Elevated procoagulant factors, 80

ELISA test, 77

Eltrombopag, 1274

Embolic protection devices (EPDs), 1630, 1631f

Embolism, 1623

Emergency care, burns, 218–219, 219t

airway assessment, 219

fluid resuscitation, 219–220

resuscitation of patients, 220

Emergency medical services (EMS), 352, 459

Emergency medical technicians (EMT), 352

levels of, 352

and tension pneumothorax patient, 353

Empyemas, 1469–1470, 1470t, 1865–1867, 1866f

Endarterectomy, 1682–1683

End-diastolic velocity (EDV), 1588, 1600, 1624, 1624f

Endobronchial stents, 1463

Endocrine issues in ICU, 186–187

Endografting, as bridge therapy, 1614

Endoleaks, 1742f

definition of, 1741

types of, 1741, 1742f

Endoluminal stent grafts, 1606, 1606f

Endomucosal resection (EMR), of sessile polyp, 1102, 1103f

Endopeptidase, 779, 846

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, 48

Endorectal ultrasound, for rectal cancer staging, 1138, 1138f

Endoscopic balloon dilation, of bile duct strictures, 1025–1026, 1027t

Endoscopic component separation, 1249–1250

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), 760

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), 135, 469, 557

CBD stones, 1008–1009

chronic pancreatitis, 872, 873, 873t

pancreatic cancer, 887, 887f

pancreatic disease, 857–858

Endoscopic sclerotherapy (ES), for prevention of variceal bleeding, 959

Endoscopic snare polypectomy, 1093f, 1102

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), 760

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), 690

chronic pancreatitis, 872, 873, 873t

pancreatic cancer, 887–888, 888f

pancreatic disease, 857

pancreatic endocrine neoplasms, 904, 904f

Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL), 959, 960f

Endoscopy

Crohn disease, 814, 814f

for diverticular disease, 1167

ulcerative colitis, 1085

Endostim, 683

Endotension, 1741

Endothelin-1, 945

Endothelins, 197

Endotracheal tubes (ETT), 362, 457

Endovascular stent grafts, 1569

Endovenous thermal ablation, 1792

End-stage heart failure and cardiac transplantation, 576

End-stage renal disease (ESRD), 609

3311

End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2

), 367

End-to-end anastomosis (EEA), 707

Energy

body fuels and, 22–23, 22t

energy value of various sources, 22, 22t

measurement of, 21–22

production of, 21, 21f

requirements for ambulation, 1706, 1706t

sources, 181–182

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS), 1059, 1132

Entamoeba histolytica, 1918

Enteral nutrition, 32, 33, 182

acute pancreatitis, 865

administration routes, 37–38

benefits of, 34–35

commonly used formulations, 36t

complications related to, 35, 35t

considerations, 34–36

contraindications to, 35

early, delivery of, 182–183

hydrolyzed/monomeric, 35

intact/polymeric, 35

modular, 35–36

timing of initiation of, 35

EnteregTM, 802

Enteric duplication, 1911, 1912f

cysts, 1851, 1851f

Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, 766

Enterocutaneous fistulas, and nutritional support, 39

Entero-enteric-colonic fistula, 817–818, 818f

Enterogenous cysts, 1851, 1851f

Enteroglucagon, 774

Enterohepatic circulation, 997

Enterokinase, 846

Enteroscopy, in GI bleeding, 1069–1070

Envenomation, 496–514. See also Environmental injuries

Environmental injuries, 496–514

asp caterpillars, 504–505

black widow spiders, 503

brown recluse, 503

centipedes and millipedes, 504

cold injury and frostbite, 511–514

fire ants, 504

hymenoptera, 503

hypothermia, 505–511, 505t, 506f

insect bites and stings, 502

killer bees, 503–504

scorpions, 504

snakebite, 496–502, 497f, 497t, 498f, 498t, 499f, 501f, 502f

spiders, 502–503, 503f

venomous lizards, 502

Environmental interventions and obesity, 740

Environment, role of, in obesity, 43, 43f

Eosinophils

activation, 97–98

granules, 98

recruitment, 97–98

3312

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 59

Epidermoid cancer, of anal canal, 1195–1196, 1196f

Epidermoid cysts, 1404

Epidural hematomas, 371

acute, 364

head injury and, 371

Epidural techniques, 247

Epigastric hernias, 1246

Epigastric pain, 765

Epiglottitis, 1843

Epinephrine, 163, 1387

Epiphora, 378

Epirubicin, 1325

Episcleritis, ulcerative colitis and, 1083

e-aminocaproic acid, 347, 348, 1535

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), 520, 551, 620, 639, 938–939

Eptifibatide (Integrilin), 1527

Ertapenem, 1131

Erysipelas, 138

Erythema nodosum, ulcerative colitis and, 1084, 1084f

Erythrocytes

glycolysis in, 10

senescent, 1267

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), vascular infections and, 1611

Erythromycin, 804

Escherichia coli, 1056, 1085, 1913

Escin, 802

E-selectin, 73

Esophageal atresia, 1855

anatomy, 1856f

associated anomalies, 1856–1857

classification, 1855, 1856f

clinical findings, 1856

complications, 1858–1859

diagnosis, 1856

embryology, 1855

epidemiology, 1855

incidence, 1855

outcomes, 1858–1859

pathophysiology, 1856

preoperative management, 1857

results, 1858–1859

surgical technique, 1857–1858, 1857f, 1858f

tracheoesophageal fistula with, 1858

traction sutures, 1858f

Esophageal body motility, 656–657, 657f

Esophageal duplications, 1859, 1859f

Esophageal intubation, 356

Esophageal symptoms (ES), 654

Esophageal varices, 957–958

and bleeding, 958, 958t

diagnosis, 958

management of bleeding, 959–962

prevention of bleeding, 958–959, 958t

Esophagectomy, 701

Ivor lewis, 701

thoracoabdominal approach, 701, 703

3313

three-field, 701

transhiatal, 701, 702f

Esophagitis, modified Los Angeles classification, 671t

Esophagogastric junction (EGJ), 699, 760

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), 695

Crohn disease, 814, 814f

GI bleeding, 1068, 1068t, 1069t

vascular infection, 1613

Esophagus, 687–710, 688f

abdominal, 645, 645f, 646f

acute caustic injury, 694t

anatomy and function, 644–648, 645f

benign neoplasms, 695–697, 696f, 696t, 697f

blood supply, lymphatics, and innervation, 646–648, 647f, 648f, 649f, 650f

cancer, 709–710

diagnostic evaluation, 690

dysmotility, 1859

evaluation of, 653–659

ambulatory pH monitoring, 657–659, 658f, 658t

endoscopic examination, 654, 655f

Esophagus (continued)

manometry, 654–657, 655f

radiographic evaluation, 653–654

foreign bodies in, 1909

future prospects of, 683

injury

clinical features, 688

diagnosis, 688–689

management, 689–690, 689f

perforation, 687–688, 688t

malignant neoplasms, 697–701

Meckel diverticulum, 1909

neck injuries and, 391–392

operative management, 701–709, 704f, 707f, 709f

patient selection, 690

physiology, 648–653

poststent management, 691–693, 692f

caustic injury, 693

foreign body, 695

management, 693–695, 694f

operative considerations, 695

stent, 690

placement technique, 690–691

selection, 690

surgical considerations, 701

swallowing mechanism, 648–651, 650f

thoracic, 644–645

tracheomalacia, 1859

wall and mucosa, 646, 646f

Essential amino acids, 181

Essential fatty acids, 1106

Estimated posttransplant survival (EPTS), 543

Estrogen-Plus-Progestin study, 1309

Estrogen–progestin therapy (EPT), 1309

Ethanol, 1072

Ethanolamine oleate, 1072

Ethanol intoxication, 209

3314

Ethnicity, 215

Etomidate, 187, 355

in Cushing disease, 1414t

Euro-Collins solution, 594

European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), 307

European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS), 831

European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), 893, 2000, 2021

Evaporation through skin, 198

Everolimus, 522

insulinoma, 906

Evidence-based critical care, 168, 169t

Evidence base for patient safety, 326–327, 327t

Excess weight lost (EWL), 744

Exchange transfusion, 1823

Excision and grafting, 223–226

Exemestane, 1325

Exenatide (Byetta), 741

Exercise stress testing, 300

Exopeptidases, 846

Expanded criteria donors (ECD), 544

Exstrophy–epispadias complex, 1939, 1939f

Extended FAST (eFAST), 394

External anal sphincter, 1172, 1173–1174, 1173f

External beam radiotherapy, 279

thyroid cancer, 1356

External carotid artery (ECA), 1590

Extra-anatomic bypass, 1683, 1683f

Extracapsular fractures, 453

Extracardiac obstructive shock, 151

Extracellular fluid (ECF), 19, 20f

Extracellular fluid compartments, 193t

Extracellular matrix (ECM), 58, 59, 59f

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS), 441, 1540, 1549–1551

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), 177, 329, 400, 538, 577, 589, 592, 1540, 1848

in CDH, 1863

ex utero intrapartum treatment and, 1833–1834

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, 1000

Extracorporeal shock wave treatment (ESWT), 232

Extracorporeal ventricular assist device (VAD), 1540

Extrahepatic cholangiocarcioma (ECC). See Bile duct carcinomas

Extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP), 1470

Extremity treatment, 227

Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT), 1827, 1833–1834, 1848

Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP), 595

F

Factor V Leiden, 72, 78, 78t, 79

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), 269, 828, 1094, 1109–1113, 1109f, 1121, 1129

APC gene, mutation in, 1110, 1110f

desmoid tumors in, 1111

diagnosis, 1112–1113

extraintestinal manifestations, 1110–1111, 1111f

gastrointestinal features, 1110

genetic basis, 1111–1112, 1112f

management, 1113

Spigelman classification for duodenal adenomas, 1110, 1110t

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome, 1968

Familial adenomatous polyposis variants, 1113–1115

3315

Familial cancer syndromes, 266, 268t

Familial gastric cancer, 269

Familial hemolytic anemia. See Hereditary spherocytosis

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, 1367

Familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (FTAAD), 1565

Family involvement, patient and, 330–331

FAMMM syndrome, 1992

Fat, 181

digestion and absorption, 779–780

oxidation, 181

Fatty acids, 181. See also Lipids

long-chain, 22–23

medium-chain, 22

metabolism, 11–13, 12f

n-3 to n-6, in critically illness, 37

short-chain, 22

wound healing, effect on, 63

Fecal biomarkers, for intestinal inflammation, 815

Fecal fat test, 847

Fecal immunochemical tests (FITs), for colorectal cancer, 1126

Fecal incontinence, 1189–1192

evaluation, 1190

management, 1191–1192

artificial bowel sphincter, 1192, 1192f

biofeedback, 1191

bulking agent, injection of, 1192

overlapping sphincteroplasty, 1192, 1192f

radiofrequency treatment, 1192

sacral nerve stimulation, 1192

Fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs), 1100–1101, 1101f

for colorectal cancer, 1126

Feeding jejunostomies, 38

Felty syndrome. See Autoimmune neutropenia

Femoral aneurysms, 1232

Femoral artery aneurysms

clinical manifestations, 1769

degenerative, 1769

classification, 1769

incidence, 1769

types, 1769

diagnosis, 1769

history, 1769

results, 1770

surgical strategy, 1770

treatment, 1769–1770

Femoral artery pseudoaneurysms, 1610

Femoral hernias, 1240, 1873. See also Groin hernias

Femoral pseudoaneurysms, 1771

computed tomography scan, 1773f

diagnosis, 1771

history, 1771–1772

incidence, 1771

management, 1772f

pathogenesis, 1771

results, 1772

treatment, 1772

Femoral trauma, 439

3316

Femoral vein, use of, for in situ reconstruction, 1616–1617

Femur fractures, 448

Fenfluramine, 740, 741

Fentanyl, 865

Ferritin, 18

Fetal circulation, 1808f

Fetal development

anatomy, 1976

appendicitis, 1981

imaging modalities, 1978–1979

intraoperative and postoperative, 1978f

monitoring, 1977

physiology, 1976

premature onset, 1976–1977

tocolysis, 1977

uterus enlargement, 1976f

Fetal heart rate (FHR), 482, 1977–1978

accelerations, 1978

Fetal heart variability, 1978f

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF), 1807

Fetal imaging, 1809

Fetal interventions, 1827

for amniotic band syndrome, 1834

EXIT–ECMO procedure, 1833–1834

imaging, 1827–1828

magnetic resonance imaging, 1828f

maternal–fetal risks, 1829

prenatal diagnoses, 1828

surgery for specific congenital anomalies, 1830–1833

surgical techniques, 1829–1830, 1830f

for twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence, 1834

Fetal physiology

circulation, 1808f

ECMO II, 1814

fetal cardiac function, 1807–1808

fetal circulation, 1807

iatrogenic injury, 1816

interventions, 1809

lung development, 1806

morphogenesis, 1805

neonatal physiology, 1811

pediatric physiology, 1811

placental gas exchange, 1807

Fetal programming, 42

Fetal thermoneutrality, 1815

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), 698, 758

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission topography (18F-FDG-PET), for liver imaging, 977–978

Fiberoptic endoscopy, 756

Fibrin, 72

Fibrinolysis, 71–72

abnormalities in, 81

defective, 79

Fibrinopeptide A (FPA), 69

Fibrinopeptide B (FPB), 69

Fibroadenomas, 1305

Fibroblasts, role of, in wound healing, 58, 59, 59f

Fibrocystic breast disease, 1301

3317

Fibrolipomas, 697, 697f

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), 1632

renovascular hypertension and, 1664, 1664f, 1667

Fibrosarcoma, 1852t, 1854

Fibrotest (LabCorp), 950

Fibrous dysplasia of rib, 1450, 1450f

Fibrovascular polyps, 697, 697f

Field triage decisions and early priorities, 342–344, 342t

Fight or flight response, 31

Final crossmatch, 542. See also Renal transplantation

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA), 1967, 1996, 2014

thyroid, 1350–1351

Finney strictureplasty, 818

Fire ants, 504

Firearm deaths, 340f

Fistula, diverticular, 1164, 1169

FK506, 521

FKHR genes, 1963

Flail chests, 394

pathophysiology of, 395f

Flame burns, 214, 215

Flank hernia, 1256

“Flaring” of costal margin, 1847

Flat epithelial atypia (FEA), 1306

Flaviviridae, 271

Flexible bronchoscopy, 1461

Flexible sigmoidoscopy, for colorectal cancer, 1126

Fluconazole, 550

Fluid. See also Fluid and electrolyte therapy

losses, replacement of, 200–201, 201t

intraoperative fluid therapy, 201

postoperative fluid therapy and monitoring, 201

management, 178

responsiveness, assessment of, 171–173

resuscitation, 159, 219–220

Fluid and catheter treatment trial (FACTT), 178

Fluid and electrolyte therapy. See also Electrolytes; Shock

colloids, 159

crystalloids, 158–159

goals of, 199–200

additional electrolyte therapy, 200

maintenance electrolyte therapy, 200

maintenance fluid therapy, 200

parenteral solutions

albumin, 199

artificial oxygen carriers, 199

colloids, 199

crystalloids, 198–199, 198t

dextrans, 199

gelatin, 199

hetastarch, 199

resuscitative strategy, 159

Fluid balance. See also Body fluids; Fluid and electrolyte therapy

normal water/electrolyte exchange, 197–198

sodium concentration and water balance, 195

volume control, 195–197

baroreceptor function, 196

3318

baroreceptor modulation of, 196

hormonal mediators of, 196–197

osmoreceptors, 196

Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emitting tomography (FDG-PET), 1837

for vascular infection, 1613

5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 735, 764, 1325

for colon cancer, 1135

in pancreatic cancer, 893–894

Foam sclerotherapy, 1792

Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), 980–981, 981f, 1916

Focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST), 344, 364, 394, 423

of pediatric trauma, 459

of pregnant women, 482

Fogarty catheter, 387

Folate, 780

Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), 1352

Fondaparinux, 77, 1780

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 1780, 2000

Food intake, regulation of, and body weight control, 44–45, 44f, 46f

Foramen of Morgagni hernia, 1865

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1

), 1424–1425

Forced vital capacity (FVC), 590

Foreign bodies

airway obstruction, 1843

ingestion of, 1909

Meckel diverticulum, 1909

in pediatric patients, 1843

tracheobronchial tree, 1860

Fostamatinib disodium, 1274

Fournier gangrene, 1183

Fowler–Stephens orchidopexy, 1942

Foxp3+, 526

Fractalkine, 104

Fractionation, 278

Fractures, in elderly patients, 475–476

Frailty, 296–297, 297t

Framingham Heart Study, 739

Frank–Starling curve, 172

Frantz tumor, 884

Frederick Treves, 782

Fresh frozen plasma (FFP), 78, 344, 475

Frontal sinus injuries, 382

Frostbite, 216–217, 511–514, 513f, 513t

classification of, 511t

treatment, 512–514

Frostnip, 511

Fructose, 778

Fulminant colitis, ulcerative colitis and, 1087

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), 553, 557

Fulminant hepatitis, 939

Fulvestrant, 1325

Functional residual capacity (FRC), 156

Fundoplication

creation of, 679–680

fixation of, 680f

Furosemide, in ascites, 967

G

3319