renal/visceral artery occlusive disease and, 1760–1761

risk factors, 1733–1734

rupture

endovascular repair, 1755

open repair, 1754–1755

risk, 1734, 1734t

suprarenal, 1757–1758

venous anomalies and, 1759–1760

Abdominal binders, 1247

Abdominal cavity, 441

Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), 152, 157, 490–491, 490t, 865

clinical signs, 490

risk factors, 490

Abdominal fistulas, Crohn disease and, 817–818, 818f

Abdominal scintigraphy, in GI bleeding, 1070

Abdominal trauma, 403–421

blunt, 403–405

in children, 467–469 (see also Pediatric trauma)

colon injuries, 419–420

diagnosis, 416–417

diaphragmatic injuries, 408–409

duodenum injuries, 418–419

FAST examination for, 405

hepatic injuries, 410

laboratory studies, 406

pancreatic, 415–417

penetrating, 405–406

physical examination, 405

prehospital care, 403

radiographic evaluation, 405

rectal injuries, 420–421

small intestine, 418

splenic injuries, 413–415

stomach injuries, 417–418

Abdominal wall, 1212. See also Hernias

anatomic terms, 1212, 1213t

anterior

blood supply, 1218

external abdominal oblique muscle and ligaments, 1214, 1214f, 1215f, 1216f

innervation, 1216, 1218

internal abdominal oblique muscle and aponeurosis, 1214, 1214f, 1215f, 1216f

musculature and ligaments, 1213, 1214f

rectus abdominis, 1215–1216, 1215f, 1216f

rectus sheath, 1216, 1217f

superficial fascia, vessels, and nerves, 1212–1213, 1213f

transversus abdominis muscle and aponeurosis, 1214–1215, 1214f, 1215f, 1217f

defects, pediatric, 1870–1875

hernias, 1212–1259

posterolateral (lumbar), 1218, 1218f

Abdominoperineal excision of rectum (APE), 1144, 1144f

extralevator APE (ELAPE), 1144, 1144f

standard APE (SAPE), 1144

Abdominoperineal resection (APR), 1998

Abdominoplasty, 2059

Above-knee amputation (AKA), 1713

Abruptio placentae, in pregnancy, 485

Abscess, 132, 631–632

3264

amebic, 930–931, 931f

anorectal, 1182–1183, 1182f, 1183f

breast, 1303–1304

lung, 1459, 1462f

peritonsillar, 631

pilonidal, 1187

pyogenic, 930, 931f

spleen, 1283–1284

Acalculous cholecystitis, 938, 1002–1003

diagnosis, 1002–1003

treatment, 1003

Accessory spleens, 1266

Accidental Death and Disability: the Neglected Disease of Modern Society, 456

Accountable Care Organization (ACO), 318

Accreditation, 328

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), 3, 2004

Acellular dermal matrices (ADMs), 2039

Acetaldehyde (ADH), in alcohol-induced liver disease, 946–947

Acetaminophen, 18, 369, 1875

and acute liver failure, 940

in idiopathic breast pain, 1302

Acetylcholine, 714, 718

Acetyl coenzyme A (CoA), 8, 12, 15

Acetylcysteine, 1737, 1743

Acid-base

acid–base disturbances, 208

acid, definition, 207

buffer systems, 208

metabolic acidosis

anion gap, 208

bicarbonate, nonrenal loss of, 209

clinical features of, 209

diabetic ketoacidosis, 210

ketoacidosis, 209

lactic acidosis, 209

mechanisms of, 208–209

organic acid production, 209

renal acidosis, 209

renal compensation, 210

respiratory compensation, 210

treatment of, 210

metabolic alkalosis, 210–211

clinical features, 211

respiratory compensation for, 211

treatment, 211

mixed acid–base disorders, 212

respiratory acidosis

clinical features, 211

compensatory mechanisms, 212

definition, 211

treatment, 212

respiratory alkalosis

clinical features, 211

compensatory mechanisms, 211

definition, 211

treatment, 211

Acidosis, 160, 164

3265

dilutional, 208

Acid–peptic diseases, 718

Acinar cell carcinomas, pancreatic, 882

Acinar cells, 844, 844f, 846–847, 846f, 860

Acinus, 844–845, 844f

Acquired hypercoagulable states, 76t

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 273

metabolic response to, 31

Acquired renal cystic disease of renal failure (ARCD), 1935

Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM), 1992

Acromegaly, 1406, 1411, 1411t

medical therapy, 1412–1413, 1413t

surgical results for, 1411, 1411t

treatment algorithm, 1413f

ACS. See Abdominal compartment syndrome

ACTH stimulation test, 1398

Acticoat, 223

Activated protein C (APC), 71

Activated protein C resistance (APC-R), 78

Activities of daily living (ADL), 477

Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI), definition, 138

Acute cellular rejection (ACR), 523

Acute cholecystitis, 133

community-acquired, 134t

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS), 1523

Acute dialysis quality initiative (ADQI), 184

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP), 940

Acute kidney injury

defining, 307

prevention of, 307–308

risk index classification system, 308t

Acute kidney injury network (AKIN), 184

Acute kidney insufficiency

acute renal failure, treatment of, 185–186

etiology, 184–185

Acute life-threatening thoracic injuries, 466t

Acute liver failure (ALF). See Liver failure

Acute lung injury (ALI), 175

Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI), 1648

biomarker for, 1651

causes of, 1649

diagnosis, 1651, 1651f

laboratory abnormalities, 1650–1651

management, 1651–1654, 1652f

mortality rates for, 1649

pattern of, 1651f

symptoms, 1650

Acute-phase stress response. See also Inflammation

acute-phase protein, 120

mediators of, 121

regulation of acute-phase cytokines/proteins, 121

systemic manifestations, 120–121

Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE), 170, 736

Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, 863

Acute renal failure, 221–222

diuretics in, 185–186

general care in, 185

3266

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 152, 156, 485

Acute respiratory failure, 175

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN), 156, 185

Acyclovir, 1193

Adalimumab, in Crohn disease, 816t, 817

Additional electrolyte therapy, 200

Adenocarcinoma, 698–699, 754–765

anal canal, 1196

clinical features, 756

curative-intent treatment, 760

diagnosis and staging, 756–758, 758f

endoscopic resection, 760

epidemiology, 754, 755f

gastritis, 755

Helicobacter Pylori, 755–756

hereditary syndromes, 756

neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies, 763–764

palliative treatment, 764–765

pathology, 759–760

premalignant lesions, 754–755

previous gastric surgery, 756

small bowel, 833–834, 834f, 834t, 835f

staging laparoscopy, 758–759

surgical resection, 760–763, 762f

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), 635, 1435–1436, 1436f

Adenoma detection rates (ADRs), 1097, 1102

Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib (APC) trial, 1105

Adenomas. See also Colorectal polyps

gallbladder, 1047

hepatic, 981, 982f

mucous gland, 1436

pituitary, 1379, 1403–1404

sessile serrated, 1093, 1096, 1099f, 1106–1107

toxic, 1347

traditional serrated, 1093, 1096

Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, 2011

Adenomatous polyps, 755. See also Colorectal polyps

Adenomyomatosis, of gallbladder, 1047

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 21, 92

Adenosquamous carcinoma, pancreatic, 882

Adipocytes, 16

beige, 16, 18, 50

brown, 16, 50

in metabolic disease, 48–50, 50f

white, 16, 50

Adipocyte stem cells, 46

Adipokines, 45, 64

Adipose tissue, 738

Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), 48–49

Adipose tissue overflow, systemic effects of, 50–51, 51f

Adipostat set-point, 43

Adjunctive therapies

fluid management, 178

inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and prostaglandins, 178

positional therapy, 178

sedation and paralysis, 178

steroids, 178

3267

Adjuvant therapy, 2000, 2017–2021

for colon cancer, 1135–1136

for gallbladder cancer, 1038–1039

for non-small cell lung cancer, 1427–1429, 1427t, 1428t

for pancreatic cancer, 893–895, 895t

Adrenal androgens, 1387

Adrenal cortical hormones, 153

Adrenalectomy, 1398–1399. See also Adrenal glands

anterior approach, 1399, 1400f

for Cushing syndrome, 1389

laparoscopic, 1399, 1400f

posterior approach, 1399, 1400f, 1401

posterior retroperitoneal laproscopic, 1401

thoracoabdominal approach, 1399, 1400f

Adrenal glands, 1383

anatomy, 1383–1384, 1384f

biochemistry and physiology

adrenal cortex, 1384–1387

adrenal medulla, 1387–1388, 1387f, 1387t

diseases of

adrenal insufficiency, 1398

adrenocortical carcinoma, 1392–1394, 1393f, 1394t

congenital adrenal hyperplasias, 1391–1392, 1392f, 1393t

hyperaldosteronism, 1389–1391

hypercortisolism, 1388–1389, 1389f

incidental adrenal mass, 1396–1398, 1397f, 1397t

pheochromocytomas, 1394–1396

virilizing tumors, 1392

metastasis to, 1396

surgical approaches to, 1398–1401 (see also Adrenalectomy)

Adrenal insufficiency, 186, 1398, 1398t

Adrenal vein sampling, 1391

Adrenocortical carcinoma, 1392

diagnosis, 1392–1393, 1393f

signs and symptoms, 1392

treatment, 1393–1394, 1394t

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 153, 1383, 1385

Adrenocorticotropin-producing adenoma, 1403–1404. See also Pituitary adenomas

Adriamycin, 66, 2020

Adson maneuver, 1457, 1459f

ADSORB (Acute Uncomplicated Aortic Dissection type B) trial, 1573

Adult cardiac surgery database of society of thoracic surgeons, 321

Adult mechanical intestinal obstructions, 784t

Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 175

Adults, burn injury in, 214

Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), 155, 216, 483

Advanced glycosylation end products (AGE), 609

Advanced life support (ALS), 344, 352

prehospital, 352

Advanced trauma life support (ATLS), 155, 219, 366, 387, 394

classification system, 149

program, 344

Aesthetic Breast Surgery, 2046

Aesthetic surgery, 2055

Age

breast cancer, risk for, 1309

and response to stress, 31–32

3268

surgical complications on, 294–296, 295t

wound healing, effect on, 62–63

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 313, 325, 326f

Aggressive fluid resuscitation, 159

Aggressive venous valve surgery, 1795

Agkistrodon, 499

Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM), 1267

AIDS-related anal ulcers, 1194

Air-contrast barium enema (ACBE), 1102

Air plethysmography (APG), 1592, 1604

Airway

assessment, 219

complications, 601–602

control, in children, 457

management, 630–631 (see also Head and neck)

mucosal injury, 221

obstruction, pediatric patients, 1842–1843

Airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC), 457

Airway diameter, 1811

Airway evaluation for nonanesthesiologist, 248–249

Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV), 177

Airway stents, 1475, 1475t

AKR-505 (thrombopoietin nonpeptide mimetic), 1274

Albumin, 25

in fluid therapy, 199

as nutrition biomarker, 25, 25t

solutions, 159

Albumin levels, 1981

Alcohol

breast cancer and, 1309

chronic pancreatitis and, 870

colorectal cancer and, 1118

liver disease and, 946–947

wound healing, effect on, 66

Alcoholic liver disease, 554–555

Alcohol-induced pancreatitis, 861

Aldosterone, 196, 1386, 1386f, 1387t

Aliasing, 1586

Alkali, causing burn, 216

Alkaline reflux gastritis, 735

Alkalosis, 206

All-terrain vehicle laws, 470–471

α-dextrins, 778

Alpha1

-antitrypsin deficiency, 1921

Alternating current, injury from, 216

Alvarado/MANTRELS scoring system, acute appendicitis, 1201, 1201t

Alveolar ventilation, 353

Alveolar volume (VA), 256

Alvimopan, 802

for postoperative ileus, 1059

Amaurosis fugax, 1624

Ambrisentan, 953

Amebic liver abscesses, 930–931, 931f

American Academy of Neurology (AAN), 508

American Academy of Pediatrics, 461

American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD), 982

American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST), 419, 423, 467

3269

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, 751

American Cancer Society (ACS), 1100, 1306

American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), 297

American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), 1100

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 485, 1306

American College of Radiology (ACR), 1100

American College of Radiology breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS), 1307, 1308t

American College of Surgeons (ACS), 292, 319

American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP), 315, 321

American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank, 486

American College of Surgeon’s Trauma Quality Improvement Program, 369

American Diabetes Association, 745

American Geriatrics Society, 475

American Heart Association, 745

American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), 283, 635, 699, 2016t

breast cancer, staging system for, 1314, 1315t

esophageal cancers staging system, 699t

gallbladder cancer, staging system for, 1034, 1035t

gastric cancer, 760t

general AJCC/UICC TNM staging system, 283, 283t

melanoma staging system, 1996t

pancreatic cancer, staging for, 885, 885t

T-staging for parotid malignancies, 635t

American Medical Association (AMA), 475

American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS), 748

American Society for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD), 947

American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA), 139

physical status grading, 292, 294t

American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), 1312

American Urological Association, 423

Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD), 772

Amino acids, 14, 14t, 181

conversion into glucose, 10

essential, 14, 14t

metabolism, 23

synthesis of, 14

Aminosalicylates (5-ASA)

in Crohn disease, 816, 816t

in ulcerative colitis, 1085

Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT), 1348

Ammonia, 14, 15f, 23

Amnesics and anxiolytics, 245, 246t

Amniotic band syndrome, 1834

Amniotic fluid embolism, 485

Amphetamines, 740

Ampicillin, 130

Amputations

above-knee, 1713

below-knee, 1709–1710, 1712–1713

cryoamputation, 1713

digital, 1707–1708, 1709f

hip disarticulation, 1713

lower extremity, 1704

amputation level, 1705–1706, 1706f, 1706t

complications, 1714–1715, 1714t

evaluation, 1705

indications, 1704–1705, 1705t

3270

operative technique, 1706–1715

prosthetic management, 1715

rehabilitation, 1715

revascularization, 1705

wound dressings, 1713–1714

mortality, 1714t

ray, 1707–1708

stump complications, 1714

Syme, 1709, 1711f

transmetatarsal, 1708–1709, 1710f

Amrinone and milrinone, 163

Amylase, 846, 848, 848t, 862

Amylin, 741, 845, 850

Amylolytic enzymes, 846

Anal abscess/fistula, in Crohn disease, 821–822, 822f

Anal canal, 1053

Anal continence, 1057

Anal fissure, 1181–1182, 1182f

clinical manifestations, 1181

Crohn disease and, 823, 823f

diagnosis, 1181

etiology, 1181

in HIV-positive patient, 1194

medical management, 1181

primary, 1181

secondary, 1181

surgical management, 1181

advancement flap, use of, 1181–1182

lateral internal sphincterotomy, 1181, 1182f

Anal fistula, 1183–1185, 1183f

classification, 1183, 1183f

clinical manifestations, 1183–1184

Crohn disease and, 1185

definition, 1183

extrasphincteric fistula, 1184

Goodsall rule, 1184, 1184f

incidence, 1183

intersphincteric fistula, 1183

management, 1184

advancement flaps, use of, 1184

cutting seton, 1184

fibrin glue and collagen plugs, 1184

fistulotomy, 1184

ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract, 1184

suprasphincteric fistula, 1183

transsphincteric fistula, 1183

Anal incontinence, 1060–1061

Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN), 1194

Anal skin tags, in Crohn disease, 821, 821f

Anal stenosis/stricture, and Crohn disease, 824, 824f

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), 1949

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, 1352

Anastomotic pseudoaneurysms

incidence, 1770

pathogenesis, 1770

clinical manifestations, 1771

diagnosis, 1771, 1771f

3271

treatment, 1771

Anastrozole (Arimidex), 280t, 1325

Anemia, 159, 296, 308, 1968

Anesthesia, 292

Anesthesiology and pain management

airway evaluation for nonanesthesiologist, 248–249

amnesics and anxiolytics, 245, 246t

anticoagulant therapy, 253

inhalation agents, 242, 242t

intravenous sedatives/hypnotics, 242–243

ketamine, 245

local anesthetics, 246–247, 246t

muscle relaxants, 243–244, 243t, 244t

neuraxial blockade, 247

opioids (narcotics), 244

overview, 241–242

peripheral nerve blockade (PNB), 247–248

postoperative acute pain management, 261–263

preoperative evaluation, 253–255, 254t

problems in postoperative period, 258–261, 259t–261t

propofol, 245

recovery protocols, enhanced, 261

risks associated with anesthesia

cardiovascular diseases, 249–252

diabetes mellitus (DM), 252

obesity, 252

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 253

pulmonary disease, 252

renal insufficiency and failure, 252–253

sedation analgesia, 248, 248t

surgical patient monitoring

circulation monitors, 258

level of consciousness monitors, 258

oxygenation, monitors of, 255–256

ventilation monitors, 256–258

Aneurysmosis, 1732

Aneurysms, 1657, 1732

abdominal aortic, 1732–1761 (see also Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs))

aortic, 1717

arterial infections and, 1609

carotid arteries, 1632–1633, 1632f

celiac artery, 1660

colic artery, 1660–1661

dissecting, 1733–1734

gastric artery, 1660

gastroduodenal artery, 1661, 1661f

gastroepiploic artery, 1660–1661

hepatic artery, 1659, 1659f

ileal artery, 1661

inferior mesenteric artery, 1662

isolated iliac artery, 1755–1756

jejunal artery, 1661

juxtarenal abdominal aortic, 1757–1758

mycotic, 1758

pancreaticoduodenal artery, 1661

renal artery, 1667–1668

splanchnic artery, 1656–1662

3272