local effects of, 784–785

management of, 789–790

postoperative adhesions, 792, 792f

symptoms and signs of, 784t

Bowel rest, 183

Bowen disease, 1194–1195, 1195f

Brachiocephalic disease

anatomy, 1634

atherosclerosis and, 1634–1635

clinical findings, 1634

diagnostic evaluation, 1635, 1635f

differential diagnosis, 1634–1635

endovascular treatment, 1636, 1636f

open surgical treatment, 1635–1636

repair, indications for, 1635

Brachytherapy, 279

Bradykinin production, 112

BRAF inhibitors, 2001

BRAF therapy, 2001

Brain contusion, 365

Brain death, criteria for, 531t

Brain Trauma Foundation, 362

Branchial cleft remnants, 1837–1838, 1838f

anatomy, 1838–1840, 1838t, 1839f

dermoid cysts, 1840

embryology, 1838–1840, 1838t, 1839f

infection and, 1840–1841

thymic cysts, 1840

thyroglossal duct cysts, 1840, 1840f

treatment, 1840–1841

Bravo system, 658

Braxton Hicks contractions, 1976

Breast

anatomy of, 1291, 1292f

blood supply, 1291

innervation, 1291

lymphatic drainage, 1292, 1292f

surgical anatomy, 1291

benign diseases, 1304–1306, 1304t

biopsy, 1297

core needle biopsy, 1297–1298, 1298t

excisional biopsy, 1298

fine needle aspiration, 1297, 1297f

incisional biopsy, 1298

skin punch biopsy, 1298–1299

clinical breast examination, 1294–1295, 1295f

development, 1292–1293, 1293f

diagnostic mammography, 1295, 1296f

diagnostic MRI, 1297

infections, 1303–1304

lobular carcinoma in situ, 1305–1306, 1306t

masses, 1299–1301, 1299t, 1300f, 1301f

menopause and, 1294

menstrual cycle and, 1293–1294

nipple discharge, 1302–1303

nonproliferative lesions of, 1304, 1304t

pain, 1301–1302, 1302f

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in pregnancy and lactation, 1294

problem, clinical evaluation of, 1294–1299, 1294t

proliferative lesions with atypia, 1304t, 1305

proliferative lesions without atypia, 1304–1305, 1304t

ultrasound, 1295–1296

Breast bone, 1446

Breast cancer

adjuvant medical therapy, 1319t, 1326–1327

AJCC TNM staging system, 1314, 1315t

biomarker profile, 1316

BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in, 1309–1310, 1310t

chemotherapy, 1325

clinical risk assessment, 1310–1311, 1311t

diagnostic MRI, 1316–1317

ductal carcinoma in situ, 1312–1313, 1312f, 1313t

in elderly, 1328

endocrine therapy, 1325

familial, 1309

hereditary, 1309

histologic subtype and tumor grade, 1314–1316

inflammatory, 1327–1328

lobular carcinoma in situ and risk for, 1305–1306, 1306t

locally advanced, 1318, 1318f

management, 1311–1312

in men, 1329–1330

molecular subtyping, 1316

Paget disease of breast, 1330–1331, 1331f

phyllodes tumors, 1331–1332, 1331f

during pregnancy, 1328–1329

radiation therapy, 1324

recurrence, 1330

risk factors, 1308–1309

age, 1309

environmental and lifestyle factors, 1309

estrogen exposure, 1309

family history, 1309–1310

sarcomas, 1331

screening

breast self-examination, 1306

clinical breast examination, 1306

mammography, 1306–1308

MRI, 1308

sentinel lymph node biopsy, 1317–1318, 1317t

sporadic, 1309

surgical therapy

axillary lymph node dissection, 1320–1322, 1321f

breast reconstruction, 1323–1324, 1324f

partial mastectomy, 1319–1320, 1319f, 1320t

radical mastectomy, 1324

simple mastectomy, 1322–1323, 1322f, 1323f

targeted therapy

for HER2+ breast cancers, 1325

for triple negative breast cancers, 1326

treatment, 1318–1319 (see also specific treatment)

Breast conservation therapy (BCT), 1312, 1319–1320, 1319f, 1320t

Breast implants, 1323–1324

Breast pain, 1301

3285

cyclical, 1301

noncyclical, 1301–1302

therapy for, 1302

workup for, 1302

Breast self-examination (BSE), 1306

Breathing movements (FBM), 1806

Bridge to transplant (BTT), 577

Brief Abuse Screen for the Elderly (BASE), 475

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy, 128, 128t, 139

Bromocriptine

for breast pain, 1302

for prolactinomas, 1412, 1412t

Bronchial adenomas, 1852

Bronchial artery embolization (BAE), 1462

Bronchial artery reanastomosis, 587

Bronchial cysts, 1436

Bronchial gland carcinomas, 1435

Bronchiectasis, 1459–1461, 1462f

and lung transplantation, 590

Bronchiolitis obliterans, 602

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), 594, 667

Bronchogenic carcinoma, 1852

Bronchogenic cysts (BCs), 1467, 1849, 1850f

Bronchoscopy, foreign body removal, 1860, 1860f

Bronchospasm, 252

Broselow Pediatric Emergency Tape, 457, 457f

in ETT estimation, 458

Brown recluse, 503

Brow ptosis, 2055

Brunner glands, 773

Bucket-handle type injury, 404, 404f

Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS), 557, 558

and cirrhosis, 949

diagnosis, 949, 956

etiologic factors, 950t

management, 949–950

percutaneous portacaval shunting (TIPS) in, 956

and portal hypertension, 955–956

therapy for, 956

Budesonide, in Crohn disease, 816t, 817

Buerger disease, 1638

Buffer systems, 208

Bulbocavernosus muscle, 1187

Buprenorphine, 299t

Bupropion, 741

Burn center referral criteria, 219t

Burns

associated complications

clinical research, 235

heterotopic ossification (HO), 234–235

marjolins ulcer, 235

muscle catabolism and wasting, 233

burn reconstruction

anatomic concerns, 233

hypertrophic scarring, 229–230

need for reconstruction, minimizing, 229

tissue expansion, 231

3286

burn resuscitation flowsheet, 242

burn shock, 217–218

critical care of burn patient

electrolyte abnormalities/acute renal failure, 221–222

hemodynamic monitoring, 221

Burns (continued)

metabolic response and nutrition, 222

ventilator strategies, 221

emergency care, 218–219, 219t

airway assessment, 219

fluid resuscitation, 219–220

resuscitation of patients, 220

epidemiology

adults, 214

children, 214

elderly, 214

race and ethnicity, 215

socioeconomic status (SES), 215

etiology

chemical burns, 216

contact burns, 215

electrical burns, 215–216

flame burns, 215

frostbite, 216–217

immunologic response to, 218

infections

pneumonia, 229

vascular catheter–related, 229

wound, 229

metabolic response to, 218

operative interventions

excision and grafting, 223–226

extremity treatment, 227

order of coverage, 226–227

skin alternatives, 227

pain control

acute pain, 228

chronic pain/substance abuse, 228

science/translational science research, 232–233

severity of, 220

wound management, 222–223

Burns, nutritional support in, 39

Buserelin, 1325

14–4 bypass, 741

C

CA 19–9, 886

Cabergoline

for acromegaly, 1412, 1413t

in Cushing disease, 1414t

for prolactinomas, 1412, 1412t

Cachexia, 47

of cancer and AIDS, 31

Cadaveric vein grafts, 1617

Calcineurin, 521

Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), 520, 521, 575

Calcitonin, 1344, 1365

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), 114

3287

Calcium, 1361–1363

absorption, 1362

hypercalcemia, 205, 206t

hypocalcemia, 206, 207t

metabolism, regulation of, 1364–1365, 1364t

reabsorption, 1362–1363

role of, 1361–1362

total serum concentration, 1362

Calcium-channel blockers, 299t

in anal fissure treatment, 1181

Calcium chloride, 164, 207

Calcium gluconate, for hypocalcemia, 1369

Calcium supplementation, for colorectal adenoma recurrence prevention, 1106

Calculated percent reactive antibodies (cPRA), 541

Cameron erosions, 672

Camper fascia, 1213

Canadian Cervical Spine Rules (CCR), 461

Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC), 1306

Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination, 284

Canal of Nuck hydrocele, 1875

Cancer, 47, 75, 526. See also specific type

biostatistics, 285

esophagus, 709–710

immunology, 272–273

metabolic response to, 31

obesity and, 52

screening, 283–284

staging (traditional/genetic), 282–283

clinical staging, 282

neoadjuvant or posttherapy staging, 282

pathologic stage, 282

restaging, 282

tobacco and, 270, 270t

and wound healing, 66–67

Cancer Genome Atlas Consortium, 1120

Candida albicans, 550

Cantrell pentology, 1847, 1871

Capecitabine (Xeloda), 280t, 1135

Capnography, 256, 356

Caprini risk assessment for VTE, 179t

Capsaicinoids, 741

Capsule endoscopy (CE), for small bowel tumors, 829

Captopril scintigraphy, 1664

Caput medusae, 1245, 1245f

Carbohydrate, 181

digestion and absorption, 778, 779f

as energy fuel, 22

metabolism, 8–11

gluconeogenesis, 10–11, 11f

and glucose, 8–9

glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, 9, 9f

glycolysis, 9–10, 10f

phosphogluconate pathway, 11, 11f

wound healing, effect on, 63

Carbonic anhydrase, 719

Carboplatin, 1325

Carboxypeptidase, 846

3288

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) testing, 285

Carcinoid syndrome, 830–831

Carcinoid tumors

of appendix, 1208

of lungs, 1433–1434, 1433f, 1434f

of rectum, 1109

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), 583

Cardiac anomalies, 1883

Cardiac arrest, treatment of, 173–175

Cardiac catheterization, 1525, 1526f

Cardiac cirrhosis, 949

Cardiac function assessment, 172

Cardiac index (CI), 155, 590

Cardiac tamponade

and constrictive pericarditis, 1580t

postoperative, 1579

Cardiac transplantation, 575–585

candidate evaluation, 576

complications, 582–583, 582f, 583f, 584t

contraindications to, 577t

current issues, 584–585

donor selection and management, 576–577

ethics, 584

heart procurement, 578

historical perspective, 575–576

immunosuppression, 581–582, 582t

indications for, 576t

matching donor to recipient, 577

operative recipient management, 578–581, 578f, 579f, 580f

outcomes, 583–584

recipient management, 577–578

stratifying risk and survival results, 576t

survival, 584f

Cardiac troponin, 1524

Cardiac tumors, 1515

benign primary

lipomas, 1516

myxomas, 1515–1516, 1515f

papillary fibroelastomas, 1516

rhabdomyomas, 1516

malignant primary

angiosarcoma, 1516

rhabdomyosarcoma, 1516

metastatic tumors, 1516–1517

Cardiogenic shock, 149–151, 1523

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), 1424

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 329, 483

Cardiovascular diseases

congestive heart failure (CHF), 251–252

coronary artery disease, 249–251

hypertension, 249

percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting, 251

Cardiovascular system and geriatric trauma, 473–474

Cardiovascular system, surgery risk

antiplatelet therapy, 300–301

cardiac medication management, 301–302

preexisting cardiac disease, 300

3289

preoperative testing, 300

risk stratification, 299–300, 300t

CardioWest total artificial heart, 1557, 1559f

Carnivore hypothesis, on insulin resistance, 42

Carotid arteries

aneurysms, 1632–1633, 1632f

bifurcation, 1623–1624, 1623f

dissection, 1632

fibromuscular dysplasia, 1632

nonatherosclerotic diseases, 1632, 1632f

stenosis, 1625t

asymptomatic, 1625–1626

diagnosis, 1624–1625

grading, 1625t

symptomatic, 1625

trauma, 1633, 1633f

Carotid artery occlusive disease

diagnostic evaluation, 1624–1625

epidemiology, 1622

treatment of, 1625

Carotid artery stenting (CAS), 1622, 1631f

carotid endarterectomy vs., 1626

complications, 1630, 1632

contraindications to, 1626t

technique, 1629–1630

Carotid bifurcation occlusive disease, 1623, 1623f

Carotid body tumors, 1633, 1633f

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA), 1590, 1591t, 1622

carotid stenting vs., 1626

complications, 1629

cranial nerve injuries associated with, 1629t

criteria for high-risk, 1626t

technique, 1626–1627

Carotid patch infection, 1618

Carotid plaque, 1623–1624, 1623f, 1624f

Case fatality rate (CFR), 348

Catecholamines, 218, 483, 1387–1388, 1387f, 1387t

release, 153

secretion, 209

synthetic, 163

Cathartics, in hepatic encephalopathy, 953–954

Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), 188

Catheter, balloon-carrying, 347

Catheter-based procedures, 1773

Caustic injury, 693. See also Esophagus

Cavitation, 341

Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator, 1969

Cavocavostomy technique, 562–563, 563f. See also Hepatic transplantation

C-cell hyperplasia, 1380

CD14, 116

CD91, 117–118

Cecum, 1051–1052

Cefotaxime, in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 969

Cefotetan, 130

Celiac artery aneurysms, 1660

Celiac disease, and small bowel tumors, 828

Celiac trunk, 712

3290

Cell adhesion molecules, 72–74

Cell cycle, 272

Cellular components. See also Inflammation

basophils and mast cells, 98

eosinophils, 97–98

lymphocytes, 94–97

mononuclear phagocytes, 93–94

neutrophils, 87–93

platelets, 98–99, 99t

Cellular kininogenase activity, 113

Cellular proliferation rate, 1806

Cellulitis, 138, 1303

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 141, 354

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), 328

Centers of excellence (COE), 319

Centipedes, 504

Central hypogonadism, 1405

Central line associated blood stream infection (CLABSI), 169, 188

Central nervous system (CNS), 335

Central pedicle technique, 2045f

Central pontine myelinolysis, 202

Central venous catheter, 37

Central venous pressure (CVP), 148, 153, 155, 161, 187, 201, 327, 490

Centrifugal pumps, 1556, 1556f

CentriMag VAD, 1553, 1554f

Cerebral blood flow (CBF), 361

Cerebral blood volume (CBV), 361

Cerebral contusion, 365

Cerebral edema, 365

and osmolar therapy, 369–370

Cerebral microdialysis, 369

Cerebral perfusion, monitoring of, 368–369

Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), 361, 448

Cerebral salt wasting (CSW), 202

Cerebral tissue oxygen tension, measurement of, 361

Cerebral vasodilation, 211

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 361

Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), 1622, 1625–1626

Cerebrovascular occlusive disease, 1622–1636

Ceruloplasmin, 19

Cervical esophageal cancer, 698

Cervical esophageal injuries, 392

Cervical esophagus, 644, 645f

Cervical spine injuries (CSI), 461

Cervical tracheal injuries, 391

Cetuximab (Erbitux), 280t

Chagas disease, 524

Charcot triad, 1012

Chemical burns

treatment, 216

types of, 216

Chemokines, 103–104

Chemotherapeutic drugs, effect of, on wound healing, 66

Chemotherapy, 2001

for adrenocortical carcinoma, 1393

for breast cancer, 1325

cancer biostatistics, 285

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