Gabexate mesylate, 865

Gail model, breast cancer risk assessment, 1310, 1311f

Gallbladder

benign tumors of, 1047–1048

adenomas, 1047

adenomyomatosis, 1047

clinical findings, 1047

diagnosis, 1047–1048

incidence, 1047

pathology, 1047

polyps and pseudotumors, 1047

treatment, 1048

dysmotility of, 997

filling, 997

function, 997

Gallbladder cancer, 1006, 1006f, 1033–1039

adjuvant therapy, 1038–1039

American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system, 1034, 1035t

clinical findings and diagnosis, 1034–1035, 1036f

follow-up after resection for, 1039

future issues, 1039

and gallstone disease, 1033

incidence, 1033

pathology and staging, 1034

prognosis, 1039

spread of, 1037

surgery, 1035

cholecystectomy with/without partial hepatectomy, 1036–1038

incidentally/laparoscopically discovered, 1038

staging laparoscopy, role of, 1035–1036

Gallstone ileus, 793–795, 795f, 1006

Gallstone pancreatitis, 1003

Gallstones, 997

and acute pancreatitis, 861, 861f

asymptomatic, 999

cholesterol, 998–999, 998f

disease related to, 1000

acalculous cholecystitis, 1002–1003

acute cholecystitis, 1000–1002

chronic cholecystitis, 1003

gallstone pancreatitis, 1003

formation, 997–998

natural history of, 1000t

pigment, 998, 998f, 999

in pregnancy, 1007

Gangrene, 786

Gangrenous cholecystitis, 1000

Gardner syndrome, 1113, 2011

Gastrectomy, bile duct injury during, 1017

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 698

Gastric acid secretion, 718–722, 719f, 720f, 721f

Gastric adenocarcinoma, 759

sporadic, 759

treatment, 764f

Gastric anatomy and physiology, 712–724

Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) syndrome, 1077

Gastric artery aneurysm, 1660, 1661f

3320

Gastric aspiration, in GI bleeding, 1068

Gastric band, 744, 744f, 747

Gastric bicarbonate production, 722

Gastric blood flow, 722–723

Gastric bypass, 742, 749

Gastric carcinoids, 766

Gastric function, assessment of, 675–676

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), 849

Gastric lymphoma

AJCC staging system, 760t

clinical features, 765

diagnosis, 765

in Japan and Europe, 757f

and lymphadenectomy, 762t

lymph node locations and groupings, 763f

MALT, 765

non-MALT lymphoma, 765–766

survival by stage, 759f

symptoms and physical findings, 756t

worldwide geographic variability in, 755f

Gastric metaplasia, 725

Gastric motility, 723–724

Gastric mucosa, 718

Gastric neoplasms, 754–767

adenocarcinoma, 754–765

gastric carcinoids, 766

gastric lymphoma, 765–766

GIST, 766–767

surgical options for, 761f

Gastric outlet obstruction, 734, 734f

Gastric peptides, 716–718

Gastric remnant cancer, 756

Gastric silhouette, 757

Gastric smooth muscle, 723

Gastric sympathetic innervation, 715f

Gastric tonometry, 161

Gastric tube, creation of, 704–705, 705f

Gastric tube feeding, 182

Gastric ulcer, 734–735

benign, 756, 756f

Gastric varices, 966

Gastrin, 716–718, 717f, 721, 773, 997

Gastrin 17, 717

Gastrin cells, 716, 716f

Gastrinoma, 900t, 906–908, 907f, 907t, 908f, 1379

diagnosis of, 907

in gastrinoma triangle, 907, 908f

hypergastrinemia in, 907

management, 908

metastatic, 908

resection, 908

secretin stimulation test, 907, 907f

symptoms of, 907, 907t

Gastritis, 755

atrophic, 755

chronic, 755

Gastroduodenal artery (GDA) aneurysm, 1661, 1661f

3321

Gastroduodenal disease, Crohn disease and, 819

Gastroduodenal ulceration, 725–737

diagnosis, 728

epidemiology, 725

pathophysiology, 725–728

proton pump blockers, 728–729

Gastroepiploic artery aneurysm, 1660–1661

Gastroesophageal anastomosis, 707–708, 708f

Gastroesophageal barrier, 652–653, 652f

Gastroesophageal (GE) junction, 406

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 666, 744

anatomic alterations, 662–664, 663f, 664f

antireflux barrier, 661

clinical presentation, 660–661, 661f

complications, 664–669, 664f, 665f

laryngopharyngeal reflux, 666–667, 667f

metaplastic and neoplastic complications, 667–668, 668f

mucosal, 665–666, 665f

respiratory, 666

epidemiology, 659–660, 659f

future prospects of, 683

implication, 664

lower esophageal sphincter, 662

pulmonary transplantation and, 602–603

transient relaxation, 661–662

treatment, 670–683, 671t, 673f, 676f, 677f

Gastroesophageal varices, 1074

Gastrogastric fistula, 748

Gastrografin, 787, 1890

Gastrointestinal disorders, 1875–1914

Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage, 1063–1078, 1909–1911, 1910t

causes of, 1063, 1076–1077

angiodysplastic lesions, 1077

aortoenteric fistula, 1077

Dieulafoy vascular malformation, 1077

endoscopic procedures, 1078

gastric antral vascular ectasia, 1077

Meckel diverticulum, 1078

small intestinal diverticulum, 1078

clinical presentation, 1063–1065

diagnostic approach, 1067, 1067f

abdominal scintigraphy, 1070, 1071f

colonoscopy, 1069

CT scanning, 1071

double–balloon enteroscopy, 1070

enteroscopy, 1069–1070

esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 1068, 1068t, 1069t

gastric aspiration, 1068

selective visceral arteriography, 1070, 1070f

wireless capsule endoscopy, 1070

evaluation and resuscitation, 1066–1067

graft infection and, 1611

lower, 1063, 1075–1077

colonic angiodysplasia, 1076

colonic diverticulosis, 1075–1076, 1075f

diagnostic approach, 1075

differential diagnosis, 1065t

3322

ischemic colitis, 1077

patient characteristics, 1063

predictors of risk for, 1065t

prognostic factors, 1065–1066, 1066t

upper, 1063, 1064f

differential diagnosis, 1064t

gastroesophageal varices and, 1074

Mallory–Weiss tears and, 1074–1075

peptic ulcer disease and, 1071–1073

stress gastritis and, 1073–1074

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), 696, 766–767, 766f, 835–836, 2024–2025

aggressive behavior in, 767t

diagnosis of, 835

Modified NIH–Fletcher GIST Risk Assessment Criteria, 836t

treatment, 835–836, 837f

Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, 682

Gastrointestinal tract, 1981

Gastrojejunal anastomotic ulcer, 748

Gastroschisis, 1870, 1871–1872, 1871f, 1872t

Gaucher disease, 1277, 1279–1280

G cells, 773

Gelatin, 199

Gelofusin, 199

Gemcitabine, in pancreatic cancer, 895–897

Gender

abdominal aortic aneurysms and, 1734–1735

and response to stress, 32

wound healing, effect on, 62–63

Genetic Cancer Syndromes, 2011

Genioplasty, 2059

Genitourinary system, pediatric, 1933–1946

Genitourinary trauma, 423–430

AAST organ injury scales, 425t

bladder injury, 428–429, 429f

renal injury in, 423–426

ureteral injury, 425–426, 427f

urethral injury, 429–430, 430f

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), 42, 266

Geriatric patients

nutritional support for, 39

perioperative evaluation of, 295t

Geriatric syndromes, 477

Geriatric trauma, 473–479

AGS/BGS clinical practice guideline, 476t

assessing frailty, 477

cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology in, 474t

cardiovascular system, 473–474

comorbidity, 473–475

end-of-life care in, 478–479

evaluation and management, 477–478

functional outcomes, 478

gastrointestinal function, 474

hospice, 479

mechanisms and injury, 475–476

and medications, 474–475

mortality outcomes, 478

physiology, 473–475

3323

preinjury anticoagulants, 475t

preinjury medications, 473–475

pulmonary, 474

renal and gastrointestinal, 474

renal function, 474

risk factors and warning signs, 476t

triage criteria for, 476–477

Germ cell tumors, 1404

of mediastinum, 1476, 1477f

Germinomas, 1407

Germline mutations, 756

Gerota fascia, 424, 771

Ghrelin, 45, 741

Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), 45

Giant cell arteritis, and thoracic aneurysms, 1566

Giant cell carcinomas, pancreatic, 882

with osteoclast-like giant cells, 882

Giant colonic diverticulum, 1164, 1169

Giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke–Lowenstein), 1193

Giant macroprolactinomas, 1405

Gibbs–Donnan equilibrium, 193

Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum), 502

Glasgow–Blatchford bleeding score (GBS), 1065, 1066t

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 170, 348, 353, 362–363

in children, 459t

components of, 362

triage guide for head injury, 363f

Glidescope, 353

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 197, 307, 483, 520, 610, 1662, 1727–1728

Glucagon, 774, 840, 845, 848, 849

blood glucose levels, control of, 849

secretion and action, 849

as stress hormone, 849

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), 741

Glucagonoma, 900t, 909–910, 910f, 910t

Glucocorticoids, 121, 187, 522

for wound healing, 65

Gluconeogenesis, 8, 10–11, 11f, 36

Glucose, 8, 16. See also Carbohydrate

Glucose control, 186–187, 222, 298

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), 774

Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), 9, 9f, 15

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, 1276

Glucuronidase, 999

Glucuronidation, 18

GLUT-1, 1915

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-65), 620

Glutamine, 36, 63, 182, 183

supplementation, 36–37

in wound healing, 63

Glutathione S-transferases, 18

GLUT-2 transporter, 849

Glycine-extended gastrin, 716

Glycogen, 9

Glycogenolysis, 9, 9f

Glycolysis, 9–10, 10f

aerobic, 9

3324

anaerobic, 9

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, 299t

GNRH agonists, for breast pain, 1302

Goblet cells, 772

Goiter, 1348–1349

Golgi apparatus, 779

Golimumab, in ulcerative colitis, 1086

Gonadotroph adenomas, 1404. See also Pituitary adenomas

Gonorrhea, anorectal, 1193

Goserelin, 1325

G-protein reaction, 521

Graft dysfunction, 547

Graft-enteric erosions, 1612

Grafting, 223–226

Graft thrombosis, 77

graft infection and, 1611

Granules

eosinophils, 98

platelets, 99

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 87

Granulomatous hypophysitis, 1404

Granzymes, 95

Graves disease, 1346–1347

Graves ophthalmopathy, 1346

Grayscale image, in duplex ultrasonography, 1585

Greenstick fractures, 469

Groin dissection, technique of, 1999, 1999f

Groin hernias, 1229–1230, 1230f

classification, 1230–1231

clinical diagnosis, 1231–1232

differential diagnosis, 1232, 1232t

epidemiology, 1230, 1231f

European Hernia Society classification, 1231, 1231t

femoral, 1229

inguinal, 1229, 1230, 1230f

Nyhus classification of, 1231t

in pediatric patients, 1240

preoperative considerations, 1233

surgical indications, 1232–1233

surgical treatment, 1233

intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair, 1240

laparoscopic approach, 1237–1238

open approach, 1233–1237

preperitoneal approach, 1237

totally extraperitoneal repair, 1238–1240

transabdominal preperitoneal repair, 1238, 1239f

Groin pseudoaneurysms, 1606, 1606f

Group A streptococcus (GAS), 140

Growth hormone, excess levels of, 1406

Growth hormone-secreting adenomas, 1403. See also Pituitary adenomas

GSV surgery, 1793

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (GDP), 97

Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Brain Injury, 366

Guidelines for the Management of Penetrating Brain Injury, 366

Guidelines for the Management of Severe Brain Injury, 361, 366

Guidelines for the Prehospital Care of Severe Brain Injury, 362

Guidelines for the Prehospital Management of Severe Brain Injury, 366

3325

Guidelines for the Prehospital Management of Traumatic Brain Injury, 366

Guidelines for the Surgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury, 366

Gunshot wound (GSW), 403

CT scan of, 365

and ureteral injuries, 425–426

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), 775

Gut microflora, role of, in development of cirrhosis, 945

H

Haemophilus influenzae, 1284, 1287

Hageman factor (HF), 112

Hair removal, 143

Hairy cell leukemia, 1278–1279, 1278f

Haller index, 1454

Hamartoma, 1441

lung, 1854

spleen, 1283

Hamoudi tumors, 884

Hand antisepsis, surgical, 143

Hand ischemia, 1639

Harris–Benedict equation, 26, 26t

Hartford Consensus III, 352

Harvoni (ledipasvir and sofosbuvir), 947

Hashimoto thyroiditis, 1347

Hawthorne effect, 321

Head and neck, 629–642

airway management, 630–631, 631f

AJCC stage grouping, 639t

cystic neck infections, 633–634

differential diagnosis of, 630t

hypopharynx, 640

infectious, 631–632, 632f

larynx, 640–641

nasopharynx, 639

neoplasms, 634–635

oral cavity, 638–639

oropharynx, 639–640, 640f

pathology-specific concerns, 635–637

patient evaluation, 629, 630f

salivary, 635

SCC, 638

sialadenitis, 633

sinonasal, 637–638

sinusitis, 632

subsites of, 630t

surgery, complications, 642, 642t

workup, 629–630

Head injuries, 360–373, 448

ancillary imaging, 366

biochemical and genomic processes, 361

cerebral hypoperfusion and hypoxia, 361

in children, 459

clinical assessment, 362–363

computed tomography, 364–366

decompressive craniectomy, 373

epidemiology of, 360

Glasgow Coma Scale, 362–363

intracranial hypertension, 361, 369

3326

management, 366–373

medical intervention, 369–370

neurocritical care in, 369

neuromonitoring, 368–369

pathophysiology of, 360–361

pediatric patients, 1837

airway obstruction, 1842–1843

congenital lesions of, 1837–1841

imaging for, 1837

vascular malformations of, 1841–1842

plain skull radiographs, 364

primary injury, 360–361

radiographic diagnosis, 363–366

secondary injury, 361

surgical intervention, 371–373

Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), 314

Heart, 532–533

procurement, 536–537, 578 (see also Cardiac transplantation)

Heart failure, nutritional support in, 38

HeartWare MVAD, 1557, 1558f

Heat-shock proteins (HSP), 92

Heat-shock transcriptional factors (HSF), 120

Hedgehog (Hh), 944

Heineke–Mikulicz method, 818

Heinz bodies, 1267

Helicobacter pylori, 717, 725–726, 1072

and adenocarcinoma, 755–756

infection and gastric cancer, 754

inflammatory responses, 727

virulence factors, 726t

HELLP (Hemolysis, Elevated liver enzymes, Low platelets) syndrome, 940

Hemangioendotheliomas, 1283, 1915–1916, 1915f

Hemangiomas, 1841–1842, 2066

hepatic, 980, 980f

of spleen, 1283

Hematochezia, 1063. See also Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage

Hematocrit (HCT), 155, 200

Hematopoiesis, 1267

Hematuria, 423

Heme and porphyrin metabolism, 18, 19f

Heme oxygenase, 115

Hemiparesis, 363

Hemochromatosis of liver, 949

Hemodynamic monitoring, 221

about, 171

fluid responsiveness, assessment of, 171–173

oxygen delivery and consumption, 170–171, 171t

Hemophilia A, 80, 81

Hemophilia B, 80

Hemophilus influenza, 1865

Hemoptysis, 1461–1462, 1463f

Hemorrhage, 1908

control, 152, 346–347

in Crohn disease, 819

gastric bypass and, 747

pediatric trauma and, 458

Hemorrhagic diverticular disease, 1164, 1167

3327

Hemorrhagic shock, 488

Hemorrhoidectomy, excisional, 1179–1180, 1179f

Hemorrhoids, 1177–1181

classification, 1178t

clinical manifestations, 1178–1179

in Crohn disease, 821, 821f

external, 1177

incarcerated, 1180–1181

internal, 1177

nonoperative management, 1178–1179, 1179f

operative management, 1179–1180

Doppler-guided transanal hemorrhoid devascularization, 1180

excisional hemorrhoidectomy, 1179–1180, 1179f

stapled hemorrhoidopexy, 1179, 1179f

thrombosed external, 1180, 1181f

Hemostasis

arterial vs. venous thrombosis, 75

basic considerations, 69–71, 70f

bleeding disorders

coagulation factor deficiency, 80–81

fibrinolysis, abnormalities in, 81

platelet disorders, 81

rare factor deficiencies, 81

endothelium and, 72

fibrinolysis, 71–72

natural anticoagulant mechanisms, 71, 71f

primary, 70f

procoagulant states

acquired, 75–78

inherited, 78–80

thrombosis/inflammation

cell adhesion molecules, 72–74

leukocytes and thrombosis, 74–75

Hemostatic Resuscitation, 344

Hemothorax, 398

causes of, 398

retained, 398

Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, 208

Heparin, 77

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), 77–78, 1545, 1780

Hepatic adenoma (HA), 981, 982f, 1916

Hepatic arterial chemoembolization, 1970

Hepatic artery aneurysms, 1659, 1659f

Hepatic artery thrombosis, 569–570

Hepatic cysts, 978–979, 979f, 1916

Hepatic dysfunction

perioperative management, 306–307

preoperative evaluation, 306

risk stratification, 305–306

surgical considerations, 306

Hepatic encephalopathy, 953–954

ammonia, role of, 953

chronic, 954

clinical features, 953

etiology, 953

overt, 954

TIPS and, 962

3328

treatment, 953–954, 953t

Hepatic fibrosis, 13

Hepatic flexure, 1052

Hepatic glycolysis, 16

Hepatic hydrothorax, 952

Hepatic infections, 1918

Hepatic neoplasms, 975

benign, 978–981

cystic lesions

biliary cystadenoma, 979, 980f

polycystic liver disease, 979, 979f

simple cyst, 978–979, 979f

future liver remnant (FLR), 975

laparoscopic approach for liver resection, 992

and liver transplantation, 975, 992

metastatic tumors

colorectal liver metastases, 984, 986–987

neuroendocrine tumors, 987

preoperative management, 987–989

portal flow modulation, 988–989

vascular anatomy, review of, 987, 987f

volume of FLR, 987–988

primary malignancies

hepatocellular carcinoma, 981–984, 983f, 984f, 985t–986t

intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, 984

solid lesions, 979

focal nodular hyperplasia, 980–981, 981f

hemangioma, 980, 980f

hepatic adenoma, 981, 982f

surgical technique

bile leak test, 991, 991f, 992t

bleeding, control of, 990–991, 991f

incision and exposure, 989–990, 989f

parenchymal transection, principles of, 990, 990f

staged surgery, 991–992

treatment selection, assessments for, 975–976

Couinaud segmental anatomy of liver, 977f

imaging studies, 977–978, 977f, 978f

laboratory tests, 976

screening for underlying liver disease, 976

status of hepatic functional reserve, stratification of, 976–977

tumor markers specific to, 976

Hepatic resection, bile duct injury during, 1017

Hepatic steatosis, 51

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), 944

Hepatic transplantation, 552–573, 1923

acute rejection, 573

antibody-mediated rejection, 571

cell-mediated rejection, 571–572, 572f

chronic rejection, 572

contraindications to, 553–554

disease-specific indications and outcomes, 554–558, 554f, 555f

immunosuppression induction, 572–573

indications for, 552–553

intracranial hemorrhage and, 554

King’s college criteria for, 557t

MELD and PELD score, 553t

3329

surgical procedure

anesthetic management, 558

anhepatic phase and implantation, 561–564, 561f, 562f, 564f, 565f

auxiliary liver transplantation, 568, 569f

complications, 568

hepatic artery thrombosis, 569–570

inferior vena cava stenosis, 570–571

intra-abdominal sepsis, 571

intraoperative management, 558–559

living donor liver transplantation, 566–568, 567f

neurologic complications, 571

portal vein thrombosis, 570

postoperative hemorrhage, 568–569

postrevascularization phase, 565

primary nonfunction, 568

recipient hepatectomy, 559–561, 560f

split liver transplantation, 565, 566f

surgical technique, 559, 559f

urgent listing criteria for, 553t

Hepatic tumors

diagnosis, 1968

epidemiology, 1967–1968

features, 1968

genetic risk, 1967–1968

pathology, 1968

presentation, 1968

staging, 1968

treatment, 1969–1970

Hepatic veins, obstruction of, 949–950

Hepatitis A virus (HAV), 933

clinical features, 933–934, 934f

epidemiology, 933

molecular structure, 933

risk factors for transmission, 933

treatment, 934

Hepatitis B early antigen (HBeAg), 935

Hepatitis B immune globulin, 936

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 947

clinical features, 935, 935f

epidemiology, 935

molecular structure, 934

risk factors for transmission, 935

treatment, 935–936

Hepatitis B viruses (HBV), 271

Hepatitis C, 555

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 271, 947–948

clinical features, 936–937, 936f

epidemiology, 936

molecular structure, 936

risk factors for transmission, 936

treatment, 937

Hepatitis D virus (HDV), 948

clinical features, 937, 937f, 938f

epidemiology, 937

molecular structure, 937

risk factors for transmission, 937

treatment and prevention, 937

3330

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), 938, 938f

clinical features, 938

epidemiology, 938

treatment, 938

Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA), 412

Hepatoblastomas, 556, 1916–1917

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 271, 552, 943, 981–984, 983f, 984f, 985t–986t, 1916f, 1917, 1970

Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system, 982, 983f

and hepatic malignancy, 556–557

Milan criteria, 982

screening measures for, 982

and TNM classification, 556t

treatment algorithm, 984f

Hepatolithiasis, 1012–1013

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), 553, 952

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), 554, 950–951

cirrhosis and, 951–952

diagnostic criteria for, 952t

and liver transplantation, 952

management, 952

manifestations, 951

prerenal azotemia and, 951, 951t

Herbal medicines, 298t

Hereditary breast and ovarian syndrome (HBOC), 269

Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), 269, 756

Hereditary elliptocytosis, 1276

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), 266–269, 268t, 269t

and small bowel tumors, 828

Hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, 1276

Hereditary spherocytosis, 1275–1276

Hereditary syndromes, 756. See also Adenocarcinoma

HER2 FISH assay, 1316

Hernias, 793, 793f, 794f

abdominal wall, 1212–1259

Bochdalek, 1861

development of, 1224–1225

epigastric, 1246

femoral, 1240, 1873

flank, 1256

foramen of Morgagni, 1865

groin, 1229–1240

hernia accident, 1226

hiatal, 672

incarceration, 1226, 1226f

incisional, 1246–1247

inguinal, 793, 793f, 1873–1875, 1874f

interparietal, 1255–1256

and intestinal obstruction, 1226–1227, 1226f

Littre, 1256

lumbar, 1254, 1254t, 1255f

massive, 1247

mesocolic, 1894

obturator, 1254–1255

paraduodenal, 793, 794f

parastomal, 1252–1254, 1252t, 1253f

pediatric patients, 1873–1875

perineal, 1257

3331

perivascular, 1257, 1257f

prosthetic materials for repair of, 1227–1229, 1228t

reduction of, by taxis, 1226, 1226f

Richter, 793, 794f, 1227, 1227f

sciatic, 1255, 1256f

Spigelian, 1254

sports, 1240–1241, 1240f

strangulation of, 1227

supravesical, 1255, 1256f

umbilical and periumbilical, 1245–1246, 1246f, 1873

ventral abdominal wall, 1244–1245

Herniation, 361

clinical signs of, 366–367

transtentorial, 361

Hernia Wound Risk Assessment Tool (HW-RAT), 1258, 1258t

Herniorrhaphy, 1233

complications of, 1257t

Herniotomy, 1233

Herpes, anorectal, 1193

Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 939

Herpesvirus varicella. See Varicella zoster virus (VZV)

Hesselbach hernia, 1257

Hetastarch, 199

Heterotopic ossification (HO), 234–235

Heterotopic pancreas, 844

Heterozygous protein C deficiency, 78

Hexitols, 802

Hiatal dissection, 678

HIDA scan (biliary scintigraphy)

acalculous cholecystitis, 1002–1003

acute cholecystitis, 1000, 1001f

Hidradenitis suppurativa, 1184

High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 11, 1522

High-grade dysplasia (HGD), 654

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 1194

High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), 105–106

High-resolution impedance, 657

High-resolution manometry (HRM), 654

display, 676f

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma. See Bile duct carcinomas

Hinchey classification scheme, 134f

Hip disarticulation, 1713

Hirschsprung’s disease

anatomy, 1896–1897

associated conditions, 1897

clinical features, 1897

complications, 1904

diagnosis, 1897–1899, 1898f, 1899f

embryology, 1896

outcome, 1904

pathophysiology, 1897

treatment, 1899–1904

Duhamel procedure (Martin modification), 1900–1901, 1900f

laparoscopically assisted endorectal pull-through, 1902, 1903f

rectal myectomy, 1902

Soave procedure, 1901–1902, 1901f

Swenson procedure, 1902, 1902f

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total colonic aganglionosis, 1904

trisomy 21, 1876

Histamine, 718

Histamine-receptor antagonists, 728

Histidine–tryptophan–ketoglutarate (HTK), 615

HIV drugs, 299t

HIV infection and hepatic transplantation, 554

Hobo spiders (Tegenaria agresis), 503

Hodgkin lymphoma, 1854

Hollow viscous injury, in children, 469

Homocysteine elevation, 79

Hook effect, 1405

Horizontal Crucifixion, 447

Horseshoe kidneys, 1934

Hospital care, early, 344–345

Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration (HQID), 321

Howell–Jolly bodies, 1267

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), 1316, 1325

Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8), 271

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 524

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 541, 542, 577

Human papilloma virus (HPV), 271, 1193

Human solid organ cancers, 270t

Human tumor–associated viruses, 271

Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, 1366

Hungry bone syndrome, 206

Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC), 1352

Hydatid cyst, 1283

Hydatid disease. See Echinococcal infection

Hydrocele, 1232, 1875

communicating, 1874f, 1875

of scrotum, 1874f

Hydrocephalus, 1874

Hydrofluoric acid, causing burn, 216

Hydrogen sulfide, 115

Hydronephrosis, 1934

Hydrophidae family (snakes), 496

17-hydroxycorticosteroids, 1385

Hydroxyethyl starch (HES), 159, 199

5-hydroxytryptamine, 802

25-hydroxyvitamin D, 751

Hymenoptera, 503

Hypaque®, 787

Hyperacute rejection, 522–523, 571. See also Solid organ transplant

Hyperaldosteronism, 1389–1391

diagnosis, 1390–1391, 1391f

primary, 1390

secondary, 1390

signs and symptoms, 1390

treatment, 1391

Hyperamylasemia, 848, 848t

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy, 790

Hyperbilirubinemia, 1822

Hypercalcemia, 205, 1365–1368

causes, 1367t

causes of, 206t

clinical manifestations, 1365–1366, 1367t

3333

differential diagnosis, 206t, 1366

etiology

familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, 1367

hyperparathyroidism, 1366

hyperthyroidism, 1367

immobilization, 1367

malignancy, 1366–1367

milk–alkali syndrome, 1367

other causes, 1367–1368

sarcoidosis, 1367

thiazide diuretics, 1367

vitamins A and D excess, 1367

medical treatment, 1368

signs and symptoms of, 206t

Hypercalcemic crisis, 1377–1378

Hypercoagulability testing, 77

Hypercortisolemia, 1405–1406. See also Cushing syndrome

Hypercortisolism, 1388–1389, 1389f

diagnosis, 1388–1389, 1389f

signs and symptoms, 1388

treatment, 1389

Hyperfibrinolysis and traumatic coagulopathy, 489

Hypergastrinemia, 722, 766

Hyperglycemia, 186

in surgical patients, 29, 34

Hyperhomocysteinemia, 79

Hyperkalemia, 204, 204f

Hypermagnesemia, 207

Hypermetabolism, 218

Hypernatremia, 203, 203t, 222

Hyperosmolar states, 195

Hyperparathyroidism, 1370–1378, 1380

asymptomatic, 1374–1375

etiology, 1370

gastrointestinal manifestations, 1372

and hypercalcemia, 1366

hypercalcemic crisis, 1377–1378

imaging techniques, 1373–1374, 1374f

incidence, 1370, 1370t

laboratory findings, 1373

bicarbonate, 1373

calcium, 1373

magnesium, 1373

other tests, 1373

parathyroid hormone, 1373, 1373f

phosphate, 1373

neonatal, 1378

neuromuscular manifestations, 1372

pathology

parathyroid adenoma, 1371, 1371f

parathyroid carcinoma, 1371

parathyroid hyperplasia, 1371, 1371f

persistent, 1377, 1377f

physical findings, 1373

in pregnancy, 1378

primary, 1370

psychological manifestations, 1372

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renal manifestations, 1372

secondary, 1370, 1378

skeletal manifestations, 1372, 1372f

systemic effects, 1371–1372

tertiary, 1370

treatment, 1374–1377

extent of resection, 1376

indications for surgery, 1374

limited surgical exploration, 1376

parathyroid autotransplantation, 1377

principles of surgical correction, 1375–1376, 1375f

Hyperplastic polyps (HPs), 755, 1093, 1096, 1106, 1106f

Hyperprolactinemia, 1405, 1405t

Hyperresuscitation, 308

Hypersplenism, 1267, 1268, 1277–1279

causes, 1268t

criteria for, 1268

Hypertension (HTN), 249, 1662–1667. See also Renovascular hypertension (RVH)

and heart disease, 1522

in hyperparathyroidism, 1372

pheochromocytoma and, 1394

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), 1153–1154, 1208

Hyperthyroidism, 1346–1347

and hypercalcemia, 1367

Hypertonic saline solutions (HTS), 198–199

Hypertrophic scarring, 229–230

Hyperventilation, 354

Hypnotics, 242–243

Hypoadrenal shock, 153

Hypocalcemia, 164, 206, 1368–1370

causes, 1368, 1369t

hypomagnesemia, 1369

idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, 1369

other causes, 1369

postoperative hypoparathyroidism, 1368–1369

pseudohypoparathyroidism, 1369

vitamin D deficiency, 1369

causes of, 207t

clinical features, 1368, 1369t

clinical manifestations of, 207t

treatment, 1369–1370, 1370t

Hypocapnia, 483

Hypochlorhydria, acute, 727

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), 89

Hypoglycemia, 1822, 1928–1929, 1928f

Hypokalemia, 204–205

causes of, 204t

Hypomagnesemia, 207

Hyponatremia, 198, 202, 222, 1405

symptoms of, 203t

Hypoosmolar states, 195

Hypoperfusion, 1623

Hypopharynx, 640

Hypopituitarism, 1405

Hypoplastic aortic syndrome, 1675

Hypoplastic left-heart syndrome (HLHS), 1500f, 1501

Hypoplastic right heart syndrome, 1834

3335

Hypospadias, 1940–1941, 1940f, 1941f

Hyposplenism, 1267–1268, 1268t

causes, 1267, 1268t

diagnosis, 1267

pathophysiologic consequences, 1267–1268, 1268t

splenectomy and, 1286–1287

Hypotension and head injury, 361

Hypothalamic feeding center (HFC), 43

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, 1385, 1976

Hypothenar hammer syndrome, 1639

Hypothermia, 157–158, 258, 505–511, 505t, 506f, 507f. See also Environmental injuries

cardiovascular response and, 506

cause of, 488

and physiologic response, 506

in trauma patients, 488, 508–510

zones of severity for, 509t

Hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA), 1562, 1569

Hypothyroidism, 1347

Hypovolemia, physiologic response to, 153, 153f

Hypovolemic shock, 149

Hypoxia, 211

Hypoxia and head injury, 361

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), 59

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1a), 75

Hypoxic cells, 161

I

Iatrogenic splenectomy, 1269, 1280–1281

Ibuprofen, for wound healing, 65

Icodextrin, 791

Idarucizumab, 475

Idiopathic breast pain. See Breast pain

Idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), 1807

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 589–590, 666

Ifosfamide, 2020

IGF1 (somatomedin C), 1406

Iiopubic tract, 1220, 1220f

Ileal artery aneurysm, 1661

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), 1089–1090, 1089f, 1090f

Ileo-anal pouch, in Crohn disease, 820

Ileus, 782

and bowel obstruction, 782–804

historical perspective, 782

diagnosis, 800–801, 800f, 800t

etiologic factors, 799–800

management, 801–802, 801t

prevent prolongation of, 802t

Iliococcygeus muscle, 1053

Iliofemoral venous thrombectomy, 1782

Iliopectineal arch, 1220

Iloprost, 512

IL-2 receptor blockade, 520

Imatinib (Gleevec), 767, 2021, 2025

gastrointestinal stromal tumor, 836

Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing Battery (ImPACT), 461

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), 1273–1274

splenectomy for, 1274, 1274t

Immunitrition, delivery of, 183

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Immunity, innate vs. adaptive, 87

Immunodeletion, 526

Immunoglobulin E (IgE), 775

Immunologic anergy and exhaustion, 526

Immunomodulators, in Crohn disease, 816t, 817

Immunonutrition, 182

Immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif (ITAM), 88

Immunosuppressive therapy, 298, 581. See also Cardiac transplantation

Impedance plethysmography (IPG), 1602–1603

Impella left ventricular assist device, 1552, 1553f

Imperforate anus

anatomy, 1882–1883, 1882f

anomalies in infants, 1883

classification, 1882–1883, 1883f, 1883t, 1884f

clinical presentation, 1883–1884

complications, 1885

diagnosis, 1884–1885

embryology, 1881–1882, 1881f

outcome, 1885

results, 1885

treatment, 1885

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Imperforate hymen, 1945, 1945f

Implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD), 1545–1546

Implant-based techniques, 2037

Improvised explosive devices (IED), 346, 355

Incarcerated hemorrhoids, 1180–1181

Incarceration, 1874

Incidental adrenal mass, 1396–1398

diagnosis, 1396–1398, 1397f, 1397t

treatment, 1398

Incidental splenectomy, 1269, 1280

Incisional hernias, 1246–1247

European Hernia Society classification, 1245t

Ventral Hernia Working Group (VHWG) classification, 1245t

Incretins, 752

Indian Hedgehog (IHh), 944

Indirect calorimetry, 26, 32

Inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), 799

Induction immunosuppression, 520

Infantile hemangiomas (IH), 1841–1842

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

anatomy, 1904

clinical presentation, 1904

diagnosis, 1904–1905, 1904f

pathophysiology, 1904

Ramstedt pyloromyotomy for, 1905f

treatment, 1905

Infantile polycystic kidney disease, 1934

Infected aneurysms, 1609

Infected aortitis, 1609

Infections

hepatic, 1918

metabolic changes after, 30–31

nutritional support in, 38

Inferior lumbar (Petit) triangle, 1218, 1218f

Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), 1054, 1088

aneurysm, 1661–1662

Inferior mesenteric vein (IMV), 424, 853, 954, 1055

Inferior pedicle technique, 2044f

Inferior thyroid artery (ITA), 1341

Inferior vena cava (IVC), 158, 433

filter, 180

leiomyosarcoma, 2023, 2023f

stenosis, 570–571

Infiltrating lobular carcinomas (ILCs), 1315–1316. See also Breast cancer

Inflammation, 86–122, 799–800

autophagy, 118–119

cellular components

basophils and mast cells, 98

eosinophils, 97–98

lymphocytes, 94–97

mononuclear phagocytes, 93–94

neutrophils, 87–93

platelets, 98–99, 99t

innate vs. adaptive immunity, 87

noncellular components

complement system, 108–110

cytokines, 99–101, 100t–101t

early cytokines/innate immunity, 101–107

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late cytokines/adaptive immunity, 107–108

lipid mediators, 110–112

platelet-activating factor (PAF)

heme oxygenase, 115

hydrogen sulfide, 115

kinins, 112–113

neuropeptides, 113–114

nitric oxide, 114–115

recognition and activation processes

danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP), 115–116

exogenous/endogenous danger recognition, 115

receptors for danger recognition, 116–118

stress response, 119–120

acute-phase response, 120–121

chronic inflammation, 122

reperfusion injury, 121–122

systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), 122

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 76

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), 1327–1328

Inflammatory mucosal polyps, 1107, 1107f

Inflammatory pseudotumors, 1854

in spleen, 1283

Infliximab

in Crohn anal fistulas, 1185

in ulcerative colitis, 1086

Infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease

autogenous vein bypass for, 1696–1698

complications, 1701

diagnosis, 1689–1690, 1690f

endovascular therapy for, 1692–1694

epidemiology, 1687

graft failure and surveillance, 1700–1701, 1701f

medical treatment, 1690–1701

natural history, 1687, 1689

nonreversed saphenous vein grafts, 1698

operative management, 1694–1696, 1694f, 1695f, 1696f

postreconstruction management, 1700

presentation, 1687, 1689

prosthetic bypass for, 1698–1699

reoperative bypass surgery for, 1699–1700, 1700f

revascularization

approach to, 1691–1692

indications for, 1691

risk factors, 1687

Inguinal hernia

Inguinal hernias, 1229, 1230, 1230f. See also Groin hernias

anatomy, 1873–1874

clinical issues, 1874–1875

complications of repair for

bladder injury, 1244

bleeding, 1243

bowel obstruction, 1244

diaphragmatic dysfunction, 1244

gas embolism, 1243–1244

hydrocele, 1243

hypercapnia, 1244

ileus, 1241

3339