and diabetes mellitus, 621–622

donor evaluation, 614–615, 615t

evaluation and screening, 612–613

future of, 625

graft failure rates for, 619f

graft survival, 621f

Pancreas transplantation (continued)

immunosuppression, 618

living donor kidney-pancreas transplantation, 611, 612f

PAK, 611

patient selection, 611

procurement technique, 615–616

PTA, 611–612

recipient operation, 617–618

recurrent autoimmunity, 620–621

rejection diagnosis and treatment, 619

solitary, 621

SPK, 611

waiting list patients, 613

Pancreatic and biliary injury, in children, 469

Pancreatic cancer, 858, 879

abdominal pain and back pain in, 856

acinar cell carcinomas, 882

adenosquamous carcinoma, 882

adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy, 893–896, 895t

American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging for, 885, 885t

borderline resectable, 855, 855f, 855t

classification, 881, 882t

clinical presentation, 885, 886t

criteria for resectability in, 855t

cystic epithelial tumors, 882–885

ductal adenocarcinomas, 881–882, 882f

epidemiology, 879, 880f

genetic syndromes associated with, 880, 881t

giant cell carcinomas, 882

hereditary, 881t

intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms, 883–884

laboratory studies, 886

locally unresectable, 855, 855t

and lymph node dissection, 855–856

metastatic, 855, 855t

molecular genetics, 881, 881t

mucinous cystic neoplasms, 883

non-endocrine, 879–897

occult metastatic disease, 889t

palliation, 896

duodenal obstruction, 896

jaundice, 896

pain, 896–897

pancreatic anatomy and, 854–856

pancreatoblastomas, 882

preoperative staging, 888, 888t, 889f

radiologic imaging, 886–888, 887f, 888f

resectable, 855, 855f, 855t

resection, 889–893

risk factors, 879–880, 880t

serous cystic neoplasms, 883

3369

solid-pseudopapillary tumors, 884–885

staging laparoscopy, use of, 888–889

unresectable, radiation and chemotherapy for, 897

Pancreatic compartment syndrome, 871

Pancreatic divisum, 1926, 1926f

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), 881

Pancreatic endocrine neoplasms (PENs), 899–911

classification, 899, 900t

computed tomography, 902, 903f

diagnosis and management, 902, 903f

endoscopic ultrasound, 904, 904f

familial genetic syndromes associated with, 901–902, 901t

functional, 900, 900t

gastrinoma, 906–908, 907f, 907t, 908f

glucagonoma, 909–910, 910f, 910t

insulinoma, 905–906, 905t, 906f

intraoperative ultrasound, 904

localization and staging, 902–904

magnetic resonance imaging, 902–903

metastatic, 910–911

molecular genetics, 900–902

nonfunctional, 900, 910

origins, 899

pancreatic endocrine microadenomas, 899

poorly differentiated, 900

presentation and evaluation, 902

somatostatinoma, 910, 910t

somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, 903–904, 903f

surgical exploration, 904–905

venous sampling, 904, 904f, 905f

VIPoma, 908–909, 908t, 909f

well-differentiated, 899–900

World Health Organization (WHO) classification, 899, 900t

Pancreatic enzymes, 846–847

Pancreatic fluid, 845–846

Pancreatic head resection, 875, 875t

Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), 882

Pancreatic islet cells, 845, 845t

Pancreatic necrosis, 860

Pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm, 1661

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), 879, 889–893, 890f, 1030

complications after, 892–893, 893t

minimally invasive, 892, 892t

mortality following, 892

survival after, 893, 894f

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), 741, 845, 847, 850, 902

Pancreatic pseudocysts, 856, 856f, 1927

Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI), 847

Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), 870, 871

Pancreatic tumors, 1379, 1379f

Pancreatitis, 135–137, 843, 846

acute, 183, 848, 859–869, 1926–1927

classification, 859, 860t

clinical presentation, 862

complications, 865–869, 865t

CT scanning, 862–863, 862f, 864

definitions, 859

3370

Determinant-Based Classification, 863, 864t

diagnosis, 862–863

etiology, 861–862, 861t

and infected necrosis, 865–867

laboratory tests, 862

management, 864–865

MRI and MRCP, 863

pancreatic cancer and, 885

pathology and pathophysiology, 859–861

plain radiographs, 862

Revised Atlanta Classification, 863, 864t

scoring systems, 863–864

severity assessment, 863, 864t

ultrasonography, 862

autoimmune, 1030

chronic, 870–876

and bile duct strictures, 1029–1030, 1029f, 1030f

clinical presentation, 871

complications of, 871t

epidemiology, 870

ERCP Cambridge classification system, 872, 873t

etiology, 870

medical management, 873

pathophysiology, 871, 871f

radiographic evaluation, 872, 872f, 873t

surgical management, 873–876

gallstone, 1003

hereditary, 870

hypocalcemia and, 206

idiopathic, 862

interstitial edematous, 859, 860t

necrotizing, 859, 860t

pancreatic anatomy and, 856

pediatric, 1926–1927

Pancreatoblastomas, 882, 1927

Pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), 875

Panel of reactive antibodies (PRA), 592

Paneth cells, 772

Panfacial fractures, 384, 384f

Papaverine, 512

Papillary cystadenomas, 1436

Papillary cystic neoplasm, 1927

Papillary fibroelastomas, 1516

Papillary microcarcinoma, 1351

Papillary muscles, 1506

rupture, 1523–1524

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 1351

variants of, 1351

Papillitis, 1031

Papillomatosis, 1046

Pap smear, 545

Para–aminobenzoic acid (PABA) test, 847

Paracentesis, in ascites, 967–968

Paradoxical aciduria, 210

Para esophageal hernia (PEH), 651

Paralysis, sedation and, 178

Paralytic ileus, 800

3371

Paramedics, 352

Paramesonephric ducts, 1933

Paraparesis, 363

Paraplegia, 1749

Parastomal hernia, 1252–1254

European Hernia Society (EHS) classification, 1252t

fascial repair, 1252

incidence, 1252

indications for repair of, 1253t

intraperitoneal inlay mesh, 1253

laparoscopic repair, 1253

prosthetic repair, 1253, 1253f

stomal relocation, 1253

Parasympathetic afferent fibers, 714

Parathyroid carcinoma, 1378

Parathyroid glands, 1343, 1361

anatomy, 1361, 1362f, 1363f

calcium and phosphate metabolism, regulation of, 1364, 1364t

calcitonin, 1365

mineral homeostasis, 1365, 1366f

parathyroid hormone, 1364–1365, 1365f

vitamin D, 1365, 1366f

hypercalcemia, 1365–1368

hyperparathyroidism, 1370–1378

hypocalcemia, 1368–1370

multiple endocrine neoplasia, 1378–1381

physiology, 1361, 1364f

calcium, 1361–1363

phosphate, 1363–1364

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 778, 1361, 1364–1365, 1365f

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrp), 206t

Parenchymal lesions, 372

Parenteral nutrition, 182

Parenteral solutions

albumin, 199

artificial oxygen carriers, 199

colloids, 199

crystalloids, 198–199, 198t

dextrans, 199

gelatin, 199

hetastarch, 199

Parietal cell proton pump, 719

Paritaprevir, 948

Parkland formula, 219, 220

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT), 736

Partridge hernia, 1257

Pasireotide, in Cushing disease, 1414t

Passenger leukocytes, 520

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 1495–1496

Patent foramen ovale (PFO), 1482

Patent processus vaginalis, 1873

Pathogen identification, 129

Patient education, 292

Patient safety

consensus development, 327, 328t

consensus, accreditation, and payment, 328, 328t

consensus and accreditation, 327–328

3372

culture, 323–324

culture assessment, 324–326

evidence base for, 326–327, 327t

implementation strategies

collaborative groups of hospitals, developing, 330

crew resource management, 330

pharmacists to rounds, adding, 329

rapid response team (RRT), 329–330, 330t

indicators, 329

leadership and policy, 324

patient and family involvement, 330–331

problem, 323

safety vs. quality, definitions, 323

Swiss cheese model, 324

taxonomy for, 331

and World Health Organization, 329

Patient safety indicators (PSI), 329

Pay for performance, 320

Pazopanib, 2021

Peak systolic velocity (PSV), 1624, 1624f

Pectoralis major muscle rotation flap, 1451, 1452f

Pectoralis minor syndrome, 1639, 1641f

Pectus carinatum, 1451, 1454–1456, 1846

Pectus excavatum, 1451, 1454–1456, 1454f–1456f, 1844–1845

minimally invasive repair/Nuss procedure for, 1846, 1846f

surgical correction, 1845, 1845f

Pectus index, 1845

Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN), 460, 460f

Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease (PELD), 553

Pediatric oncology group grading system, 1967

Pediatric patients

abdomen, 1870–1929

ascites in, 1913–1914, 1913t, 1914t

chest, 1844–1867

gastrointestinal disorders, 1875–1914

genitourinary system, 1933–1946

head and neck, 1837–1843

thoracic tumors, 1851–1855

tumors of liver, 1914–1918, 1915t

Pediatric Plastic Surgery, 2062

Pediatric trauma, 456–471

abdominal, 467–469

epidemiology, 456

initial resuscitation, 457–460, 458f

injury prevention, 470–471

management of, 460–470

pediatric verbal scores, 459t

pelvic fractures, 469–470

performance indicators, 457

prehospital care, 461

solid organ injury, 467t

spinal, 461–466

thoracic, 466–467

Pediatric vital signs, 457t

Pegvisomant, in acromegaly, 1413t

Pelvic congestion syndrome, 1797

Pelvic floor muscles, 1053–1054, 1223–1224, 1224f

3373

Pelvic fractures

in children, 469

in pregnancy, 484–485

Pelvic kidney, 1934

Pembrolizumab, 273

Penetrating brain injury (PBI), 366

Penetrating trauma, 340, 342

Penis, anomalies of, 1941–1942

Pentalogy of Cantrell, 1871

Pentamidine, 573

Pentastarch, 159

Pentose phosphate pathway. See Phosphogluconate pathway

Pepsin, 722, 778

Pepsinogen, 716

Peptic ulcer disease, 725, 1071–1073

angiographic embolization, 1073

clinical presentation, 1071

endoscopic treatment, 1072

and GI bleeding, 1071

and hemorrhage, 731

medical treatment, 1072

NSAID use and, 1071–1072

operative treatment, 1072–1073

pathogenesis, 726t

Peptic Ulcer Perforation (PULP) score, 733

Peptides, neurohumoral, 799

Percutaneous balloon aortic valvotomy (PBAV), 1509

Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV), 1511

Percutaneous cholecystostomy, for acute cholecystitis, 1002, 1003f

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), 299, 300, 1527, 1528f

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), 37–38, 691, 797

Percutaneous renal artery angioplasty, 1666–1667

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), CBD stones, 1009

Percutaneous transhepatic portal venous sampling (PTPVS), for pancreatic endocrine neoplasms, 904,

904f

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), 1692–1693, 1692f, 1693t

Percutaneous vascular intervention, 1692

Perfadex, 596

Perforation risk, 132

Perforin, 95

Perianal Paget disease, 1195, 1195f

Pericardial biopsy, 1582, 1582f

Pericardial constriction, 1579–1580, 1580f

Pericardial cysts, 1576, 1851

Pericardial effusion, 1578–1579, 1578f, 1579f

Pericardial fluid, 1582

Pericardiectomy, 1582–1583, 1583f

Pericardiocentesis, 1581–1582

complications, 1582t

Pericarditis

acute, 1576–1578

AIDS and, 1577

causes, 1576t

connective tissue disease and, 1577

idiopathic, 1577

medications and, 1577

myocardial infarction and, 1577–1578

3374

and pain, 1577

purulent, 1577

radiation-induced, 1578

tuberculous, 1577

uremic, 1577

vasculitis and, 1577

viral, 1577

Pericardium, 1575–1583

acute pericarditis (see Pericarditis)

anatomy, 1575, 1576f

biopsy, 1582, 1582f

calcification, 1579, 1580f

congenital abnormalities, 1576

constriction, 1579–1580, 1580f

diagnostic studies, 1576

drainage, 1582, 1582f

embryology, 1575

history, 1575

malignant tumors, 1580–1581

parietal, 1575

physiology, 1575, 1576f

primary tumors, 1580

reconstruction of, 1582

visceral, 1575

Periclavicular incision, 386

Perineal body, 1053, 1172

Perineal hernia, 1257

Perioperative radiation therapy, 279

Peripancreatic fluid collection, acute, 860t

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), 1592, 1672, 1686–1687

risk factors for, 1687

Peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. See Bile duct carcinomas

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), 37

Peripheral aneurysms

clinical manifestations, 1769

definition, 1768

incidence, 1768

pathogenesis, 1768

peripheral aneurysms, 1768

Peripheral nerve blockade (PNB), 247–248

Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN), 37

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), 65

pathophysiology, 65

symptoms, 65

Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI), 1154

Peritoneal Surface Disease Severity Score (PSDSS), 1154

Peritoneovenous shunts, 968, 968f

Perivascular hernia, 1257, 1257f

Periviable birth, 1975

Permanently defective sphincter, 662

Permissive hypotension, 159, 489

concept of, 355

vs. aggressive fluids, 355–356

Persistent visceral hypoperfusion, 161

Pertuzumab, for breast cancer, 1325

Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, 1114, 1114t

and small bowel tumors, 828

3375

Peyer patches, 765, 775

epithelial anatomy, 776f

Pfannenstiel incision, 545

p53 gene, 881, 1094, 1418

Phagocytosis, 88

mononuclear phagocytes, 94

Pharmacists, 329

Pharmacotherapy and obesity, 740–741

Pharyngeal arch structures, 1838t

Pharyngeal pH catheter, 676

Pharyngeal tumors, 641

Pharyngitis, 631–632

acute, 631

Phasix® mesh, 1229

Phenol, causing burn, 216

Phentermine, 741

Phenylephrine, 163

Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), 1387

Phenylpropanolamine, 740

Pheochromocytomas, 1380, 1394–1396

diagnosis, 1394–1396, 1395f

extraadrenal, 1394

familial, 1394

incidence, 1394

rule of tens, 1394

signs and symptoms, 1394

treatment, 1396

Phlebectomy, 1792

Phlegmon management, 132

Phosphate, 1363–1364, 1364f

metabolism, regulation of, 1364–1365, 1364t

normal plasma level, 1363

Phosphatidylcholine, 14

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2

), 719

Phosphogluconate pathway, 8, 11, 11f

Phospholipase A, 846

Phospholipase C, 719

Phospholipids

formation of, 13

role of, 13–14

Photocoagulation, for hemorrhoids, 1179

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), for esophageal cancer, 709–710

Photons, 277

Photoplethysmography (PPG), 1597, 1598f, 1604

Phototherapy, 1823

Phrenic nerve palsy, 1244

Phyllodes tumors, 1331–1332, 1331f

Physical activity and obesity, 740

Physician Value-Based Payment Modifier program, 320

Piezoelectric crystals, 1980

Pigeon chest deformity, 1454

Piggyback technique, 562. See also Hepatic transplantation

Pigment gallstones, 998, 998f

black, 999

brown, 999

PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling pathway, 1122

Pilonidal disease, 1186

3376

p-Isopropyl acetanilidoiminodiacetic acid (PIPIDA), 1919

Pituitary adenomas, 1379, 1403

endocrine evaluation, 1405–1406

imaging

CT scanning, 1407

magnetic resonance imaging, 1407–1408

medical therapy, 1412–1414

molecular pathogenesis, 1404–1405

neurologic evaluation, 1407

pathologic classification, 1403–1404

Pituitary carcinoma, 1404. See also Pituitary adenomas

Pituitary cysts, 1404, 1407

Pituitary gland, 1402

anatomy, 1402, 1403f

endocrine evaluation, 1405–1407

hypersecretory syndromes, 1405–1406

hypopituitarism, 1405

pituitary incidentaloma, 1406–1407

imaging, 1407–1408

molecular pathogenesis, 1404–1405

neurologic evaluation, 1407

sellar lesions

differential diagnosis of, 1403t

pathology of, 1403–1404

surgery, 1408

approach, 1408, 1408f

intraoperative MRI (iMRI) imaging, 1409

microscopic and endoscopic approaches, comparison of, 1410t

navigation, 1408

postoperative management, 1409–1410

resection adequacy, determination of, 1409

results and complications, 1410–1411, 1410t, 1411t

socioeconomic considerations, 1414–1415

surgical technique, 1409

visualization, 1408

tumors of, 1403t (see also Pituitary adenomas)

Pit vipers, 497

Plain radiographs, for diverticular disease, 1166

Plain skull radiographs, 364. See also Head trauma/head injury

Plasma, 19, 20f

Plasmacytoma, of rib, 1451, 1451f

Plasma hyperglycemia, 195

Plasmalyte®, 354

Plasma proteins, 193

Plasmin, 347

primary inhibitors of, 72

Plasminogen, 71

Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), 71

Plastic and reconstructive surgery

classification, 2036t

definition, 2031

nonsurgical therapy, 2033

reconstructive ladder, 2034t

spectrum of, 2032t

treatment, 2033

Platelet

activation, 217

3377

aggregation, 69

abnormal, 80

disorders, 81

granules, 99

recruitment/activation, 98–99, 99t

wound healing, role in, 55–57, 57f

Platelet-activating factor (PAF), 72

heme oxygenase, 115

hydrogen sulfide, 115

kinins, 112–113

neuropeptides, 113–114

nitric oxide, 114–115

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), 57, 98, 944

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA), 767

Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), 88

Platinum agents, 1325

Platysma muscle, 387

Pleomorphic adenoma, 635

Plethysmography, 1584

air, 1592, 1604

digital pressures and, 1597, 1598f

photo, 1597, 1598f

techniques

pulse volume recordings, 1592–1593, 1593f

volume flow, 1592

Pleural diseases, 1467–1468, 1865–1867, 1866f

empyemas, 1469–1470, 1470t

mesothelioma, 1470–1472, 1470f, 1471t

pleural effusions, 1468–1469, 1468t, 1469f

Pleural effusions, 1468–1469, 1468t

exudative, 1468, 1469

Light criteria, 1468, 1468t

management, 1469

transudative, 1468–1469

Pleuropulmonary blastomas, 1852

Plicamycin, for hypercalcemia, 1368

Plug-and-patch repair, 1237

Plummer disease, 1347

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, 1107, 1109

Pneumatosis intestinalis, 1886, 1887f

Pneumocystis carinii, 550, 573

Pneumonia, 229

Pneumothorax, 396, 397f, 1464–1465, 1465f, 1867

diagnosis of, 396

occult, 396

simple, 396

treatment of, 396, 398

types of, 396

Pneumovax, 1284

Poland syndrome, 1457, 1458f, 1846–1847

Polidocanol, 1072

Politano–Leadbetter transvesical ureteroneocystostomy, 547

Polycystic liver disease (PLD), 979, 979f

4-0 polydioxanone, 597

PolyHeme, 199

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 188

Polymicrobial infections, 140

3378

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), 155

in wound healing, 57–58, 58f

Polypropylene methylmethacrylate (PPM) sandwich mesh, 1451

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 1451, 1610, 1627

Popliteal artery aneurysms

clinical manifestations, 1774

diagnosis, 1774

history, 1774

incidence, 1774

results, 1775–1776

surgical technique, 1775

Popliteal trauma, 439

Porcelain gallbladder, 999, 1033, 1034f

Porphyrias, 18

Portacaval shunts, 962

disadvantages, 962

end-to-side, 962, 962f

side-to-side, 962, 963f

Portal hypertension, 943, 954–969

anatomy related to, 954, 955f

Budd–Chiari syndrome and, 955–956

complications, 957–969

ascites, 966–969

bleeding from varices, 957–966

hepatic encephalopathy, 957

definition, 954

etiology, 955–957, 956t

physiology, 954–955

portal vein thrombosis and, 956–957

splenic vein thrombosis and, 957

Portal hypertensive gastropathy, 966

Portal vein (PV), 853, 954, 955f

Portal vein embolization (PVE), 975, 988–989

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT), 570, 956–957, 1287. See also Hepatic transplantation

causes, 956

cirrhosis and, 956

diagnosis, 956

treatment, 956–957

Portoenterostomy, 1921–1923, 1923f

Portopulmonary hypertension, 553, 952–953

Positional therapy, 178

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 175, 176, 369, 398, 593

Positron emission tomography (PET), 1995, 2013

Crohn disease, 813

thyroid gland, 1345–1346

Postanesthesia care, 258–261, 259t

Postductal Alveolar-Arterial Oxygen Gradient, 1813

Postembolization syndrome (PES), 1658

Posterior component separation, 1248–1249, 1249f, 1250f

Posterior descending artery (PDA), 1519

Posterior fossa lesions, 372–373. See also Head injuries

Posterior urethral valves, 1940, 1940f

Postgastrectomy syndromes, 735. See also Gastroduodenal ulceration

Posthepatic mesenchymal plate (PHMP), 1861

Postinfarction ventricular septal defect, 1523

Postinjury management, 488–493

abdominal compartment syndrome, 490–491, 490t

3379

acute traumatic coagulopathy, 488

damage control resuscitation, 489–490, 489t

endpoints of resuscitation, 490

nutritional and metabolic support, 492

organ donation, 493

traumatic brain injury, 491–492, 491t

traumatic coagulopathy, 488

Postintubation stenosis, 1472, 1474f

Postoperative bile duct strictures. See Bile duct strictures

Postoperative fluid therapy and monitoring, 201

Postoperative ileus, 1059

Postpartum thyroiditis, 1347–1348

Postpyloric tube feeding, 182

Postthrombotic syndrome (PTS), 1781

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), 551, 620. See also Renal transplantation

Potassium, 23, 193

hyperkalemia, 204, 204f

hypokalemia, 204–205, 204t

requirements, 200

Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP), 1791

Potentially survivable (PS) patients, 339

Potentiation, 721

Potts shunt, 1487

Pouch of Douglas, 1172

Power Doppler, 1586

Practice Guidelines on Urotrauma, 423

Pramlintide (Symlin), 741

Prealbumin, as nutrition biomarker, 25, 25t

Preauricular cysts, 1839–1840

Preauricular pits, 1839–1840

Preauricular sinuses, 1839–1840

Preeclampsia, in pregnancy, 485

Pregnancy

appendicitis, 1981–1982

biliary tract disease, 1984–1985

colorectal cancer, 1986–1987

fetal interventions, 1827–1834

intestinal obstruction, 1985–1986

physiologic changes, 484t

trauma in, 481–486

abruptio placentae, 485

amniotic fluid embolism, 485

cardiovascular system, 483

disseminated intravascular coagulation, 485

DVT and PE, 486

emergent caesarian section, 485–486

epidemiology, 481

evaluation, 482–484

fetal trauma deaths, 482t

fetus monitoring and evaluation, 484

frequency of injury, 484t

gastrointestinal system, 483

genitourinary system, 483

hematologic system, 483–484

patterns of, 481–482

pelvic fractures, 484–485

preeclampsia/eclampsia, 485

3380

pulmonary system, 483

radiographic imaging, 484, 485t

social and ethical considerations, 486

team approach, 486

uterine rupture, 485

Prehospital blood protocols, 356

Prehospital Use of Plasma in Traumatic Hemorrhage (PUPTH trial), 354

Prenatal diagnoses, 1828

Preoperative risk assessment

age, 294–296, 295t

anesthesia, 292

direction of care, 297

disparities, 294

goal of, 289

medical comorbidity

anemia, 296

frailty, 296–297, 297t

obesity/obstructive sleep apnea, 296

preoperative functional status, 296

medication management, 297–298, 298t, 299t

organ system guidelines

cardiovascular, 298–302, 300t

hepatic, 305–307

pulmonary complications, 302–305, 303t

renal dysfunction, 307–309, 308t

risk stratification, 291–292, 291t, 292t

surgical mortality/complications, 289–291, 290t, 291t

surgical procedure, 294

Preperitoneal fascia, 1219

Prepubertal testicular tumors, 1943–1944, 1943f, 1944f

Prepuce, anomalies of, 1941–1942

Preterm birth, 1976

Prevacid, 670

Prevention of Postoperative Adhesion (POPA), 791

Primary arterial infection. See Arterial infections, primary

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 557, 948–949

Primary graft dysfunction (PGD), and pulmonary transplantation, 600

Primary hemostasis, 70f

Primary hyperparathyroidism, 205

Primary lung tumors, 1852, 1852t

Primary megaureters, 1937

Primary peritonitis, 1913

Primary prophylaxis, treatment, 180

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), 557–558, 949, 1028–1029, 1028f

causes, 1028

and cholangiocarcinoma, 1028–1029

clinical presentation, 1028

diagnosis, 1028, 1028f

diseases associated with, 1028t

and liver transplantation, 1029

medical therapy, 1029

surgical approach, 1029

ulcerative colitis and, 1083

Procalcitonin for antibiotic therapy, 187–188

Procedure for Prolapse and Hemorrhoids (PPH), 1180

Process of care measures. See also Surgical care quality measurement

limitations, 315

3381