51. Betge J, Pollheimer MJ, Lindtner RA, et al. Intramural and extramural vascular invasion in

colorectal cancer: prognostic significance and quality of pathology reporting. Cancer

2012;118(3):628–638.

52. Betge J, Kornprat P, Pollheimer MJ, et al. Tumor budding is an independent predictor of outcome

in AJCC/UICC stage II colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2012;19(12):3706–3712.

53. Weiser MR, Landmann RG, Kattan MW, et al. Individualized prediction of colon cancer recurrence

using a nomogram. J Clin Oncol 2008;26(3):380–385.

54. Wong NA, Gonzalez D, Salto-Tellez M, et al. RAS testing of colorectal carcinoma—a guidance

document from the Association of Clinical Pathologists Molecular Pathology and Diagnostics Group.

J Clin Pathol 2014;67(9):751–757.

55. O’Connell MJ, Lavery I, Yothers G, et al. Relationship between tumor gene expression and

recurrence in four independent studies of patients with stage II/III colon cancer treated with

surgery alone or surgery plus adjuvant fluorouracil plus leucovorin. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(25):3937–

3944.

56. Gray RG, Quirke P, Handley K, et al. Validation study of a quantitative multigene reverse

transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for assessment of recurrence risk in patients with

stage II colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(35):4611–4619.

57. Yothers G, O’Connell MJ, Lee M, et al. Validation of the 12-gene colon cancer recurrence score in

NSABP C-07 as a predictor of recurrence in patients with stage II and III colon cancer treated with

fluorouracil and leucovorin (FU/LV) and FU/LV plus oxaliplatin. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31(36):4512–

4519.

58. Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Lopatin M, et al. Biologic determinants of tumor recurrence in stage II

colon cancer: validation study of the 12-gene recurrence score in cancer and leukemia group B

(CALGB) 9581. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(14):1775–1781.

59. Salazar R, Roepman P, Capella G, et al. Gene expression signature to improve prognosis prediction

of stage II and III colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(1):17–24.

60. Kopetz S, Tabernero J, Rosenberg R, et al. Genomic classifier ColoPrint predicts recurrence in stage

II colorectal cancer patients more accurately than clinical factors. Oncologist 2015;20(2):127–133.

61. Kennedy RD, Bylesjo M, Kerr P, et al. Development and independent validation of a prognostic

assay for stage II colon cancer using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. J Clin Oncol

2011;29(35):4620–4626.

62. Winawer SJ, Zauber A, Ho MN, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy.

The National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Eng J Med 1993;329(27):1977–1981.

63. Lieberman DA. Clinical practice. Screening for colorectal cancer. N Eng J Med 2009;361(12):1179–

1187.

64. Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O’Brien MJ, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of

colorectal-cancer deaths. N Eng J Med 2012;366(8):687–696.

65. Shaukat A, Mongin SJ, Geisser MS, et al. Long-term mortality after screening for colorectal cancer.

N Eng J Med 2013;369(12):1106–1114.

66. Loberg M, Kalager M, Holme O, et al. Long-term colorectal-cancer mortality after adenoma

removal. N Eng J Med 2014;371(9):799–807.

67. Whitlock EP, Lin J, Liles E, et al. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly

Systematic Evidence Reviews. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review. Rockville,

MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2008.

68. Whitlock EP, Lin JS, Liles E, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: a targeted, updated systematic

review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2008;149(9):638–658.

69. Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Knudsen AB, Brenner H. Cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening.

Epidemiol Rev 2011;33(1):88–100.

70. Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for

fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Eng J Med 1993;328(19):1365–1371.

71. Jorgensen OD, Kronborg O, Fenger C. A randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer using

faecal occult blood testing: results after 13 years and seven biennial screening rounds. Gut

2002;50(1):29–32.

72. Lindholm E, Brevinge H, Haglind E. Survival benefit in a randomized clinical trial of faecal occult

1815

blood screening for colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 2008;95(8):1029–1036.

73. Brenner H, Tao S. Superior diagnostic performance of faecal immunochemical tests for haemoglobin

in a head-to-head comparison with guaiac based faecal occult blood test among 2235 participants of

screening colonoscopy. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(14):3049–3054.

74. Hol L, van Leerdam ME, van Ballegooijen M, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: randomised trial

comparing guaiac-based and immunochemical faecal occult blood testing and flexible

sigmoidoscopy. Gut 2010;59(1):62–68.

75. Quintero E, Castells A, Bujanda L, et al. Colonoscopy versus fecal immunochemical testing in

colorectal-cancer screening. N Eng J Med 2012; 366(8):697–706.

76. Ahlquist DA, Sargent DJ, Loprinzi CL, et al. Stool DNA and occult blood testing for screen detection

of colorectal neoplasia. Ann Intern Med 2008;149(7):441–450, w81.

77. Lidgard GP, Domanico MJ, Bruinsma JJ, et al. Clinical performance of an automated stool DNA

assay for detection of colorectal neoplasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11(10):1313–1318.

78. Imperiale TF RD, Itzkowitz SH, Levin TR, et al. Multitarget stool DNA testing for colorectal-cancer

screening. N Engl J Med 2014;370(14):1287–1297.

79. Selby JV, Friedman GD, Quesenberry CP Jr, et al. A case-control study of screening sigmoidoscopy

and mortality from colorectal cancer. N Eng J Med 1992;326(10):653–657.

80. Newcomb PA, Norfleet RG, Storer BE, et al. Screening sigmoidoscopy and colorectal cancer

mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84(20):1572–1575.

81. Schoen RE, Pinsky PF, Weissfeld JL, et al. PLCO Project Team. Colorectal-cancer incidence and

mortality with screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. N Engl J Med 2012;355(25):2345–2357.

82. Holme Ø, L⊘berg M, Kalager M, et al. Effect of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening on colorectal

cancer incidence and mortality: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;312(6):606–615.

83. Segnan N, Armaroli P, Bonelli L, et al. Once-only sigmoidoscopy in colorectal cancer screening:

follow-up findings of the Italian Randomized Controlled Trial–SCORE. J Natl Cancer Inst

2011;103(17):1310–1322.

84. Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I, et al. UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Trial Investigators. Once-only

flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised

controlled trial. Lancet 2010;375(9726):1624–1633.

85. Segnan N, Senore C, Andreoni B, et al. Randomized trial of different screening strategies for

colorectal cancer: patient response and detection rates. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97(5):347–357.

86. Rutter CM, Savarino JE. An evidence-based microsimulation model for colorectal cancer: validation

and application. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(8):1992–2002.

87. Sharaf RN, Ladabaum U. Comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening colonoscopy

vs. sigmoidoscopy and alternative strategies. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108(1):120–132.

88. de Haan MC, Pickhardt PJ, Stoker J. CT colonography: accuracy, acceptance, safety and position in

organised population screening. Gut 2015;64(2):342–350.

89. Johnson CD, Chen MH, Toledano AY, et al. Accuracy of CT colonography for detection of large

adenomas and cancers. N Eng J Med 2008;359(12):1207–1217.

90. Burt RW, Cannon JA, David DS, et al. colorectal cancer screening. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw

2013;11(12):1538–1575.

91. Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of

colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer

Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of

Radiology. Gastroenterology 2008;134(5):1570–1595.

92. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Fletcher RH, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after

polypectomy: a consensus update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer and the

American Cancer Society. Gastroenterology 2006;130(6):1872–1885.

93. Pignone M, Saha S, Hoerger T, et al. Cost-effectiveness analyses of colorectal cancer screening: a

systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2002;137(2):96–104.

94. Maciosek MV, Coffield AB, Edwards NM, et al. Priorities among effective clinical preventive

services: results of a systematic review and analysis. Am J Prevent Med 2006;31(1):52–61.

95. Singh S, Singh PP, Murad MH, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of interval colorectal

cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109(9):1375–1389.

1816

96. Samadder NJ, Curtin K, Tuohy TM, et al. Increased risk of colorectal neoplasia among family

members of patients with colorectal cancer: a population-based study in Utah. Gastroenterology

2014;147(4):814–821.e5.

97. Lairson DR, Dicarlo M, Deshmuk AA, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a standard intervention versus a

navigated intervention on colorectal cancer screening use in primary care. Cancer

2014;120(7):1042–1049.

98. Gupta S, Halm EA, Rockey DC, et al. Comparative effectiveness of fecal immunochemical test

outreach, colonoscopy outreach, and usual care for boosting colorectal cancer screening among the

underserved: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173(18):1725–1732.

99. Mulder SA, Kranse R, Damhuis RA, et al. Prevalence and prognosis of synchronous colorectal

cancer: a Dutch population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol 2011;35(5):442–447.

100. Latournerie M, Jooste V, Cottet V, et al. Epidemiology and prognosis of synchronous colorectal

cancers. Br J Surg 2008;95(12):1528–1533.

101. Eagye KJ, Nicolau DP. Deep and organ/space infections in patients undergoing elective colorectal

surgery: incidence and impact on hospital length of stay and costs. Am J Surg 2009;198(3):359–367.

102. Cima R, Dankbar E, Lovely J, et al. Colorectal surgery surgical site infection reduction program: a

national surgical quality improvement program–driven multidisciplinary single-institution

experience. J Am Coll Surg 2013;216(1):23–33.

103. Urban JA. Cost analysis of surgical site infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2006;7(Suppl 1):S19–S22.

104. American College of Surgeons. American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality

Improvement Program® (ACS NSQIP®). https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/acs-nsqip.

105. Cataife G, Weinberg DA, Wong HH, et al. The effect of Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP)

compliance on surgical site infections (SSI). Med Care 2014;52(2 Suppl 1):S66–S73.

106. Stephen AM, Cummings JH. The microbial contribution to human faecal mass. J Med Microbiol

1980;13(1):45–56.

107. Contant CM, Hop WC, van’t Sant HP, et al. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal

surgery: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2007;370(9605):2112–2117.

108. Jung B, Pahlman L, Nystrom PO, et al. Multicentre randomized clinical trial of mechanical bowel

preparation in elective colonic resection. Br J Surg 2007;94(6):689–695.

109. Guenaga KF, Matos D, Wille-Jorgensen P. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal

surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011(9):Cd001544.

110. Dahabreh IJ, Steele DW, Shah N, et al. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Oral Mechanical

Bowel Preparation for Colorectal Surgery. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

(US); 2014.

111. Nelson RL, Gladman E, Barbateskovic M. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery. Cochrane

Database Syst Rev 2014;5:Cd001181.

112. Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial

prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2013;70(3):195–283.

113. Itani KM, Wilson SE, Awad SS, et al. Ertapenem versus cefotetan prophylaxis in elective colorectal

surgery. N Eng J Med 2006;355(25):2640–2651.

114. Poggio JL. Perioperative strategies to prevent surgical-site infection. Clin Colon Rectal Surg

2013;26(3):168–173.

115. Kakkos SK, Caprini JA, Geroulakos G, et al. Combined intermittent pneumatic leg compression and

pharmacological prophylaxis for prevention of venous thromboembolism in high-risk patients.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008(4):Cd005258.

116. Danielsen AK, Burcharth J, Rosenberg J. Patient education has a positive effect in patients with a

stoma: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis 2013;15(6):e276–e283.

117. Bardram L, Funch-Jensen P, Jensen P, et al. Recovery after laparoscopic colonic surgery with

epidural analgesia, and early oral nutrition and mobilisation. Lancet 1995;345(8952):763–764.

118. Serclova Z, Dytrych P, Marvan J, et al. Fast-track in open intestinal surgery: prospective

randomized study (Clinical Trials Gov Identifier no. NCT00123456). Clin Nutr 2009;28(6):618–624.

119. Yang D, He W, Zhang S, et al. Fast-track surgery improves postoperative clinical recovery and

immunity after elective surgery for colorectal carcinoma: randomized controlled clinical trial.

World J Surg 2012;36(8):1874–1880.

1817