malignant polyps, management of, 1104–1105, 1105f

natural history, 1098–1099

Colorectal polyps (continued)

pathogenesis, 1094–1095, 1095f

primary prevention, 1105–1106

Colorectal surgery and surgical site infections (SSI), 143–144

Colubridae family (snakes), 496

Columnar-lined esophagus (CLE), 654

Columns of Morgagni, 1172

Combitube, 353

Committee on Trauma (COT), 344

Common bile duct (CBD), 997

Common carotid artery (CCA) waveforms, 1587–1588, 1587f

Common femoral artery pseudoaneurysms, infected, 1617–1618

Communicating hydrocele, 1874f, 1875

Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), 139

Compartment syndrome, 439, 449–450

Compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS), 122, 157

Compensatory responses to hypothermia, 157–158

Competitive inhibitors, 243

Complacency, 323

Complete lymph node dissection (CLND), 1999

Complete mesocolic excision (CME), 1133

Complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI). See also Surgical infections

antibiotics for, 130

community-acquired, 129–130

healthcare-associated, 139

Component separation techniques, 1248, 1250

anterior, 1248, 1249f

endoscopic, 1249–1250

posterior, 1248–1249, 1249f, 1250f

Composite measures, surgical care quality, 315–316

limitations, 316

strengths, 316

Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), 475, 477, 1328

Computed tomography (CT), 341, 1980, 1983

acute cholecystitis, 1000, 1001f, 1002f

aortic injuries, 398

appendicitis, 1201, 1202

blunt trauma, 404

bowel obstruction, 788, 788f

CBD stones, 1008, 1009f

cervical spine injury, 465

cholangiocarcinoma, 1041, 1042f

chronic pancreatitis, 872

colon injuries, 420

Crohn disease, 812–813, 813f

diverticular disease, 1166, 1166f

elderly patient, 475

esophageal perforation, 689

gastric lymphoma, 758, 758f

GI bleeding, 1070–1071

head injury, 364–366, 364f, 365f

hepatic neoplasms, 977

inguinal hernia, 793f

jugular venous injury, 388

mandible fractures, 382

3298

midface injuries, 379

neck injury, 388

occult pneumothorax, 396

pancreatic cancer, 887, 887f

pancreatic disease, 857

penetrating abdominal trauma, 405

pheochromocytoma, 1395

pituitary tumors, 1407

rectal injuries, 420

renal injury grading, 426f

spleen injury, 413, 413f, 1270, 1271f

stomach injuries, 418

thoracic aortic aneurysm, 1566

thyroid gland, 1346, 1346f

traumatic injuries, 484, 491

vascular infection, 1612, 1612f, 1613f

vascular trauma, 436

Computed tomography angiography (CTA), 388, 1624, 2032

for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms, 1719, 1719f

for vascular infection, 1612

for vascular trauma, 436

Computed tomography colonography (CTC)

for colon cancer screening, 1102

for colorectal cancer, 1128–1129

Concurrent chemoradiation, 279

Condyloma acuminata, 1193

Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS), 475

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), 232

Congenital adrenal hyperplasias, 1391–1392, 1392f, 1393t

Congenital anomalies, 2052

Congenital colonic atresia, 1877–1878

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM), 1467, 1467f, 1467t, 1830–1831, 1848, 1849f

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), 1810, 1861

diagnosis of, 1862, 1863f

evolving therapies, 1864–1865

magnetic resonance imaging, 1828f

pathology, 1861–1862

pathophysiology, 1861–1862, 1862f

prenatal surgery for, 1832

prognostic factors, 1863

radiograph, 1863f

repair of, 1863–1864, 1864f

surgery, 1863–1864, 1864f

survival rates, 1864

treatment, 1863

Congenital duodenal obstruction

anatomy, 1878–1879, 1880f

annular pancreas and, 1879f

causes of, 1878

clinical presentation, 1879

diagnosis, 1880, 1880f

duodenoduodenostomy in, 1881, 1881f

embryology, 1878–1879, 1879f

results and outcome, 1881

treatment, 1880–1881

Congenital esophageal stenosis, 1859

Congenital heart defects, 1834

3299

Congenital heart disease, 1481–1501, 1818

aortic stenosis, 1492–1494

atrial septal defect, 1481–1483

atrioventricular septal defect, 1485–1486

coarctation of aorta, 1494–1495

coronary artery anomalies, 1498–1499

double-outlet right ventricle, 1487

hypoplastic left-heart syndrome, 1501

patent ductus arteriosus, 1495–1496

tetralogy of Fallot, 1486–1487

transposition of great arteries, 1488–1491

truncus arteriosus, 1491–1492

univentricular heart, 1499–1501

vascular rings, 1496–1498

ventricular septal defect, 1483–1485

Congenital hemolytic jaundice. See Hereditary spherocytosis

Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS), 1833

Congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigmented epithelium (CHRPE), 1111

Congenital lobar overinflation (CLO), 1849, 1850f

Congenital lung disease, 1465–1466

bronchogenic cysts, 1467

congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, 1467, 1467f, 1467t

lobar emphysema, 1467, 1467f

pulmonary sequestration, 1466, 1466f

stages of lung development, 1465–1466, 1466t

Congenital lung lesions, 1810, 1847–1851

Congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN, 992

Congenital nevi, 2066

Congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAMs), 1810, 1847–1848, 1849f

Congenital tracheal stenosis, 1860

Congestive heart failure (CHF), 249, 251–252, 1507

Conivaptan, 202

Conn syndrome, 1390

Consensus development, 327–328, 328t

Constipation, 1057–1059

anal fissure and, 1181

causes, 1057, 1058t

laxatives, 1058

medical therapy, 1058

Rome criteria, 1057, 1057t

Sitz marker study, 1058–1059, 1058f

Constrictive pericarditis, 1579–1580, 1580f

cardiac tamponade and, 1580t

pericardiectomy for, 1582–1583

and restrictive cardiomyopathy, 1580, 1581t

Consumer Product Safety Commission, 470

Contact burns, 215

Continence, 1174

Continuing medical education (CME), 4

Continuous arteriovenous rewarming (CAVR), 509

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 369, 749

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), 185, 222

Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF), 186

Continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD), 186, 309

Continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH), 186

Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM), 1323

Contrast angiography, for vascular trauma, 436–437

3300

Contrast enema, 1898, 1898f, 1906f

Controlled resuscitation (CR), 344

Conventional liver resection, 1969

Cooley anemia, 1276

Copper, 19

daily requirements of, 24t

deficiency of, 23

wound healing, role in, 63

Copy number alterations (CNA), 1120

Coral snake, 502

Cords of Billroth, 1266

Core-needle biopsy (CNB), 2014

Cori cycle, 9, 10f

Corona mortis, 1223

Coronary aneurysms, 1499

Coronary angiography, 1525, 1526f

Coronary arteriovenous fistula, 1498

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 300

comparative trials, 1537–1538

conduits for, 1529

endoscopic vein harvesting, 1530, 1531f

indications, 1527–1528, 1529f

instrumentation for, 1530f

minimally invasive approach, 1533

off-pump technique, 1532–1534

postoperative care, 1534–1536

results, 1536–1537, 1536f

robotically assisted, 1534

standard technique, 1528–1532, 1530f–1532f

Coronary artery disease, 249–251

Coronary sinus, 1520

Corrugator cutis ani, 1172

Corticosteroids, 164, 1975

in ulcerative colitis, 1085

Corticosteroid therapy of septic shock (CORTICUS) trial, 186

Corticotroph adenomas. See Adrenocorticotropin-producing adenoma

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 799, 1385

Cortisol, 1385–1386, 1385f, 1385t

excess levels of, 1405–1406, 1406t

COSMOS trial, 947–948

Costal cartilages, 1844, 1846, 1847

Costochondral tumor, 1847

Cottonmouth water moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus), 500

Coumadin, 80, 474, 475, 579, 1063

Cowden syndrome, 1115

CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), 1094

Craniopharyngiomas, 1404, 1407

Craniosynostosis, 2064–2065

Craniotomy, 373, 373f

C-reactive protein (CRP), 815, 864

vascular infections and, 1611

Creatinine height index (CHI), 24

Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), 185

Cremasteric fascia, 1221

Crescent expanders, 230

Crew resource management, 330

Cricothyroidotomy (CRIC), 353, 387

3301

Critical care, 167–188

acute kidney insufficiency (AKI)

acute renal failure, treatment of, 185–186

etiology, 184–185

acute respiratory failure, 175

adjunctive therapies

fluid management, 178

inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and prostaglandins, 178

positional therapy, 178

sedation and paralysis, 178

steroids, 178

of burn patient

electrolyte abnormalities/acute renal failure, 221–222

hemodynamic monitoring, 221

metabolic response and nutrition, 222

ventilator strategies, 221

cardiac arrest/dysrhythmias, treatment of, 173–174

ventilator modes and graphics, 174–175

critical care prognostication and scoring, 170

endocrine issues in ICU

glucose control, 186–187

hemodynamic monitoring and treatment

fluid responsiveness, assessment of, 171–173

hemodynamic monitoring, 171

oxygen delivery and consumption, 170–171, 171t

ICU nutrition

enteral nutrition, delivery of early, 182–183

immunitrition, delivery of, 183

supplemental parenteral nutrition, 183

infectious disease issues in ICU

catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), 188

central line associated blood stream infections (CLABSI), 188

procalcitonin for antibiotic therapy, 187–188

sepsis guidelines, 187

metabolism and nutrition

enteral nutrition, 182

immunonutrition, 182

metabolic requirements and assessment, 181–182

nutrition for specific indications

acute pancreatitis, 183

obesity, 183

stress gastrointestinal bleeding prophylaxis, 183–184

organizational structure of

bundles, 169, 169t, 170t

evidence-based care, 168, 169t

prognostication and scoring, 170

risk factor scoring

transfusion of ICU patient, 180–181

VTE, prevention of, 179–180, 179t

venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in ICU, 178–179, 179t

ventilator management

conventional modes, 176–177

liberation from ventilation, 178

ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), 177–178

Critical care air transport team (CCATT), 348

Critical illness

energy requirements in, 32

3302

micronutrients during, 37

nutritional support in, 32–33, 37t

Critical limb ischemia (CLI), 1687, 1691

CroFab, 500

antibodies, 500t

and impending compartment syndrome, 501

Crohn disease, 796, 809–824

abdominal fistulas and, 817–818, 818f

and anal fissures, 823, 823f

anal stenosis/stricture and, 824, 824f

anorectal, 811–812, 811f, 820–821

anorectal abscess/fistula in, 821–822, 822f

and anorectal cancer, 824

colonic involvement, 811, 811f

diagnosis, 810–815

differential diagnosis, 815, 815f, 815t

endoscopy, 814, 814f

epidemiology, 809

etiology, 809–810

extra-intestinal disease, 812, 812t

fibrostenotic patterns, 810

gastroduodenal disease and, 819

hemorrhage in, 819

ileo-anal pouch and, 820

imaging studies

computed tomography, 812–813, 813f

Crohn disease (continued)

fluoroscopic imaging, 812, 813f

magnetic resonance imaging, 813, 813f

PET scan, 813

video capsule endoscopy, 813–814, 814f

inflammatory, 810

laboratory examination, 815

malignancy with, 819

medical management, 816–817, 816t

obstruction and stricture in, 818–819, 818f

operative management

general principles, 817

indications for surgery, 817

pathologic examination, 814–815, 814f, 815f

penetrating/fistulizing disease, 810

rectovaginal/anovaginal fistula in, 822, 823f

site of disease, 810, 810f

skin tags and hemorrhoids in, 821

small bowel, 811, 811f

and small bowel adenocarcinoma, 828

small bowel disease and, 819–820

toxic colitis and, 820

upper gastrointestinal, 812

Crohn disease endoscopic index of severity (CDEIS), 814

Cronkhite–Canada syndrome, 1115, 1115f

Crural dissection, 678, 678f

Cryoamputation, 1713

Cryopreserved arterial allografts, 1616

Cryopreserved human allograft veins, 1617

Crypts of Lieberkühn, 772

Crystalloids, 158–159, 198–199, 198t, 337

3303

parenteral solutions, 198–199, 198t

Culling, 1267

Culture, 323–324

assessment, 324–326

definition, 323

Curative resection, 274–275

Currant-jelly stool, 1906

Cushing disease, 1388, 1411, 1412t

surgical results for, 1411, 1412t

treatment algorithm, 1415f

Cushing syndrome, 1388–1389

Cutaneous tumors

Cyanosis, 1487

Cyanotic heart diseases, 1819, 1820

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), 163, 720

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A gene (CDKN2A), 881

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 669, 728

Cyclooxygenase pathway, 110

Cyclosporin A (CsA), 575

Cyclosporine, 524, 552

for ulcerative colitis, 1085

Cyclosporine A, 521

Cystathionine beta synthase, 79

Cystgastrostomy, 869

Cystic duplications, 1911–1912

Cystic fibrosis (CF), 666, 1889–1891

and lung transplantation, 590

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), 846, 1889

Cystic hygromas, 1851

Cystic medial degeneration, 1564

Cystic neck infections, 633–634, 633f, 634f

Cystoduodenostomy, 869

Cystoscopy, for diverticular disease, 1167

Cysts

breast, 1301, 1304

of mediastinum, 1849, 1851

pituitary, 1404, 1407

of spleen, 1283, 1283f

Cytochromes P-454, 18

Cytogenetic aberrations, 2012

Cytokines, 99–101, 100t–101t

chemokines, 103–104

high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), 105–106

interferons (type I), 106

interleukin-1 (IL-1), 102–103

interleukin-6 (IL-6), 105

interleukin-10 (IL-10), 106–107

interleukin-12 (IL-12), 104

interleukin-15 (IL-15), 106

interleukin-18 (IL-18), 106

TNF-a, 101–102, 102f

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 524, 550, 569, 601, 938

hepatitis related to, 938

infection, 1194

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS), 1153

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), 273

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), 94

3304

Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), 726

D

Dabigatran, 180, 475, 1780

Dacron, 1627

Dacron grafts, 1562

Damage control approach, 342

Damage control orthopedics (DCO), 447

Damage control resuscitation (DCR), 344, 347, 489

Damage Control Resuscitation protocols, 355

Damus–Kaye–Stanzel operation (DKS), 1487

Danazol, for breast pain, 1302

Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP), 115–116

S100 proteins, 115–116

uric acid, 115

Danger recognition

exogenous/endogenous, 115

receptors for

CD14, 116

CD91, 117–118

Hsp receptors, 118

RAGE, 117

toll-like receptors (TLR), 116–117

Dapsone, 573

Dasabuvir, 948

Daunorubicin, 1325

David procedure, 1510

D-dimer test, 80

Dead-space (DS) components, definition, 256

Death

changing patterns of, 335–339, 336f–339f, 337t

declaration of, 530–531

Débridement, 2050

Débriding dressings, 2033

Decompressive colonoscopy, 1060

Deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap, 1323, 1324, 2037

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 74, 179, 483, 1602–1604, 1603f, 1777

after amputations, 1714

and pregnancy, 486

Defecation, 1057, 1174, 1176, 1178f

Defecography, 1059

Definitive radiation therapy, 279

Dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA), 1385, 1387

Delayed gastric emptying, 33

Delayed graft function (DGF), 532

Delayed neurologic deficits (DND), 1726–1727, 1727f

Delirium tremens (DT), 307

Delta-4-androstenedione, 1387

Demerol®, 508

De Musset sign, 1510

Dendritic cells (DC), 519, 775

Denonvilliers fascia, 1053, 1137, 1172, 1173f

Denver multiple organ failure organ failure scores, 171t

The Denver Protocol, 446, 446f

Denver shunt, 968

Denys–Drash syndrome, 1955

Dermatofibromasarcoma protuberans (DFSP), 2006

Dermoid cysts, 1404, 1840

3305

Des-deoxyargine vasopressin (DDAVP), 579

Desmoid tumors, 1111, 1113, 1450, 2025

Desmoplastic melanoma, 1993

Desmopressin, 185

Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP), 81

Devascularization procedures, for treatment of variceal bleeding, 965–966, 965f, 966f

Dexamethasone suppression test, 1388

Dextran, 199

in fluid therapy, 199

for shock, 159

Diabetes, 51–52, 608

insulin-dependent, 608

non–insulin-dependent, 608

and pancreas transplantation effects, 621–622

and pancreatic cancer, 880

pathophysiology, 608–609

and peripheral vascular disease, 65

secondary complications of, 609–610

wound healing, effect on, 64, 64f

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), 609

Diabetes insipidus (DI), 1405

Diabetes mellitus (DM), 80, 252. See also Diabetes

Diabetes Prevention Program, 740

Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 (DPT-1), 609

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), 64, 64f

Diabetic ketoacidosis, 210, 210f

Diacylglycerol, 719

Diagnostic peritoneal aspiration (DPA), 344, 404

Dialysis Surveillance network (DSN), 141

Diaphoresis, 198

Diaphragm

anatomy, 408, 1861f

congenital abnormalities, 1860–1865

diagnostics, 409, 409f

embryology, 1861

epidemiology, 408–409, 408f, 409f

eventration of, 1865

muscularization, 1861

pacing, 1865

treatment, 409

Diaphragmatic injuries, 398–399

Diastasis recti, 1246

Diazepam, 355

Diet

and diverticular disease, 1163

modification, 739

and pancreatic cancer, 879–880

Dietary risk factors and obesity, 271–272

Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), 547

Dieulafoy vascular malformation, 1077

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), 1341

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI), 360

Diffuse brain injury, 372. See also Head injuries

Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL), 765

Diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), 1424

Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), 1105

DiGeorge syndrome, 1369

3306

Digital amputation, 1707–1708, 1709f

Digital hypothermic challenge test, 1598, 1599f

Digital ischemic ulcerations, 1688f

Digital rectal examination, 1178t

Dimethadione test (DMO), 847

DIOS. See Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome

Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), 947

Direct endoscopic necrosectomy (DEN), 137, 866

Disaster triage, 454

Disease-free survival (DFS), 274

Disease recurrence, 276–277

Disease-specific survival (DSS), 285

Disease, trauma after, 335

Disorder of sex development (DSD), 1941

Dissecting aneurysm, 1733–1734

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 80, 483, 485

Distal contractile integral (DCI), 657

Distal gastrointestinal tract, 1909

Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS), 1889

Distal origin graft, 1694, 1695f

Distal pancreatectomy (DP), 875

Distant recurrence, 276

Distributive shock, 152

Diuretics, 185–186, 211, 299t

Diverticular disease (DD), 1161–1171

anatomy related to, 1161

classification, 1161

contrast enemas, 1166–1167, 1167f

CT scanning, 1166, 1166f

cystoscopy, 1167

diagnosis, 1164–1165

endoscopy, 1167

etiology, 1162–1164

diet, 1163

motility factors, 1163, 1163f

other factors, 1163

structural/anatomic factors, 1162–1163, 1162f

incidence, 1161–1162

inflammatory, 1164–1165

modified Hinchey classification, 1165t

noninflammatory, 1164

pathogenesis, 1164

plain radiographs, 1166

surgical management, 1168

elective surgery, 1168–1169

treatment, 1167–1169

diverticular hemorrhage, 1167

diverticulitis, 1167–1168, 1168f

fistula, 1169

giant colonic diverticulum, 1169

obstruction, 1168

symptomatic diverticulosis, 1167

ultrasound, 1166

Diverticulitis, 133–134, 1161, 1908. See also Diverticular disease (DD)

imaging and diagnostic studies, 1166–1167

pathogenesis of, 1164

symptoms, 1164

3307

treatment, 1167–1168, 1168f

Diverticulitis-associated colitis, 1164

Diverticulosis, 1161. See also Diverticular disease (DD)

colonic motility patterns in

disorganized propulsive activity, 1163

high-pressure waves, 1163

segmentation, 1163, 1163f

slow-wave motility pattern, 1163

etiology, 1162–1164

incidence, 1161–1162, 1162t

treatment, 1167

D-lactic acidosis, 209

DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system, 1095

DNA repair mechanisms, 278

Dobutamine, 163

Docetaxel (taxotere), 280t, 1325

Donate after cardiac death (DCD), 543, 552, 595–596

Donor Risk Index, 615

Donors

deceased, 543, 543f

kidneys, 544

living, 542–543

nephrectomy, 545, 546f

Donor specific antibody (DSA), 523, 619

Dopamine, 162–163

Dopamine agonists (DAs), for prolactinomas, 1412, 1412t

Doppler angle, 1586

Doppler equation, 1586

Doppler-guided transanal hemorrhoid devascularization, 1180

Doppler ultrasound, 1585–1586. See also Ultrasonography (US)

Dose-limiting toxicity, 2018

Double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE)

GI bleeding, 1070

small bowel tumors, 829–830

Double-contrast barium enema, for colorectal cancer, 1128

Double-lumen endotracheal tubes, 1461

Double-outlet right ventricle (DORV), 1485, 1487

Downstream arterial blood cultures, 1773

Doxorubicin, 280t, 735, 1325

Doxycycline, 1735

Dreyfus model, for skill development, 4, 5t

levels of skill development, 4

self-regulated learning and, 5

advanced beginner, 6

competent level, 6

expert level, 6

novice learner, 5–6

proficient level, 6

Dried plasma (DP), 347

Driving laws

drunken, 470

junior/safe, 470

Drug-eluting stent (DES), 300

Drug-induced liver injury, 940

Drug poisoning deaths, 340f

Dual antiplatelet therapy, 300

Ductal adenocarcinomas, pancreatic, 881–882, 882f

3308

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 1312–1313, 1312f, 1313t, 1314f. See also Breast cancer

DCIS Recurrence Score, 1313

diagnosis, 1312

imaging studies, 1312

incidence, 1312

recurrence, 1313

treatment, 1312–1313

Ductal hyperplasia, 1304–1305

Duct of Santorini, 851

Duct of Wirsung, 851, 1878, 1879f, 1926f

Duhamel procedure (Martin modification), 1900–1901, 1900f

Dumping, 735

Dunphy sign, 1200t

Duodenal atresia, 1876

Duodenal injuries, 416. See also Abdominal trauma

Duodenal obstruction, congenital

anatomy, 1878–1879, 1880f

annular pancreas and, 1879f

causes of, 1878

clinical presentation, 1879

diagnosis, 1880, 1880f

duodenoduodenostomy in, 1881, 1881f

embryology, 1878–1879, 1879f

results and outcome, 1881

treatment, 1880–1881

Duodenal preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR), 875

Duodenal stenosis, 874

Duodenal stenting, 854

Duodenal ulcer, 728, 770

Duodenoduodenostomy, 1881, 1881f

Duodenum, 770–771, 772f

anatomy, 418

arterial blood supply, 771f

epidemiology, 418

obstruction

congenital, 1878–1881, 1879f, 1880f

treatment, 418–419, 418f

Duplex ultrasonography (DUS), 1624

criteria for carotid artery stenosis, 1625t

for vascular infection, 1612

for vascular trauma, 436

Duroziez sign, 1510

Dutch Gastric Cancer Lymphadenectomy, 275

Duvernoy glands, 498

Dysejaculation syndrome, 1243

Dysfibrinogenemia, 79

Dyslipidemia, and coronary artery disease, 1522

Dyspepsia, 755

Dysphagia, 661, 756

Dysphagia lusoria, 1342, 1497

Dysplasia, 755, 1095–1096, 1097f

development of, 669t

Dysplasia-associated mass/lesions (DALM), 1087

Dyspnea, 303

Dysrhythmias, 173–174

E

Eagle–Barrett syndrome, 1945

3309

Early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) study, 187

Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST), 354, 389, 419, 460

guidelines for pregnant female, 484

Eastern Association for Trauma (EAST), 477

Echinococcal cysts, 1283

Echinococcal infection, 931–933, 932f

Echinococcus granulosus, 1283

Echocardiography

for pericardial disease, 1576

for pericardial effusion and tamponade, 1578–1579, 1578f, 1579f

Eck fistula, 962, 962f

Eclampsia, in pregnancy, 485

Ectasia, aortic, 1732

Ectopia cordis, 1871

Ectopic kidney, 1934

Ectopic spleen, 1284

Ectopic ureter, 1936, 1936f

Ectropion, 233

Edoxaban, 1781

Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, 1874, 1875

and thoracic aneurysms, 1565, 1565t

Eicosanoids, 110

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 1106

EKOS ultrasound accelerated catheter, 1782

Elapidae family (snakes), 496

Elastinolysis, 75

Elder Assessment Instrument (EAI), 475

Elderly abuse, 475. See also Geriatric trauma

Elderly, burn injury in, 214–215

Elective surgery, 253

Electrical burns, 215–216

Electrical exposure, 216

Electrocardiogram (ECG), 149, 292, 1524, 1525f

Electrolyte abnormalities, 221–222

Electrolyte exchange, 197–198

Electrolytes, 164. See also Fluid and electrolyte therapy

calcium

hypercalcemia, 205, 206t

hypocalcemia, 206, 207t

daily requirements of, 24t

definition, 201

magnesium

hypermagnesemia, 207

hypomagnesemia, 207

potassium

hyperkalemia, 204, 204f

hypokalemia, 204–205, 204t

role of, 23

sodium and water

cerebral salt wasting (CSW), 202

hypernatremia, 203, 203f, 203t

hyponatremia, 202

pseudohyponatremia, 202

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SiADH), 202

Electrolyte therapy. See Fluid and electrolyte therapy

Elephant ear skin tags, Crohn disease, 811, 811f

Elephant trunk technique, 1723, 1724f, 1725, 1728

3310