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6 June 2023

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

Correction to: Direct oral anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Support Care Cancer. 2023 Jun 3;31(6):373. doi: 10.1007/s00520-023-07851-y.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:37269357 | DOI:10.1007/s00520-023-07851-y

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

D-dimer testing: A narrative review

Adv Clin Chem. 2023;114:151-223. doi: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.02.006. Epub 2023 Mar 29.

ABSTRACT

D-dimer containing species are soluble fibrin degradation products derived from plasmin-mediated degradation of cross-linked fibrin, i.e., 'D-dimer'. D-dimer can hence be considered a biomarker of in vivo activation of both coagulation and fibrinolysis, the leading clinical application in daily practice of which is ruling out venous thromboembolism (VTE). D-dimer has been further evaluated for assessing the risk of VTE recurrence and helping define optimal duration of anticoagulation treatment in VTE, for diagnosing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and for screening those at enhanced risk of VTE. D-dimer assays should however be performed as intended by regulatory agencies, as their use outside these indications might make them a laboratory-developed test (LDT). This narrative review is aimed at: (1) reviewing the definition of D-dimer, (2) discussing preanalytical variables affecting D-dimer measurement, (3) reviewing and comparing the assays performance and some postanalytical variables (e.g., different units and age-adjusted cutoffs), and (4) discussing the interest of D-dimer measurement across different clinical settings, including pregnancy, cancer, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

PMID:37268332 | DOI:10.1016/bs.acc.2023.02.006

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

Thrombotic Complications in Children with COVID-19 and MIS-C

J Thromb Haemost. 2023 May 31:S1538-7836(23)00434-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.05.020. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated coagulopathy is multifactorial and involves inflammation driven hypercoagulability, endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation and impaired fibrinolysis. Hospitalized adults with COVID-19 are at an increased risk of both venous thrombo-embolism (VTE) and ischemic stroke, resulting in adverse outcomes including mortality. While children with COVID-19 follow a less severe course, both arterial and venous thrombosis have been reported in hospitalized children with COVID-19. Additionally, some children develop a post-infectious, hyper-inflammatory illness termed Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome of Childhood (MIS-C), which is also associated with hypercoagulability and thrombosis. Several randomized trials have evaluated the safety and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in adults with COVID-19, though similar pediatric data are lacking. In this narrative review we discuss the postulated pathophysiology of COVID-19 coagulopathy, and summarize principal findings of the recently completed adult trials of antithrombotic therapy. We provide an up-to-date summary of pediatric studies investigating the rate of VTE and ischemic stroke in COVID-19 and MIS-C, in addition to reviewing the findings of the single, non-randomized pediatric trial investigating the safety of prophylactic anticoagulation. Lastly, we outline the adult and pediatric consensus guidelines on the use of antithrombotic therapy in this cohort. A detailed discussion of the practical implementation and current limitations of published data will hopefully address knowledge deficits surrounding the use of antithrombotic therapy in children with COVID-19, and generate hypotheses for future research.

PMID:37268064 | PMC:PMC10232718 | DOI:10.1016/j.jtha.2023.05.020

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

Direct Oral Anticoagulants vs Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin and Recurrent VTE in Patients With Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial

JAMA. 2023 Jun 2. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.7843. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: In patients with cancer who have venous thromboembolism (VTE) events, long-term anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is recommended to prevent recurrent VTE. The effectiveness of a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) compared with LMWH for preventing recurrent VTE in patients with cancer is uncertain.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate DOACs, compared with LMWH, for preventing recurrent VTE and for rates of bleeding in patients with cancer following an initial VTE event.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Unblinded, comparative effectiveness, noninferiority randomized clinical trial conducted at 67 oncology practices in the US that enrolled 671 patients with cancer (any invasive solid tumor, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or chronic lymphocytic leukemia) who had a new clinical or radiological diagnosis of VTE. Enrollment occurred from December 2016 to April 2020. Final follow-up was in November 2020.

INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either a DOAC (n = 335) or LMWH (n = 336) and were followed up for 6 months or until death. Physicians and patients selected any DOAC or any LMWH (or fondaparinux) and physicians selected drug doses.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the recurrent VTE rate at 6 months. Noninferiority of anticoagulation with a DOAC vs LMWH was defined by the upper limit of the 1-sided 95% CI for the difference of a DOAC relative to LMWH of less than 3% in the randomized cohort that received at least 1 dose of assigned treatment. The 6 prespecified secondary outcomes included major bleeding, which was assessed using a 2.5% noninferiority margin.

RESULTS: Between December 2016 and April 2020, 671 participants were randomized and 638 (95%) completed the trial (median age, 64 years; 353 women [55%]). Among those randomized to a DOAC, 330 received at least 1 dose. Among those randomized to LMWH, 308 received at least 1 dose. Rates of recurrent VTE were 6.1% in the DOAC group and 8.8% in the LMWH group (difference, -2.7%; 1-sided 95% CI, -100% to 0.7%) consistent with the prespecified noninferiority criterion. Of 6 prespecified secondary outcomes, none were statistically significant. Major bleeding occurred in 5.2% of participants in the DOAC group and 5.6% in the LMWH group (difference, -0.4%; 1-sided 95% CI, -100% to 2.5%) and did not meet the noninferiority criterion. Severe adverse events occurred in 33.8% of participants in the DOAC group and 35.1% in the LMWH group. The most common serious adverse events were anemia and death.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among adults with cancer and VTE, DOACs were noninferior to LMWH for preventing recurrent VTE over 6-month follow-up. These findings support use of a DOAC to prevent recurrent VTE in patients with cancer.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02744092.

PMID:37266947 | DOI:10.1001/jama.2023.7843

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

Cerebral infarction related to nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in a middle-aged woman with uterine adenomyosis: A case report

Medicine (Baltimore). 2023 Jun 2;102(22):e33871. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000033871.

ABSTRACT

RATIONALE: Few isolated case reports and case series have reported arterial and venous thromboembolism related to adenomyosis; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

PATIENT CONCERNS: A 47-year-old woman presented with dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and loss of consciousness after red blood cell transfusion. She was being treated for menorrhagia and severe anemia.

DIAGNOSES: Magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple infarctions in right cerebellum and bilateral frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Echocardiography performed during the evaluation for the source of emboli revealed multiple echogenic masses on the tricuspid aortic valve. There was no evidence of infection, and the masses on the aortic valve were diagnosed as nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. The levels of autoimmune antibodies and tumor markers except for carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and cancer antigen 125 were within the normal range. Uterine ultrasound showed a large adenomyosis. The patient was diagnosed with multiple cerebral and cerebellar infarctions due to nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, and hormone therapy and anticoagulation with warfarin were initiated.

INTERVENTIONS: The patient did not develop recurrent infarction during anticoagulant therapy; however, menorrhagia worsened requiring total hysterectomy.

OUTCOMES: The patient did not experience recurrent infarction despite the absence of anticoagulant therapy during the 3-year follow-up period.

LESSONS: The present case adds to the limited number of previously reported cases and supports that, albeit rare, adenomyosis can be associated with embolic infarction and suggests that nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis might be the link between adenomyosis and embolic infarction.

PMID:37266639 | PMC:PMC10238019 | DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000033871

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PubMed articles on: Cancer & VTE/PE

Body Mass Index (BMI) Related Morbidity with Thyroid Surgery

Laryngoscope. 2023 Jun 2. doi: 10.1002/lary.30789. Online ahead of print.