia of the breast:

characteristics and behaviors. Am J Surg 2011;201:245–250.

118. Boulos FI, Dupont WD, Simpson JF, et al. Histologic associations and long-term cancer risk in

columnar cell lesions of the breast: a retrospective cohort and a nested case-control study. Cancer

2008;113:2415–2421.

119. Thomas DB, Gao DL, Ray RM, et al. Randomized trial of breast self- examination in Shanghai: final

results. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94: 1445–1457.

120. Baxter N, Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health C. Preventive health care, 2001 update:

should women be routinely taught breast self- examination to screen for breast cancer? CMAJ

2001;164:1837–1846.

121. Nusbaum NJ. Role of the clinical breast examination in breast cancer screening does this patient

have breast cancer? Does this patient have breast cancer? Barton MB, Harris R, Fletcher SW. JAMA

1999;282:1270–1280. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:991–992.

122. Chiarelli AM, Majpruz V, Brown P, et al. The contribution of clinical breast examination to the

accuracy of breast screening. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101:1236–1243.

123. Nelson HD, Tyne K, Naik A, et al. Screening for breast cancer: an update for the U.S. Preventive

Services Task Force. Ann Int Med 2009;151:727–737, W237–W242.

124. Independent UKPoBCS. The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review.

Lancet 2012;380:1778–1786.

125. Miller AB, Wall C, Baines CJ, et al. Twenty five year follow-up for breast cancer incidence and

mortality of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: randomised screening trial. BMJ

2014;348:g366.

126. Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) Atlas. 5th ed. Reston, VA: American College of

Radiology; 2013.

127. Birdwell RL. The preponderance of evidence supports computer-aided detection for screening

mammography. Radiology 2009;253:9–16.

128. Friedewald SM, Rafferty EA, Rose SL, et al. Breast cancer screening using tomosynthesis in

combination with digital mammography. JAMA 2014;311:2499–2507.

2096

129. Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, et al. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64:9–29.

130. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: racial disparities in breast cancer severity—

United States, 2005–2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:922–926.

131. Colditz GA, Rosner B. Cumulative risk of breast cancer to age 70 years according to risk factor

status: data from the Nurses’ Health Study. Epidemiol Rev 2000;152:950–964.

132. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast C. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives:

collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239

women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996;347:1713–1727.

133. Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD, et al. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer

and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized

Trial. JAMA 2003; 289:3243–3253.

134. Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Gass M, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence

and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA 2010;304:1684–1692.

135. Newcomb PA, Storer BE, Longnecker MP, et al. Lactation and a reduced risk of premenopausal

breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1994;330:81–87.

136. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast C. Breast cancer and breastfeeding:

collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries,

including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Lancet

2002;360:187–195.

137. Guibout C, Adjadj E, Rubino C, et al. Malignant breast tumors after radiotherapy for a first cancer

during childhood. J Clin Oncol 2005;23: 197–204.

138. Pukkala E, Kesminiene A, Poliakov S, et al. Breast cancer in Belarus and Ukraine after the

Chernobyl accident. Int J Cancer 2006;119:651–658.

139. John EM, Kelsey JL. Radiation and other environmental exposures and breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev

1993;15:157–162.

140. Singletary KW, Gapstur SM. Alcohol and breast cancer: review of epidemiologic and experimental

evidence and potential mechanisms. JAMA 2001;286:2143–2151.

141. Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, et al. Light alcohol drinking and cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol

2013;24:301–308.

142. Gaudet MM, Gapstur SM, Sun J, et al. Active smoking and breast cancer risk: original cohort data

and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013;105: 515–525.

143. Pierce JP, Patterson RE, Senger CM, et al. Lifetime cigarette smoking and breast cancer prognosis

in the After Breast Cancer Pooling Project. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014;106:djt359.

144. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast C. Familial breast cancer: collaborative

reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast

cancer and 101,986 women without the disease. Lancet 2001;358:1389–1399.

145. Lynch HT, Lynch J, Conway T, et al. Hereditary breast cancer and family cancer syndromes. World

J Surg 1994;18:21–31.

146. Gudmundsdottir K, Ashworth A. The roles of BRCA1 and BRCA2 and associated proteins in the

maintenance of genomic stability. Oncogene 2006;25:5864–5874.

147. Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D, et al. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer

susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 1994;266: 66–71.

148. Wang Y, Cortez D, Yazdi P, et al. BASC, a super complex of BRCA1-associated proteins involved in

the recognition and repair of aberrant DNA structures. Genes Dev 2000;14:927–939.

149. Struewing JP, Hartge P, Wacholder S, et al. The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of

BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1401–1408.

150. Peelen T, van Vliet M, Petrij-Bosch A, et al. A high proportion of novel mutations in BRCA1 with

strong founder effects among Dutch and Belgian hereditary breast and ovarian cancer families. Am

J Hum Genet 1997;60:1041–1049.

151. Huusko P, Paakkonen K, Launonen V, et al. Evidence of founder mutations in Finnish BRCA1 and

BRCA2 families. Am J Hum Genet 1998;62: 1544–1548.

152. King MC, Marks JH, Mandell JB; New York Breast Cancer Study G. Breast and ovarian cancer risks

due to inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Science 2003;302:643–646.

2097

153. Easton DF, Bishop DT, Ford D, et al. Genetic linkage analysis in familial breast and ovarian cancer:

results from 214 families. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Am J Hum Genet 1993;52:678–

701.

154. Frank TS, Deffenbaugh AM, Reid JE, et al. Clinical characteristics of individuals with germline

mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2: analysis of 10,000 individuals. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1480–1490.

155. Kirchhoff T, Kauff ND, Mitra N, et al. BRCA mutations and risk of prostate cancer in Ashkenazi

Jews. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:2918–2921.

156. Hahn SA, Greenhalf B, Ellis I, et al. BRCA2 germline mutations in familial pancreatic carcinoma. J

Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:214–221.

157. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology:

Genetic/familial high-risk assessment—breast and ovarian, Version 1. 2014.

158. Lynch HT, Mulcahy GM, Harris RE, et al. Genetic and pathologic findings in a kindred with

hereditary sarcoma, breast cancer, brain tumors, leukemia, lung, laryngeal, and adrenal cortical

carcinoma. Cancer 1978;41:2055–2064.

159. Swift M, Chase CL, Morrell D. Cancer predisposition of ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygotes. Cancer

Genet Cytogenet 1990;46:21–27.

160. Berx G, Van Roy F. The E-cadherin/catenin complex: an important gatekeeper in breast cancer

tumorigenesis and malignant progression. Breast Cancer Res 2001;3:289–293.

161. Brownstein MH, Wolf M, Bikowski JB. Cowden’s disease: a cutaneous marker of breast cancer.

Cancer 1978;41:2393–2398.

162. www.cancer.gov/bcrisktool/.bib. Accessed on Jan 5, 2015.

163. www4.utsouthwestern.edu/breasthealth/cagene/. Accessed on Jan 5, 2015.

164. ccge.medschl.cam.ac.uk/boadicea. Accessed on Jan 5, 2015.

165. www.ems-trials.org/riskevaluator/. Accessed on Jan 5, 2015.

166. tools.bcsc-scc.org/BC5yearRisk/intro.htm. Accessed on Jan 5, 2015.

167. Nelson HD, Smith ME, Griffin JC, et al. Use of medications to reduce risk for primary breast

cancer: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Int Med

2013;158:604–614.

168. Medications for risk reduction of primary breast cancer in women.

http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsbrpv.htm.

169. Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Update of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and

Bowel Project Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 Trial: Preventing breast cancer.

Cancer Prevent Res 2010;3:696–706.

170. Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer:

current status of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study. J Natl Cancer

Inst 2005;97:1652–1662.

171. Fallowfield L, Fleissig A, Edwards R, et al. Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer:

psychosocial impact on women participating in two randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol

2001;19:1885–1892.

172. Day R, Ganz PA, Costantino JP, et al. Health-related quality of life and tamoxifen in breast cancer

prevention: a report from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J Clin

Oncol 1999;17:2659–2669.

173. Visvanathan K, Hurley P, Bantug E, et al. Use of pharmacologic interventions for breast cancer risk

reduction: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol

2013;31:2942–2962.

174. Cuzick J, Sestak I, Forbes JF, et al. Anastrozole for prevention of breast cancer in high-risk

postmenopausal women (IBIS-II): an international, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled

trial. Lancet 2014;383: 1041–1048.

175. Virnig BA, Tuttle TM, Shamliyan T, et al. Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a systematic

review of incidence, treatment, and outcomes. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010;102:170–178.

176. Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC; American JointCommittee on Cancer. Cancer Staging Manual. New

York, NY; Springer-Verlag; 2010.

177. Kerlikowske K. Epidemiology of ductal carcinoma in situ. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2010;2010:139–

2098

141.

178.

http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc031941.pdf. Accessed October 22, 2012.

179. Roses RE, Arun BK, Lari SA, et al. Ductal carcinoma-in-situ of the breast with subsequent distant

metastasis and death. Ann Surg Oncol 2011;18: 2873–2878.

180. Dershaw DD, Abramson A, Kinne DW. Ductal carcinoma in situ: mammographic findings and

clinical implications. Radiology 1989;170:411–415.

181. Holland R, Hendriks JH, Vebeek AL, et al. Extent, distribution, and mammographic/histological

correlations of breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Lancet 1990;335:519–522.

182. Richards T, Hunt A, Courtney S, et al. Nipple discharge: a sign of breast cancer? Ann R Coll Surg

Engl 2007;89:124–126.

183. Gunhan-Bilgen I, Oktay A. Paget’s disease of the breast: clinical, mammographic, sonographic and

pathologic findings in 52 cases. Eur J Radiol 2006;60:256–263.

184. Houssami N, Ciatto S, Ellis I, et al. Underestimation of malignancy of breast core-needle biopsy:

concepts and precise overall and category- specific estimates. Cancer 2007;109:487–495.

185. Boyages J, Delaney G, Taylor R. Predictors of local recurrence after treatment of ductal carcinoma

in situ: a meta-analysis. Cancer 1999;85:616–628.

186. Lee LA, Silverstein MJ, Chung CT, et al. Breast cancer-specific mortality after invasive local

recurrence in patients with ductal carcinoma-in-situ of the breast. Am J Surg 2006;192:416–419.

187. Solin LJ, Kurtz J, Fourquet A, et al. Fifteen-year results of breast-conserving surgery and definitive

breast irradiation for the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. J Clin Oncol

1996;14:754–763.

188. Fisher B, Dignam J, Wolmark N, et al. Lumpectomy and radiation therapy for the treatment of

intraductal breast cancer: findings from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-17. J

Clin Oncol 1998;16:441–452.

189. Fisher B, Land S, Mamounas E, et al. Prevention of invasive breast cancer in women with ductal

carcinoma in situ: an update of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project experience.

Semin Oncol 2001;28:400–418.

190. Vargas C, Kestin L, Go N, et al. Factors associated with local recurrence and cause-specific survival

in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast treated with breast-conserving therapy or

mastectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;63:1514–1521.

191. Wapnir IL, Dignam JJ, Fisher B, et al. Long-term outcomes of invasive ipsilateral breast tumor

recurrences after lumpectomy in NSABP B-17 and B-24 randomized clinical trials for DCIS. J Natl

Cancer Inst 2011;103:478–488.

192. Meijnen P, Oldenburg HS, Peterse JL, et al. Clinical outcome after selective treatment of patients

diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:235–243.

193. Group EBCC, Group ER, Bijker N, et al. Breast-conserving treatment with or without radiotherapy

in ductal carcinoma-in-situ: ten-year results of European Organisation for Research and Treatment

of Cancer randomized phase III trial 10853—a study by the EORTC Breast Cancer Cooperative

Group and EORTC Radiotherapy Group. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:3381–3387.

194. Houghton J, George WD, Cuzick J, et al. Radiotherapy and tamoxifen in women with completely

excised ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand: randomised

controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362:95–102.

195. Holmberg L, Garmo H, Granstrand B, et al. Absolute risk reductions for local recurrence after

postoperative radiotherapy after sector resection for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. J Clin

Oncol 2008;26:1247–1252.

196. Fisher ER, Dignam J, Tan-Chiu E, et al. Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant

Breast Project (NSABP) eight-year update of Protocol B-17: intraductal carcinoma. Cancer

1999;86:429–438.

197. Hughes LL, Wang M, Page DL, et al. Local excision alone without irradiation for ductal carcinoma

in situ of the breast: a trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:5319–

5324.