splenic artery, 1657–1658, 1657f, 1658f

superior mesenteric artery, 1659, 1660f

suprarenal abdominal aortic, 1757–1758

thoracoabdominal aortic, 1717–1729 (see also Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA))

upper extremity arterial disease, 1639, 1641f

Anginal equivalents, 1522

Angina pectoris, 1507

Angiodysplasia

colonic, 1076

stomach and small intestine, 1077

Angiogenesis, 58–59

Angiography, 1624–1625, 1625f

upper extremity arterial disease, 1643, 1643f

Angiojet rheolytic catheter, 1782

Angiosarcoma, cardiac, 1516, 1517f

Angiotensin, 154

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), 196

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, 299t

for aortic aneurysms, 1567

in coronary artery disease, 1525

Angiotensin I, 1662, 1663f

Angiotensin II, 1386, 1663f

Angiotensin receptor blockers, for aortic aneurysms, 1567

Angle of Louis, 1446

Anhydrous ammonia, causing burn, 216

Anion gap, 208

Ankle–brachial index (ABI), 436

in aortoiliac occlusive disease, 1676

in peripheral arterial disease, 1686

Ankle–brachial index (ABI), 1593–1594, 1593t, 1615

Annular pancreas, 843–844, 843f, 1879f

Anomalous left coronary artery arising from pulmonary artery (ALCAPA), 1498

Anomalous origin of coronary arteries, 1498, 1519

Anorectal abscess, 1182–1183, 1182f, 1183f

causes, 1182

classification, 1183f

clinical manifestations, 1183

treatment, 1183

Anorectal cancer, Crohn disease and, 824

Anorectal disorders, 1172–1197

anal canal tumors

adenocarcinomas, 1196

epidermoid/squamous cell carcinoma, 1195–1196, 1196f, 1197t

melanoma, 1196

anal margin tumors

basal cell carcinomas, 1195

Bowen disease, 1194–1195, 1195f

Paget disease, 1195, 1195f

squamous cell carcinoma, 1195, 1195f

anatomy

anal canal and sphincters, 1172–1174, 1173f–1177f

blood supply, 1172, 1175f

lymphatic drainage, 1172–1173, 1176f

rectum, 1172, 1173f

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply, 1173, 1177f

venous drainage, 1172, 1175f

benign

3273

anal fissure, 1181–1182, 1182f

anal fistula, 1183–1185

anorectal abscess, 1182–1183, 1182f, 1183f

fecal incontinence, 1189–1192

hemorrhoids, 1177–1181

pilonidal disease, 1186

rectal prolapse, 1187–1189, 1188f

rectovaginal fistula, 1185–1187, 1185f, 1185t, 1186f, 1186t

diagnostic evaluation, 1176–1177

digital rectal examination, 1178t

physiology, 1176, 1178f

sexually transmitted diseases, 1193

anal intraepithelial neoplasia, 1194

Chlamydial infections, 1193

condyloma acuminata, 1193

gonorrhea, 1193

herpes simplex virus, 1193

HIV and AIDS, 1194

lymphogranuloma venereum, 1193

Anorectal injuries, in children, 469

Anorectal malformations

anatomy, 1882–1883, 1882f

anomalies in infants, 1883

classification, 1882–1883, 1883f, 1883t, 1884f

clinical presentation, 1883–1884

complications, 1885

diagnosis, 1884–1885

embryology, 1881–1882, 1881f

outcome, 1885

results, 1885

treatment, 1885

Anorectal manometry, 1899

Anorectal spaces, 1054

Anorectoplasty, 1885

Anoscopy, 1193

Anterior component separation, 1248, 1249f

Anterior lateral thigh (ALT) perforator flap, 2037

Anterior–posterior compression (APC), 445

Anthracyclines, 1325

Anthropometric measurements, for nutritional status assessment, 24

Antiangiogenic therapy, for myelodysplastic syndrome, 1279

Antibiotics

appendectomy and, 130–131

appendicitis, 1202

arterial infections, 1618

breast infections, 1304

complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI), 130

Crohn anal fistulas, 1185

Crohn disease, 816, 816t

hepatic encephalopathy, 954

spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 969

variceal bleeding, 959

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), 522, 523–524

Anticholinergic agents, 1059

in irritable bowel syndrome, 1059

Anticoagulant therapy, 253, 299t

Anticoagulation therapy, in TBI, 491–492

3274

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 154, 194, 195f, 1662

Antigen-presenting cells (APC), 93, 269, 519

Antihypertensive therapy, 1677

Anti-impulse therapy, for aortic aneurysms, 1567

Antimetabolite drugs, 522

Antimicrobial therapy

broad-spectrum, 128, 129t, 139

sepsis guidelines 2012, 129t

Antioxidant therapy

for chronic pancreatitis, 873

for liver fibrosis, 945

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 77

Antiplatelet therapy, 300–301, 1677

in TBI, 491–492

Antireflux surgery, 681

anatomic failure, 682–683

complications of, 681

objective outcomes, 682

symptomatic outcomes, 681–682

Antithrombin (AT), 71, 71f

deficiency, 78

Antral glands, 716

AO Foundation (AO), 445

Aortic aneurysm, 1562, 1717

abdominal (see Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs))

false aneurysms, 1562

normal anatomic aortic segments, 1563f

thoracic (see Thoracic aortic aneurysm)

true, 1562

Aortic arch, double, 1497

Aortic dissections, 1562

Aortic endografts, evaluation for, 1606, 1606f

Aortic homografts, 1515

Aortic infections, in stable patient

anesthetic considerations, 1615

aortic graft excision, 1615–1616

aortic ligation and extraanatomic bypass, 1615, 1616

comparisons of arterial reconstruction methods, 1617, 1618t

preoperative evaluation, 1615

in situ reconstruction, 1615

with autogenous femoral vein, 1616–1617

with cryopreserved arterial allografts, 1616

with rifampin-soaked and silver-impregnated grafts, 1616

Aortic injury, 398, 399f

Aortic regurgitation (AR), 1509–1510

diagnosis, 1509–1510

imaging, 1510

natural history, 1510

pathophysiology, 1509

prevalence and etiology, 1509

severity, 1510t

treatment, 1510

Aortic stenosis (AS), 1492–1494, 1493f, 1506–1509

bicuspid, 1507

degenerative calcific, 1507

electrocardiogram and imaging, 1507–1508

natural history, 1508, 1508f

3275

pathophysiology, 1507

prevalence and etiology, 1506–1507

rheumatic, 1507

severity of, 1508, 1508t

subvalvar, 1494

supravalvar, 1494

symptoms and signs, 1507

Aortic stenosis (continued)

treatment, 1508–1509

percutaneous AVR, 1508–1509

percutaneous balloon aortic valvotomy (PBAV), 1509

surgical AV replacement (AVR), 1508, 1508f, 1509f

valvar, 1492–1493

Aortic valve (AV), 1505, 1506f

Aortic valve replacement (AVR), 317f

Aortoenteric fistulas (AEF), 1077, 1611–1612, 1759

aortic ligation and extraanatomic bypass for, 1614

diagnosis, 1613

in situ aortic reconstruction for, 1615

Aortofemoral bypass operation, 1682

Aortograms, abdominal, 1678f

Aortoiliac disease

anatomy, 1672, 1673f

antihypertensive therapy for, 1677

antiplatelet therapy for, 1677

balanced diet for, 1677

clinical pathologic types of, 1674–1675

computed tomographic angiography for, 1678–1679, 1678f, 1679f

diagnosis, 1675–1676, 1676f

differential diagnosis, 1676–1677

digital subtraction arteriography for, 1679–1680

endarterectomy for, 1682–1683

endovascular surgical management, 1681–1682, 1682t

evaluation of, 1680

exercise for, 1677

extra-anatomic bypass and, 1683

glycemic control in, 1677

lipid-lowering therapy for, 1677–1678

magnetic resonance angiography for, 1679, 1680f

noninvasive vascular testing for, 1675–1876

open surgical management, 1682–1684

pathophysiology, 1672

presentation, 1672, 1674

revascularization for, 1678–1684

smoking cessation and, 1677

treatment, 1677–1684, 1677f

Aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD), 1672, 1673f

aortofemoral bypass operation in, 1682

complications, 1684

diagnosis, 1675–1676, 1676f

differential diagnosis, 1676–1677

evaluation of, 1680

patterns of, 1674–1675

revascularization technique for, 1680–1681

symptomatic, 1677f

Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus II classification, 1675t

type II disease, 1675

3276

type III disease, 1675

APC gene, 1094

Apixaban, 180, 474, 1781

Apolipoproteins, 11

Aponeurosis, 1213. See also Abdominal wall

Aponeurotic arch, 1214, 1217f

Appendages, 1943

Appendectomy, 130, 132

Appendiceal abscess, 1203–1204

Appendiceal adenocarcinoma, 1206–1208, 1207f

Appendiceal cancer, 1206–1208

Appendiceal perforation rates, 1981

Appendiceal phlegmon, 1204

Appendicitis, 1199, 1981–1982

abscess or phlegmon management, 132

Alvarado/MANTRELS scoring system, 1201, 1201t

anatomy of appendix, 1199–1200

antibiotics vs. appendectomy, 130–131

diagnosis, 1200

history and physical examination, 1200, 1200t

interval appendectomy, 132

laboratory values, 1200–1201

laparoscopic vs. open appendectomy, 131

management, 1202

appendiceal abscess, 1203–1204

appendiceal phlegmon, 1204

complicated appendicitis and, 1203

interval appendectomy, 1204–1205

nonoperative management, 1202–1203

pathophysiology, 1200

perforated, 1203f

with associated abscess, 1204f

preoperative identification, 1201

radiologic imaging, 1201

surgical options

complicated appendicitis, 1206

laparoscopic versus open appendectomy, 1205

outpatient appendectomy, 1206

single-incision laparoscopic (SILS) appendectomy, 1205–1206

time to appendectomy/perforation risk, 132

ultrasonographic appearance of, 1982f

Appendectomy, 1983–1984

Appendix, 1052

Apple-peel deformity, 1877

Aprotinin, 579, 1535

Arachidonic acid, 218

Arachnoid cysts, 1404

Arch of Buhler, 1648

Arc of Barkow, 1649

Arc of Riolan, 1054, 1672

Arginine, 63, 182

supplementation, 37

in wound healing, 63

Arginine test, 850

Arginine vasopressin (AVP), 154, 194f

Argon beam coagulator, 1272

Arm claudication, 1638

3277

Aromatase inhibitor (AI), for breast cancer, 1305, 1312

Arterial baroreceptors, 196

Arterial graft infections

classification, 1611

conservative management, 1614

diagnosis, 1611–1613

microbiology, 1610–1611

pathogenesis of, 1610

surgical management, 1614–1617

Arterial infections, secondary, prevention of, 1618–1619

Arterial occlusive disease

amputation after, 1715t

cerebrovascular, 1622–1636

infrainguinal, 1687–1701

Arterial pressure waveform, 172, 172f

Arterial stimulation with venous sampling (ASVS), for pancreatic endocrine neoplasms, 904, 905f

Arterial vasodilation hypothesis, 951

Arterial wave contour analysis, 161–162

Arteria radicularis magna, 1726

Arteriography, for vascular infection, 1613

Arteriomegaly, 1732

Arteriosclerosis

and aortic aneurysm, 1717

renovascular hypertension and, 1664

Artery of Adamkiewicz, 1726

Artery of Drummond, 1054

Articular fractures, 451

Artificial bowel sphincter (ABS), 1192, 1192f

Artificial oxygen carriers, 199

Artificial placenta, 1814

Ascites, 966–969, 1913–1914, 1913t, 1914t

causes of, 966–967

clinical and laboratory features, 967

definition of, 966

development of, in cirrhotic patients, 951

diagnosis, 967

differential diagnosis, 967t

hernias and, 969

paracentesis for, 967

pathophysiology, 967

treatment, 967–969, 968t

Asp caterpillars, 504–505

Asphyxia, in children, 467

Aspirin, 99, 180, 299t, 301

in aortoiliac disease, 1677

in coronary artery disease, 1525, 1526

Assessment of low tidal volume and elevated end-expiratory pressure to obviate lung injury (ALVEOLI),

176

Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS), 989

Asterixis, 953

Atherosclerosis, 1521–1522, 1521f

brachiocephalic disease and, 1634–1635

cerebrovascular occlusive disease, 1622, 1623

diagnostic evaluation, 1622, 1623

upper extremity arterial disease and, 1638

for vertebrobasilar disease, 1634

Atherosclerotic aneurysms, 1769

3278

Athletic pubalgia, 1240–1241

ATMs. See Adipose tissue macrophages

Atractaspididae family (snakes), 496

Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP), 197

Atrial septal defect (ASD), 1481–1483, 1482f, 1819

Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), 1485–1486

cardiac anomalies associated with, 1485

operative treatment, 1486

Rastelli classification, 1485t

Atypical adenomas, 1404. See also Pituitary adenomas

Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), 1305

Atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), 1305

Auerbach plexus, 1056

Autogenous femoral vein, 1616–1617

Autogenous tissue reconstruction, 2041

Autogenous vein bypass, 1696–1698, 1697f, 1698t

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 1275

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), 940

Autoimmune neutropenia, 1275

Autoimmune pancreatitis, 1030

Automated external defibrillator (AED), 352

Autophagosomes, 860

Autophagy, 118–119

Autophagy-related proteins (ATG), 118

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPCKD), 1934–1935

Autosomal dominant syndrome, 268

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPCKD), 1934

Autotransfusion, 160

Auxillary partial orthotopic liver transplantation (APOLT), 568

Avascular necrosis (AVN), 452

Axilla, 1292

Axillary artery, cannulation of, 1567, 1567f

Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), 1320–1322, 1321f

Axillary lymph nodes, 1292, 1292f

Azathioprine, 522, 575, 1926

in Crohn disease, 816t, 817

Azurocidin, 89

Azurophil, 89

B

Babcock clamp, 679

Bacitracin, 223

Bacteria, colonic, 1056

Bactericidal/permeability-increasing (BPI) protein, 89

Bag-mask ventilation, 353

Bag-valve devices, 354

Ballooning degeneration, of alcohol-induced liver disease, 947

Balloon tamponade, for variceal bleeding, 959–960, 960f

Balloon valvuloplasty, 1493

Banff classification model, 523

Barbiturate coma and paralysis, 371

Bariatric surgery, 741–742

abdominal pain management, 749f

efficacy, 744–745

internal hernia, 747f

late morbidity, 747–748

long-term comorbidity responses, 746t

long-term weight loss, 745t

3279

micronutrient deficiencies and, 748, 750t

modern, 744–752

nutritional support in, 38

operative considerations, 749–751

perioperative and postoperative management, 751

perioperative mortality and morbidity, 745–747, 746t

physiologic mechanisms, 751–752

preoperative preparation, 748–749

Barium-contrast radiographs, 757, 757f

Barium enema, for diverticular disease, 1166–1167, 1167f

Barium esophagram, 388

Barium swallow, 698

Baroreceptor, 196

Barrett esophagus, 646, 654

dysplasia in, 669, 669f

histologic appearance of, 668f, 669f

Barrett metaplasia, 668

Bartonella henselae, 1841

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 1991, 2001f, 1992

of perianal skin, 1195

Basal cell nevus syndrome, 1115

Basal energy expenditure (BEE), 181

Basal metabolic rate (BMR), 181

Bascom procedure, 1187

Basic life support (BLS), 344, 352

Basilar skull fractures, 371

Basiliximab, 520

Basophils, 98

Bassini repair, 1234, 1235f

Batts–Ludwig system, 950

B7/CD28 CTLA4 blockade, 520

BCR-ABL fusion protein, 280

Beck triad, 1578

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, 1871, 1967

Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP), 864

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 739

Behavioral therapy, for chronic pancreatitis, 873

Behçet disease, and thoracic aneurysms, 1566

Bell-clapper deformity, 1943

Below-knee amputation (BKA), 1709–1710, 1712–1713

Benzodiazepines, 245, 246t, 298

Beta blockers, 297, 299t

for aortic aneurysms, 1567

in coronary artery disease, 1525–1526

for prevention of variceal bleeding, 958–959

Beta-oxidation, 12

Bethesda classification system, for thyroid FNA cytology, 1350–1351, 1350t

Bevacizumab (Avastin), 66, 280t

Bicarbonate

absorption, 777

nonrenal loss of, 209

secretion, 846

Bifidobacterium sp., 1886

Bilateral lung transplant, 597

Bile

composition, 996

function, 996

3280

gallbladder, 996–997, 997t

Bile duct, benign tumors of, 1048, 1048f

clinical findings, 1048

diagnosis, 1048

pathology, 1048

treatment, 1048

Bile duct carcinomas, 1039–1046

adjuvant therapy, 1045–1046

clinical findings and diagnosis, 1041–1043, 1042f

future issues, 1046

incidence, 1039

liver transplantation for hilar CC, 1043–1044

pathology and staging, 1039–1040, 1040t, 1041t

prognosis after resection, 1044, 1044t

recurrence following resection, 1046

surgery, 1043

lymphadenectomy, 1043

pancreaticoduodenectomy, 1043

partial hepatectomy with/without bile duct resection, 1043

staging laparoscopy, role of, 1043

unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinomas, 1044–1045, 1045f

Bile duct strictures, 1015

by cholelithiasis, 1030–1031

chronic pancreatitis and, 1029–1030, 1029f, 1030f

clinical presentation, 1018–1019

due to choledocholithiasis, 1031

endoscopic balloon dilation, 1025–1026, 1027t

5-fluorouracil infusion and, 1031

incidence, 1015

laboratory investigation, 1019

nonoperative management, 1025

and operative management, comparison of, 1026–1028

percutaneous balloon dilation, 1025, 1025t, 1026f

Bile duct strictures (continued)

operative management, 1020–1022, 1021f

pathogenesis, 1015–1018

preoperative management, 1020

radiologic examination, 1019

surgical outcome, 1022–1025, 1024f, 1024t

Bile leak test, 991, 991f, 992t

Bile salts, 22

absorption of, 780

Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPaP), 178

Biliary atresia, 557

anatomy, 1918

clinical presentation, 1919–1920

complications, 1922–1923

diagnosis, 1919–1921

hepatic transplantation, 1923

pathophysiology, 1918–1919, 1919f

portoenterostomy for, 1920f, 1921–1923, 1923f

results, 1922–1923

treatment, 1921–1922

Biliary colic, 1000, 1007

Biliary cystadenoma, 979, 980f

Biliary infections, 132–133

acute cholecystitis, 133

3281

antimicrobials for treatment of, 134t

cholangitis, 133

Biliary leak, 570–571. See also Hepatic transplantation

Biliary motility, 997

Biliary neoplasms, 1033

benign bile duct neoplasms, 1048

benign gallbladder neoplasms, 1047–1048

bile duct carcinomas, 1039–1046

gallbladder cancer, 1033–1039

Biliary obstruction, 1968

Biliary reconstruction, technique of, 1022, 1023f

Biliary sludge, 998

Biliary stenting, 854

Biliary surgery, 306

Biliary tract

congenital choledochal cystic disease of, 1923–1925

embryology, 1918

pediatric, 1918–1925

Biliopancreatic diversion, 742, 743f

Bilirubin, 996

Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND), 1822

Bilirubin IXa, 18

Bilirubin metabolism, 1822–1823

Billroth I, 756

Billroth II, 756

Biochemical analysis of shock, 148

Biofeedback, in fecal incontinence, 1191

Biofilm, effects of, on wound healing, 61, 61f

Biologic agents, in Crohn disease, 816t, 817

Biologic materials, for hernia repair, 1227–1229, 1228t

Biopsy, breast, 1297

core needle biopsy, 1297–1298, 1298t, 1299

excisional biopsy, 1298, 1299f

fine needle aspiration, 1297, 1297f

incisional biopsy, 1298

skin punch biopsy, 1298–1299

Biotin, 780

Biotransformation, 18

Birt–Hogg–Dube syndrome, 1962

Bisphosphonates, 234

Bitemporal hemianopsia, 1402, 1407

Biventricular assist device (BiVAD), 1540. See also Mechanical circulatory support (MCS)

B-K mole syndrome, 1992

Black widow spiders, 503

Bladder

anomalies of, 1939

injury, 428–429, 429f

Blalock–Taussig shunt, 1487, 1499, 1819

Blanching, 234

BLEED classification system, GI hemorrhage, 1065

Bleeding disorders. See also Hemostasis

coagulation factor deficiency, 80–81

fibrinolysis, abnormalities in, 81

platelet disorders, 81

rare factor deficiencies, 81

Bleomycin (Blenoxane), 280t

Blepharoplasty, 2056

3282

Bloodstream infections (BSI), 325

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 195, 302

Blue Cross Blue Shield Association, 319

Blue Distinction Centers, 319

“Blue toe” syndrome, 1674, 1687

Blunt cardiac contusion, 400, 400f

Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI), 387, 389, 440

occurrence of, 389

screening criteria for, 389t

signs and symptoms of, 389t

Blunt trauma, 340, 403–405, 434. See also Abdominal trauma

in children, 459

diagnostics, 404–405

resuscitation, 403

B lymphocytes, 94

BMI. See Body mass index

B-mode ultrasound, for vascular trauma, 436

Boari flap, 548

Bochdalek hernia, 1861

Body composition

change in, after trauma/surgery, 20

factors affecting, 19, 20f

fluid compartments, 19, 20f

nonaqueous component, 19, 20f

and stress response, 31

total body mass, 19

Body fluid compartments, 192, 193t

Body fluids. See also Fluid and electrolyte therapy; Fluid balance

colloid oncotic pressure, 193

composition of, 192–193, 193t

osmoregulation, 194, 195f

osmotic activity of, 193

tonicity of, 194–195

total body water (TBW)/body fluid compartments, 192, 193t

Body mass index (BMI), 20, 24, 252, 296, 588, 738–739

calculation of, 24

definition, 738

and metabolic disease, 738

Body temperature and oxygen uptake, 508

Boerhaave syndrome, 688

Bombesin, 774

Bone healing timeframes, 452t

Bone hunger, 1369

Bone sarcomas

clinical presentation, 2027

treatment, 2027–2028

Bone tumors, histologic classification of, 2025t

Bortezomib, 524

Bosentan, 953

Bothrops atrox, 502

Botulinum toxin, in anal fissure treatment, 1181

Bowel obstruction, 790–793

and bariatric procedure, 792–793

chronic adhesions, 790–792

clinical presentation and differential diagnosis, 786

complications and systemic effects, 785–786

diagnosis and decisions in, 789t

3283