INDEX

imaging in, 2048 I-157

incidence of, 2046

pathophysiology of, 2046, 2047f

risk stratification in, 2048

treatment of, 2048

ACE inhibitors, 2049

antithrombotic therapy, 926, 2049–2051, 2050t

beta blockers, 2048, 2050t

calcium channel blockers, 2048–2049, 2050t

invasive vs. conservative strategy, 1821, 2051f

long-term management, 2052

monitoring, 2048

morphine, 2049, 2050t

nitrates, 2048, 2050t

PCI, 2051, A11. See also Percutaneous

coronary interventions (PCI)

statins, 2049

Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT).

See Ventricular tachycardia (VT),

nonsustained

Nonthyroidal illness. See Sick euthyroid syndrome

Nontoxic multinodular goiter, 2946–2948. See also

Thyroid nodular disease

Nontropical sprue. See Celiac disease (gluteninduced enteropathy)

Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections,

1392

bronchiectasis, 1393, 1394, 2173, 2175. See also

Bronchiectasis

in children, 1394

clinical features of, 1394–1395

diagnosis of, 1395–1396, 1395f, 1404

epidemiology of, 1392–1393, 1404

global considerations in, 1393, 1396

M. abscessus, 1394, 1396, 1405

M. avium complex. See Mycobacterium avium

complex (MAC) infections

M. fortuitum, 1394

M. kansasii, 1394, 1396

M. marinum. See Mycobacterium marinum

infections

M. ulcerans, 1395

pathobiology of, 1393–1394, 1393f

prevention of, 1396

prognosis of, 1396

treatment of, 1396, 1404–1406

Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. See Salmonella spp.

infections

Noonan’s syndrome, 2004, 2119, 3650t

NOP10 gene mutations, 3682t

Norepinephrine

actions of, 3427

in cardiac contraction, 1805

for cardiogenic shock, 2253

in cardiovascular regulation, 2073

for sepsis/septic shock, 2247t, 2248

for shock, 2241

in vascular smooth-muscle cells, 1802

Norethindrone, 3043, 3049

Norfloxacin

actions of, 1149, 1164t

adverse effects of, 784t

for donovanosis, 1335

for infectious diarrhea, 1065t

for peritonitis, 324

for peritonitis prophylaxis, 1055

resistance to, 1164t, 1167

Norgestimate, 3042

Normal-pressure hydrocephalus, 175, 193, 194f,

3375–3376

Normal saline. See Saline

Normeperidine, 96

Normochromia, 425

Noroviruses, 1597, 1598f

Norovirus (Norwalk virus) infections

clinical features of, 292, 300, 300t, 1598, 1598t

diagnosis of, 1599

epidemiology of, 300, 1063, 1064t, 1597

etiology of, 1597, 1597t

health care–associated, 1133

immunity to, 1598–1599

pathogenesis of, 1597–1598

prevention of, 1599

in transplant recipient, 1141

treatment of, 1599

Norrie’s disease, 244t

North Queensland tick typhus, 134t

Nortriptyline

adverse effects of, 3542t

for chronic daily headache, 114

for depression, 3474, 3542t, 3544, 3549

genetic variations in response to, 477

for migraine prevention, 3364, 3365t

for nausea and vomiting, 294t

for neuropathic pain, 79, 97, 98

for pain, 95t, 98, 3474

for smoking cessation therapy, 595, 3566

Norway, 45

Norwegian (crusted) scabies, 1575, 3608

Nose

in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 1816, 2806

in lepromatous leprosy, 1386

in relapsing polychondritis, 1816, 2827, 2828f

swab, specimen collection and transport, S11

No-see-um midges, 3614

Nosema spp., 1767

Nosocomial infections. See Health care–associated

infections

NO SPECS mnemonic, in Graves’ disease, 2939

NOTCH1 gene mutations, 419, 835–836, 846t, 1979

NOTCH2 gene mutations, 856

NOTCH3 gene mutations, 3343

NOTCH4 gene mutations, 2771

Notch pathway, 505t

NOTES (natural orifice transluminal endoscopic)

surgery, 2393, 2396

Nothnagel’s syndrome, 229

Novichok nerve agents, S4

NOX2, 447

NPAS2 genes, 3801, 3805t, 3808

NPC1/2 gene mutations, 3259

NPH insulin, 3108, 3108t

NPHP2 gene mutations, 2355

NPHS1/2 gene mutations, 2282, 2332

NPM1 gene mutations, 810, 811, 812t, 851

NPRL3, 756

NR0B1 gene mutations, 3015t

NR1H4 gene mutations, 2562

NR5A1 gene mutations, 2896, 2999, 3003t, 3005t

NRAMP1, 1361

NRAS gene mutations

cancers associated with, 500t

in lung cancer, 596f, 597t

in mastocytosis, 864

in melanoma, 420, 582, 585

in multiple myeloma, 872

NREM sleep, 204–205, 205f

NRF2, 2181

NRL gene mutations, 3645t

NRTK gene mutations, 552

NRXN1 gene mutations, 3535

NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

(NSAIDs)

NSE. See Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)

NSIAD (nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate

diuresis), 2924

NSIP (non-specific interstitial pneumonia), 2190t,

2193–2194, 2193f, 2194f

NSMF gene mutations, 3015t

NSTE-ACS. See Non-ST-segment elevation acute

coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS)

NSVT (nonsustained ventricular tachycardia).

See Ventricular tachycardia (VT),

nonsustained

N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP), 1939, 2124

NTM infections. See Nontuberculous

mycobacterial (NTM) infections

NTRK gene mutations, 596, 596f, 597t, 607

NTS (nucleus of the solitary tract), 234

Nuchal rigidity, 1102

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)

activation defects of, 446t, 2714

essential modulator. See NEMO (NF-κB essential

modulator)

inhibition of, 515, 518f, 955–957

receptor activator of. See RANK (receptor

activator of NFκB)

systems biology analysis of, 3814

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 3832–3833,

3833t

Nuclear membrane, inherited defects of, 1955, 1956t

Nuclear-mitochondrial genomic cross-talk, 3676,

3677f

Nuclear receptor(s), 2885–2886, 2887, 2889, 2889f,

3645t

Nuclear weapons, S5, S7

Nucleic acid tests

amplification, 960t, 962, 1458–1459, 1560, 1560t,

S11

applications, S11

next-generation and metagenomic, S11

probes for direct detection of pathogens, S11

quantitative strategies, S11

Nucleocapsid, viral, 1453, 1453f

Nucleophosmin, 810–811

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. See

Combination antiretroviral therapy

(cART)

Nucleosome, 3641f, 3646f, 3790

Nucleosome remodeling enzymes, 3792

5’-Nucleotidase, 2555

Nucleotide repeat expansion disorders, 3655, 3655t

Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. See

Combination antiretroviral therapy

(cART)

Nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), 234,

234f

Nucleus pulposus, herniated, 110, 3450

Nudge, in behavioral economics, 3776, 3779

NUDT15, 478

Number needed to treat, 29

Numbness, 169. See also Sensation

Nummular eczema, 376

Nummular headache, 3369

Nummular skin lesions, 370t

Nurse-like cell, in CLL, 836

Nursing homes, funding of, 46–47

Nusinersen, 3415, 3685

Nutrient(s)

definition of, 2517

digestion and absorption of, 2381, 2459. See also

specific nutrients

Nutrient requirements, 2517

in critically ill patient, 2223–2224

factors altering, 2518, 2521–2522

recommended intakes, 2517, 2519–2521t

INDEX

I-158 Nutrient-sensing pathways, 3734–3735, 3735f

Nutritional monitoring, 2522

Nutritional physiology, 2539–2540

Nutritional Screening Initiative, 310

Nutritional short stature, 2899

Nutritional supplements, 2518, 3786

Nutritional support/therapy. See also Enteral

nutrition; Parenteral nutrition

for acute pancreatitis, 2663

after bariatric surgery, 3094

for dementia, 2546

for diabetes mellitus, 3105, 3105t

for gastrointestinal disease, 2385

for hypertension, 2082, 2082t

for IBS, 2493–2494, 2494t

for metabolic syndrome, 3155

for obesity, 3089–3091

optimized voluntary, 2541

for STEMI, 2060

Nutrition assessment, 2522–2523, 2536

in acute care setting, 2522

in ambulatory setting, 2522–2523

anthropometric data in, 2537, 2538t

of cancer patient, 489

dietary assessment in, 2537

global considerations in, 2523

in high-risk patient, 2523

history and physical examination in, 2535–2536t,

2536–2537

instruments for, 2541

laboratory evaluation in, 2537, 2538t

NY-114 virus, 1492t

Nyando virus, 1628t

NYHA (New York Heart Association), classification

of cardiovascular disease, 1797t, 1936t,

2033t

Nylon flock exposure, 2171

Nystagmus, 231, V3

congenital, 231

etiology of, 231

gaze-evoked, 231

jerk, 231

patterns of, 159, 159t, 160

rotary, in stimulant overdose, 3584

vestibular, 231

in vestibular dysfunction, 176

Nystatin, 380t, 381, 1657, 1675t, 2330

O

OA. See Osteoarthritis (OA)

OATB1B1 (organic anion transport protein 1B1),

2557, 2561

OATs (organic anion transporters), 3249, 3249f,

3250

Obesity, 3087

central adiposity in, 3150–3151

comorbid conditions, 3088, 3088t

asthma, 2153

bone and joint disorders, 2857–2858

diabetes mellitus, 3097, 3101

dyslipidemia, 3086, 3144, 3147

erectile dysfunction, 3057

PCOS, 3036

complications of, 3085, 3085f

cancer, 491, 523, 613, 3087

cardiovascular disease, 1814, 1965, 2040, 3086

cutaneous disorders, 3086

diabetes mellitus, 3086

endocrine disorders, 3086

gastrointestinal disorders, 3086

hypertension, 2072, 2082

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 3016

impaired response to infection, 3087

insulin resistance, 3086, 3086f

liver disease, 2620–2621, 3086

mechanistic considerations in, 3085–3086,

3086f

neurologic disease, 3087

reproductive disorders, 3086

rheumatologic disorders, 3087

sleep deprivation, 3088

definition of, 3081, 3081f

dyspnea in, 265

epidemiology of, 3081

evaluation of, 3087–3089, 3088t

fatigue and, 163

genetic subtypes of, 3085, 3085t

global burden of, 1814, 3081, 3712

gut microbiome and, 3695–3696

heart failure and, 1939

high-altitude travel and, 3622

history focused on, 3087–3088

hyperpigmentation in, 390

in hypothalamic disorders, 2907

infertility and, 3051–3052

in metabolic syndrome, 3150–3151, 3151t

NALFD and, 2621, 2622

pancreatic cancer risk and, 658

pathobiology of, 3080

energy intake and expenditure, 3082–3083

environmental factors, 3082–3083

genetic syndromes, 3083–3084, 3083t

genetic vs. environmental factors in, 3082

homeostatic regulation, 3081–3082, 3082f,

3083f

leptin in, 3083, 3084–3085, 3084t

nutrient storage in adipose tissue, 3082

pregnancy and, 3765

prevalence of, 12, 2883t, 3081

pulmonary function values in, 2137–2138, 2138f

screening/testing for, 39t, 2883t

secondary to other disorders, 3085

severity staging in, 3088, 3089f

treatment of, 3089

algorithm for, 3090f

bariatric surgery, 3093–3094, 3093f

behavioral therapy, 3091

diet therapy, 3089–3091

endoscopic, 2414, V5

goal of, 3089

incentive programs for, 3779–3781, 3780g,

3781f

intraluminal gastric balloons, 3094

in metabolic syndrome, 3155–3156

pharmacotherapy, 3091–3093, 3092t

physical activity, 3091

readiness to change and, 3088–3089

selection of, 3089, 3090t

in women vs. men, 3067

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, 2203–2204

Obiltoxaximab, S3

Obinutuzumab

actions of, 536, 536f, 2707t

adverse effects of, 573

for CLL, 839

for follicular lymphoma, 848

indications for, 2707t

for SLE, 2747

Object recognition, 201

Obligate anaerobes, 1348

Observational data, 29

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),

3546

Obstructive shock, 2236, 2236t

Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome

(OSAHS)

cardiovascular effects of, 2208

clinical features of, 2206

daytime sleepiness in, 208, 2206, 2208

definition of, 2205

diagnosis of, 208t, 2202t, 2203, 2206–2207,

2207f, 2207t

epidemiology of, 11–12, 2205–2206

fatigue and, 163

in heart failure, 1950

heart failure and, 1939

hypertension and, 2079, 2208

in metabolic syndrome, 3155

obesity and, 2079, 2205, 3086

in older adults, 3755

pathophysiology of, 2138, 2205, 2205f, 2207f

polysomnography in, 2206, 2207f

pulmonary hypertension in, 2124

quality of life in, 2208

risk factors for, 2205–2206

screening for, 12

severity scale for, 2207t

sudden cardiac death and, 2259

treatment of, 208t, 2208–2209, 2208t

Obturator sign, 2514t

Occam’s razor, 22, 3814

Occipital adenopathy, 458

Occipital lobe stroke, 225

Occipital nerve injection, 3367, 3367t

Occipitotemporal network, 201–202

Occupational illness. See also Health care workers

animal bite-wounds, 1125

asthma, 2153

contact dermatitis, 375–376

hand eczema, 376

hearing loss, 247, 247t

lung disease, 2132, 2166

asbestos-related. See Asbestos-related disease

categories of, 2167t

characteristics of agents causing, 2167

chest imaging in, 2166

chronic beryllium disease, 2170

coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, 2169–2170

COPD, 2184

disability assessment in, 2172

exposure assessment in, 2166

history in, 2166

hypersensitivity pneumonitis. See

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

incidence of, 2166

inorganic dusts, 2167t, 2170

organic dusts, 2167t, 2170

pulmonary function tests in, 2166

silicosis, 2168–2169, 2169f

toxic chemicals, 2170–2171, 2171t

in World Trade Center rescuers, 2171

osteoarthritis, 2858

shift-work disorder, 214

tularemia, 1315–1316

OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder), 3546

OCG (oral cholecystography), 2645

Ochlerotatus mosquitos, 1637

Ochrobactrum spp., 1249, 1311

Ochronosis, 3272

Ochronotic arthritis, 3272

Ocrelizumab, 3468–3470, 3470t, 3473

OCT (optical coherence tomography), 1865, 1865f

Octopus envenomation, 3604

Octreotide

for acromegaly, 2913

adverse effects of, 2913

INDEX

for carcinoid syndrome, 306, 636, 669 I-159

for chemotherapy-related diarrhea, 542, 555

for dumping syndrome, 2452

in end-of-life care, 80

for extrapancreatic NET, 671, 671t

for gastrinoma, 2985

for hepatorenal syndrome, 2307

for hypoglycemia, 3135

for hypomotility of small bowel, 2786

for insulinoma, 3133

for intestinal pseudoobstruction, 293, 294t

for oncogenic osteomalacia, 725

for postprandial orthostatic hypotension, 3436

structure, 669f

for thyroid dermopathy, 2943

for variceal bleeding, 311, 2630

for vascular ectasias, 312–313

for ZES, 2455

Ocular alignment, 217

“Ocular bobbing,” 186

Ocular disorders, 215. See also Optic neuritis;

Visual loss

acne rosacea and, 383

in axial spondyloarthritis, 2793

in Behçet syndrome, 221, 2818

in cat-scratch disease, 1329, 1330f, 1331t

in diabetes mellitus. See Diabetes mellitus (DM),

complications of; Diabetic retinopathy

in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 2806

at high altitudes, 3621

in IBD, 2480

infections. See also Conjunctivitis; Keratitis;

Retinitis

Candida, 1673, 1673f, 1676

L. loa. See Loa loa (African eye worm)/loiasis

Nocardia, 1338

Onchocerca, 1782

P. aeruginosa, 1287t, 1288

parasitic, 1699t

T. gondii, 1759, 1761, 1762

Toxocara, 1771

in malnutrition, 2536t

in Marfan syndrome, 3229

in MS, 3462

in mucormycosis, 1682–1683

in myasthenia gravis, 3510

in osteogenesis imperfecta, 3223

in relapsing fever, 1423

in relapsing polychondritis, 2828

in sarcoidosis, 2832, 3451

in Sjögren’s syndrome, 2788

SLE and, 2743, 2743t

trachoma, 220, 1450–1451

in tularemia, 1317

Ocular flutter, 231, V3

Ocular lubricants, 220

Ocular movements, 159, 186–187, 186f, 216, 217,

V3

Oculocephalic reflexes, 186f, 187, 3380

Oculocutaneous albinism, 386–387

Oculomotor apraxia, 201

Oculomotor nerve, 3279–3280

Oculomotor nerve palsy, 216, 229, V3

Oculopharyngeal dystrophy, 228, 3527

Oculovestibular response, 186f, 187

Odanacatib, 3208

Odontoid fracture, A16

Odynophagia, 287, 290, 295, 627, 2424, 2432

ODZ4 gene mutations, 3551

Ofatumumab

actions of, 536, 536f, 833t, 2707t

adverse effects of, 573

for MS, 3470, 3470t, 3473

Ofloxacin

actions of, 1164t

for C. trachomatis infection, 1450

for enteric fever, 1295

for epididymitis, 1082

for leprosy, 1390

resistance to, 1164t, 1390, 1443

for tularemia prophylaxis, 1319t

Ogilvie’s disease. See Intestinal pseudoobstruction

17OHP (17-hydroxyprogesterone), 2955f, 2975

Oka. See Varicella vaccine

OKT3, 277t, 2275, 2637

Olanzapine

for acute alcohol intoxication, 3561

adverse effects of, 3087, 3554, 3555t

for bipolar disorder, 3551

for delirium, 83, 83t

for nausea and vomiting, 79, 293, 294, 294t, 555

overdosage/poisoning with, 3590t

for schizophrenia, 3554, 3555, 3555t

Olaparib

action and targets of, 513t, 551t, 552

adverse effects of, 551t

for breast cancer, 551t, 622, 625

gene mutations and response to, 3838

for ovarian cancer, 551t, 697

for pancreatic cancer, 551t, 662

for prostate cancer, 688

Olaratumab, 514t

Older adults. See also Aging

abuse and neglect, 68, 3758–3759, 3758t

ALL in, 832

anemia in, 754, 3747–3748

antidepressant use in, 3549

appendicitis in, 2515

assessment of, 3741–3742, 3743t

asthma in, 2159

benign forgetfulness of, 190

cancer in, 3747

care transitions for, 3740, 3741t

cerumen impaction in, 242

co-managed care of, 3740–3741

COVID-19 disease in, 3759

decision-making skills in, 3742, 3744f

delirium in, 178–179, 3751–3753, 3752f, 3752t.

See also Delirium

dementia in, 3751–3753, 3753t. See also

Dementia

demographics of, 3733, 3733f, 3739, 3739f

diabetes mellitus in, 2894t, 3104t, 3119,

3746–3747

diagnostic test interpretation in, 3742

driving impairment in, 3742, 3743t

drug-induced illness in, 471

drug management in, 3750–3751, 3751t

drug use in, 471

end-of-life and palliative care, 3759. See also

End-of-life care; Palliative care

falls in

causes of, 3749t, 3750t

epidemiology and impact of, 173, 176, 3748

evaluation of, 3743t, 3748f, 3749f

interventions to reduce, 177

management of, 3749–3750, 3750t

risk factors for, 176, 177t

frailty in, 3755, 3757

hearing loss in, 240–241, 241f

heat-related illness in, 3635

hemoglobin/hematocrit in, 433t

hepatitis in, 2579

hyperlipidemia in, 3747

hypernatremia in, 46

hypertension in, 3744, 3746

hypothermia in, 3631, 3633

involuntary weight loss in, 309

levothyroxine dosage in, 2937

liver abscess in, 1059

memory impairment in, 3751, 3751f

multimorbidity in, 3736, 3739–3740, 3740f

musculoskeletal disease in, 2847, 2855

olfactory dysfunction in, 234, 234f, 238

oral health, 262–263

osteoarthritis treatment in, 3747

PD in. See Parkinson’s disease

person-centered care of, 3740, 3740f, 3741,

3742t

polypharmacy in, 3750–3751, 3751t

preventive care for, 3742–3744, 3745t

rheumatoid arthritis in, 2765

screening tests in, 41t

seizures in, 3310, 3310t

sleep disorders in, 3754–3755, 3757t

specialized nutritional support in, 2546

urinary incontinence in, 3753–3754, 3754t,

3755f, 3756t, 3757f, 3757t

vitamin D deficiency in, 3167

water requirement of, 2518

weight regulation in, 309

Olecranon bursitis, 2878

Oleoresin, 375

Olfactory bulb, 232, 232f, 233f

Olfactory disorders, 234

after traumatic brain injury, 3459

diseases and conditions associated with, 235–

236, 235t

in early PD, 3387

epidemiology of, 234–235, 234f

etiology of, 234–235, 235t

evaluation of, 236–237

in gonadotropin deficiency, 3014, 3015t, 3033

taste disorders and, 236

treatment of, 237–238

Olfactory nerve, 3279

Olfactory system, 232–233, 232f

Oligoastrocytomas, 705

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells, 3293

Oligodendrocytes, 3293

Oligodendroglioma, 705

Oligomenorrhea, 3034

Oligomer(s), 3298, 3372

Oliguria, 336, 2218

Olivopontocerebellar atrophy. See Spinocerebellar

ataxia (SCA)

Ollier’s disease (enchondromatosis), 697,

3216

Olmesartan, 302, 304

Olodaterol, 2156

Omacetaxine, 824, 824t

Omadacycline

actions of, 1149, 1160, 1164t

adverse effects of, 1154t, 1160

for Citrobacter infections, 1274

for Enterobacter infections, 1273

for enterococcal infections, 1202

for gram-negative bacterial infections,

1263–1264

indications for, 1157t, 1160

for Klebsiella infections, 1271

for MRSA infections, 1186t, 1187

for NTM infections, 1396

in pregnancy and lactation, 1153t

resistance to, 1157t, 1164t, 1166, 1263

for Serratia infections, 1273

INDEX

I-160 Omalizumab

for ABPA, 2165

actions of, 2708t

adverse effects of, 408

for allergic rhinitis, 2725

for asthma, 2157

indications for, 2708t

for urticaria, 2723

Omapatrilat, 1947

Ombitasvir, 1168t, 1469, 2607, 2608–2609t, 2609

Omecamtiv mecarbil, 1948t, 1949

Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oils), 454

adverse effects of, 3142t, 3148

antiplatelet effects of, 454

for heart failure, 1950

for hypertriglyceridemia, 3142t, 3148

for metabolic syndrome, 3156

for rheumatoid arthritis, 3786

Omenn syndrome, 2714, 2718

Omentectomy, 696

Omeprazole

actions of, 2444

drug interactions of, 471t

formulations of, 2444

for gastrinoma, 2985

genetic variations in response to, 476t, 478

for GERD, 296

in H. pylori eradication, 1283t, 2446

metabolism of, 467t, 478

for peptic ulcer disease, 2443t, 2444, 2450

for ZES, 2455

OmpA protein, 1276

Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, 1626t, 1644

OMVs (outer-membrane vesicles), 1233, 1233f,

1276

Onabotulinum toxin A. See Botulinum toxin

Onasemnogene abeparvovec, 3686t

Onchocerca volvulus/onchocerciasis

characteristics of parasite, 1778t, 1781

clinical features of, 221

lymph nodes, 1782

ocular, 1699t, 1782

onchocercomata, 1782

skin, 387, 1037, 1699t, 1781–1782, 1781f

systemic, 1782

diagnosis of, 945t, 1699t, 1782, S12

epidemiology of, 945t, 1697, 1778t, 1781

etiology of, 1781

pathogenesis of, 1781

prevention of, 1782

treatment of, 1710, 1782

Oncogene(s), 498, 499–500, 500t, 508, 520f. See

also Cancer genetics

Oncogene addiction, 515, 515f, 544

Oncogene checkpoint, 510f

Oncologic emergencies. See Cancer, emergencies in

Oncology, 530

Oncolytic viruses, 536f, 539, 3689–3690

Oncostatin M (OSM), 2683t

Oncotype DX Recurrence Score, 619

Oncovin, 3017

Ondansetron

for ataxia/tremor in MS, 3474

for nausea and vomiting, 80, 115, 293, 294, 294t,

488, 554

for scombroid poisoning, 3606

Ondine’s curse, 2204

One-and-a-half syndrome, 230, V3

“Onionskin” lesion, 2090

“Onion skinning,” 2366

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 3639, 3640t

Onycholysis, 378, 381, 410

Onychomadesis, 410

Onychomycosis, 380, 1657, 1672, 1677, 1691, 1691t

O’nyong-nyong virus infection, 1044, 1625t, 1633

Oocyte donation, 3036, 3679–3680, 3679f

Oogonia, 3027, 3028f

Oophorectomy, 531, 613t, 614, 620, 695, 698

Oophoritis, 1617

OPA1, 950, 950t, 1235, 3298

OPC-31260, 2353

OPC-67683. See Delamanid

Open-access endoscopy, 2420–2422

OPG. See Osteoprotegerin (OPG)

Ophthalmia neonatorum, 1238, 1240t

Ophthalmomyiasis, 3611

Ophthalmopathy

diabetic. See Diabetic retinopathy

Graves’. See Graves’ (thyroid-associated)

ophthalmopathy

Ophthalmoplegia

internuclear, 230, 231f, V3

progressive external. See Progressive external

ophthalmoplegia

Opicapone, 3395, 3396t

Opioid(s)

actions of, 96, 3538, 3538f, 3540t

adverse effects of, 79, 125, 249, 2861t, 3569

delirium, 180

dysphagia, 290

hypogonadism, 3016

management of, 96

pruritus, 411

respiratory depression, 96

SA node dysfunction, 1875t

for back pain, 125

chronic/long-term use of, 73t, 98, 99t

for cough, 249

COX inhibitor combinations, 96–97

cross-tolerance among, 79

dosage of, 78–79

for dyspnea, 81, 267

endogenous, 94

for frostbite, 3634

guidelines for prescribing, 98, 99t

for migraine, 3362t, 3364

most commonly abused, 3569. See also Opioid

use disorders

neurobiology of, 3569–3570, 3569t, 3570f

for osteoarthritis, 2861t, 2862

overdosage/poisoning with, 184, 3571, 3571t,

3584–3585, 3595t

for pain, 78–79, 78f, 95t, 96–97

pharmacology of, 3570–3571

for restless legs syndrome, 212

routes of administration of, 96

for sickle cell pain, 760

systems effects of, 3570–3571

withdrawal from, 3571–3572

Opioid antagonists, 3571, 3571t, 3572

Opioid receptors, 94, 3569–3570, 3569t, 3570f

Opioid use disorders, 3569

clinical features of, 3570–3571

complications of, 3570–3571

diagnosis of, 3569

epidemiology of, 3569

pathogenesis of, 3538, 3538f

prescription opioids and, 98

prevention of, 3572

in terminally ill patient, 79

treatment of, 3571–3572, 3571t

Opisthorchis/opisthorchiasis, 653, 945t, 1784t,

1788–1789, 1788t, 1789t

Opsoclonus, 231

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, paraneoplastic,

734, 2697t

Opsonization, 2685

Optical coherence tomography (OCT), 1865, 1865f

Optic ataxia, 201

Optic atrophy, 223, 223f, 1410, 3287, 3298

Optic chiasm, 218, 2902t

Optic cup, 225, 225f

Optic disc, 218, 224, 224f

Optic disc drusen, 224, 224f

Optic gliomas, 2907

Optic nerve, 215

disorders of, 218. See also Optic neuritis; Optic

neuropathy

examination of, 3279

injuries of, 3459

tumors of, 227

Optic neuritis, 216

color desaturation in, 218

epidemiology of, 223

ethambutol-related, 1401

in MS, 223, 3462

in neuromyelitis optica. See Neuromyelitis optica

(NMO)

paraneoplastic, 728t, 736

recurrent, 223

retrobulbar, 216, 223, 223f

in sarcoidosis, 2833

treatment of, 223, 3293

visual field defects in, 218

Optic neuropathy

anterior ischemic, 222–223, 222f

drug-induced, 223–224

in giant cell arteritis, 2812

Leber’s. See Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

posterior ischemic, 223

toxic, 223–224, 223f

Opt-in vs. opt-out policies, 3779

Optokinetic reflex, 215

Oral cancer

clinical features of, 257, 259t, 591, A3

diagnosis of, 257

incidence of and deaths from, 481t

prevention of, 490

risk factors for, 257, 379, 3559

smoking and, 490

Oral cavity. See also Oral mucosa

anaerobic bacterial infections of, 1349, 1351

dry. See Xerostomia

healthy, A3

infections of, 559–560

lesions in reactive arthritis, 2797–2798

in malnutrition, 2536t

systemic disease signs in, 256, A3

Oral cholecystography (OCG), 2645

Oral contraceptives, 3053

for acne vulgaris, 382

adverse effects of

cholestasis, 319, 2586t

cutaneous, 139t, 382, 391, 397

dyslipidemia, 3144

hair loss, 410

hepatotoxicity, 2586

hirsutism, 410

hyperkalemia, 353

hypertension, 3066

oral pigmentation, 260t

pigmentation changes, 409

venous thrombosis, 923

for amenorrhea, 3036

benefits of, 3054

breast cancer risk and, 612

INDEX

contraindications to, 3042, 3053t, 3054 I-161

drug interactions of, 471t, 473, 3323–3324

for dysmenorrhea, 3038

effectiveness of, 3054t

for endometriosis, 3038

for hirsutism, 3042

HIV infection risk and, 1534

for PCOS, 3036

in perimenopause, 3043–3044

progestin-only, 3054

Oral-facial-digital syndrome type I, 2351t

Oral glucose tolerance test, 3097

Oral hairy leukoplakia, 1485, 1485f, 1486–1487,

1568, 1569f

Oral mucosa

age-related changes in, 262

pigmented lesions, 260t

vesicular, bullous, or ulcerative lesions, 258–259t

white lesions, 260t

Oral pain, nondental, 257, 259, 261

Oral rehydration solution (ORS)

for cholera, 1307–1308, 1307t

composition of, 1065, 1301, 1308, 1308t

for infectious diarrhea, 302, 1065, 1065t

for Shigella infections, 1301

Oral sex, HIV transmission and, 1533t, 1534

Oral ulcers, 257, 259t, 2818, A3

Orán virus, 1629t

Orbital atherectomy, A11

Orbital pseudotumor, 228, 2838t, V3

Orbit, disorders of, 227–228, 2839f, A16

Orbitofrontal cortex, 232

Orbiviruses, 1626t, 1631, 1640

Orchidopexy, 690

Orchiectomy, 531, 544, 687, 690

Orchitis, 1617, 1618, 3017

Orexin (hypocretin), 171, 205, 206f, 236

Orf, 1035, 1492t, 1493

Organic acid(s), renal transport of, 2292

Organic anion transporters (OATs), 3249, 3249f

Organic anion transport protein 1B1 (OATP1B1), 2557

Organic dusts, 2167t, 2170

Organ of Corti, 238, 239f

Organoids, 3300

Organophosphates, 301, 3495t, 3592t

Organ transplantation. See Solid organ

transplantation

Oriboca virus, 1627t

Orientia tsutsugamushi, 977, 1437. See also Scrub

typhus

Oritavancin

actions of, 1148, 1164t

adverse effects of, 1154t, 1159

drug interactions of, 1155t

for enterococcal infections, 1202

indications for, 1156t, 1158

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

resistance to, 1156t, 1164t

for staphylococcal infections, 1186t, 1187

Orlistat, 2532, 3093, 3155

ORMDL2 gene mutations, 2472, 2472t

Ornithine decarboxylase, 1708

Ornithine metabolism disorders, 3270t

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, 3270t, 3273

Ornithodoros spp. tick, 1422, 1422f

Oromandibular dystonia, 3402

Oropharyngeal disease

cancer, 491–492, 591, 593, 1499. See also Head

and neck cancer

dysphagia in, 289

in systemic sclerosis, 2781, 2781t

in tularemia, 1317

Oropouche virus, 1628t, 1639

Orotic aciduria, 775, 3253t, 3254

Oroya fever, 1331t, 1333–1334

Orphenadrine, 3590t, 3593t

ORS. See Oral rehydration solution (ORS)

Orthobunyaviruses, 1627–1528t, 1630, 1639

Orthobunyavirus infections, 1627–1528t, 1639

Orthodeoxia, 2549

Orthodromic AV reciprocating tachycardia, 1888t,

1896f, 1897

Orthohantaviruses, 1628–1629t, 1630

Orthomyxoviruses, 1454t, 1455f, 1505, 1624. See

also Influenza virus

Orthomyxovirus infections, 1632–1633t, 1640

Orthonairoviruses, 1629t, 1630

Orthopnea, 265, 1936

Orthopoxvirus infections

clinical features of, 1493, 1493f, 1494

epidemiology of, 1492–1493

in humans, 1492t

pathogenesis of, 1492–1493

zoonotic characteristics of, 1492t

Orthopoxvirus vaccine, 1494

Orthostatic hypotension

approach to the patient, 3431–3432

clinical features of, 156, 3429, 3430t

definition of, 1818

diabetic neuropathy and, 3125

diagnosis of, 3431–3432

dizziness in, 159

drug-related, 3431t, 3435

etiology of, 3431t

in hypovolemia, 341

neurogenic, 156

in opioid use disorders, 3571

pathophysiology of, 126f, 153–154, 1818

in PD, 3398

in pheochromocytoma, 2073

prevalence of, 3430t

treatment of, 156, 3125, 3386, 3435–3436, 3436t

Orthostatic proteinuria, 2334

Orthostatic tachycardia, 341

Orthostatic tremor, 175

Orungo virus, 1626t

OSAHS. See Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea

syndrome (OSAHS)

Osborn wave, 1830

Oscillopsia, 159, 160

Oseltamivir

actions of, 1463

adverse effects of, 1463

for influenza, 1141, 1463–1464, 1463t, 1512,

1521

for influenza prophylaxis, 1015, 1463t, 1564t

pharmacology of, 1463

resistance to, 1463, 1464

Osilodrostat, 2916, 2963

Osimertinib

action and targets of, 511, 513t, 544, 546t

adverse effects of, 546t

drug interactions of, 546t

gene mutations and response to, 3838

for lung cancer, 604, 606, 606t

Osler maneuver, 2081

Osler’s nodes, 1816

Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome (hereditary

hemorrhagic telangiectasia)

bleeding in, 453

clinical features of, 386

gastrointestinal bleeding in, 312

skin manifestations of, 386, 1816

vascular malformations in, 910, 3352

OSM (oncostatin M), 2683t

Osmolality, 338

Osmolar gap, 363

Osmolytes, 344

Osmoreceptive, 2294

Osmoreceptors, 338, 2295f, 2918

Osmoregulation, 2294, 2295f, 2923, 2923f

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine

myelinolysis), 344, 346, 2273, 2273f,

3356, S1

Osmotic diarrhea, 303, 346, 2459, 2467. See also

Diarrhea

Osmotic diuresis, 340

Osmotic equilibrium, 338

Osmotic fragility, 779

Osmotic laxatives. See Laxatives

OspA, 1426

OspC, 1426

Ospemifene, 3045, 3050

Ossa virus, 1627t

Ossification, extraskeletal, 3216–3217, 3216t

Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 358, 2313, 3175, 3190

Osteoarthritis (OA), 2854

in acromegaly, 2871

back pain in, 122–123

clinical features of, 2859–2860

definition of, 2855

diagnosis of, 2855, 2859, 2859f

global considerations in, 2855

joints affected by, 2855, 2855f

hand, 2855, 2855f

hip, 2857, 2859

knee, 2855, 2857, 2857f, 2859, 2859f

toe, 2858f

neck pain in, 128

oral pain in, 257

pain sources in, 2858–2859

pathogenesis of, 185–186, 2856f

pathology of, 2858, 2858f

prevalence of, 2855

risk factors for, 2856–2858, 2857f

treatment of, 2860, 2861t

acetaminophen, 2861

cartilage regeneration, 2862

COX-2 inhibitors, 2861

exercise, 2860

intraarticular injections, 2861

malalignment correction, 2860–2861

NSAIDs, 2861

in older adults, 3747

opioid analgesics, 2862

surgical, 2862

Osteoarthropathy, hypertrophic. See Hypertrophic

osteoarthropathy

Osteoblast(s), 3158f, 3159f, 3170, 3210f

Osteoblastic lesion, 715, 716

Osteoblastoma, 722t

Osteochondrodysplasias, 3216

Osteochondroma, 714, 715

Osteochondromatosis (multiple exostoses), 3216

Osteoclast(s), 3158, 3158f, 3159f, 3170, 3210f

Osteoclast activating factor, 869

Osteocyte(s), 3157

Osteodystrophy, renal, 334, 3182

Osteogenesis, 715

Osteogenesis imperfecta, 3221

classification of, 3221, 3222t

clinical features of, 239, 1816, 1987, 2000, 3221–3223

diagnosis of, 3224

genetic considerations in, 3222t, 3223–3224, 3650

incidence of, 3221

treatment of, 2528, 3224

INDEX

I-162 Osteolytic lesion, 715

Osteoma cutis, 395

Osteomalacia

axial, 3214

diagnosis of, 3168–3169

in hypophosphatasia, 3214

hypophosphatemia and, 3168

oncogenic (tumor-induced), 722t, 725, 3161,

3163

pathogenesis of, 3168

postgastrectomy, 2452

secondary hyperparathyroidism and, 3182

Osteomyelitis, 1046

actinomycotic, 1341f, 1342

anaerobic bacterial, 1354

from bite-wound infections, 1125

Blastomyces, 1666, 1667, 1667t

Brucella, 1312

classification of, 1046

E. coli, 1267

enterococcal, 1200

foot, 1053, 1053f, 1288

in long bones, 1048–1050, 1049t, 1050t, 1051f

nontyphoidal Salmonella, 1297

P. aeruginosa, 1287t, 1288

in prosthetic joints. See Prosthetic joint infections

psoas abscess in, 1060

S. aureus, 1181–1182, 1182f

skull, 1354

sternal, 1052–1053, 1052f

treatment of, 1187–1188, 3127

tuberculous, 1043, 1047, 1050, 1052

vertebral, 1288

clinical features of, 123, 146, 1047, 1181–1182

complications of, 1048

diagnosis of, 123, 1047, 1048f, 1182f

epidemiology of, 1046

global considerations in, 1048

microbiology of, 1046–1047

pathogenesis of, 1046

treatment of, 1047–1048, 1049t, 1050t

in war veterans, S6

Osteonecrosis

drug-induced, 2847t

femoral head, 2854f

in HIV infection, 1574

in IBD, 2481t, 2482

of jaw, 262, 3184, 3205, A3

in sickle cell disease, 760

Osteopathic medicine, 3785t, 3789

Osteopenia, 2668, 2847t

Osteopetrosis, 3212–3213

Osteopoikilosis, 3214

Osteopontin, 745

Osteoporosis, 3191

with androgen deprivation therapy, 3076

approach to the patient, 3197

back pain in, 123

chemotherapy-related, 741

definition of, 3191

diagnosis of, 3196f, 3197–3199, 3198t, 3199t

diet and, 2521

differential diagnosis of, 3198–3199

epidemiology of, 3191–3192

fractures in

epidemiology of, 3191, 3191f

management of, 3199–3200

prevention of, 3200, 3204f, 3205f. See also

Osteoporosis, treatment of

risk factors for, 3045, 3191–3192, 3193f, 3193t,

3196–3197, 3198f

vertebral. See Vertebral fractures

glucocorticoid-induced, 2531, 3208–3209

heparin-induced, 931

in HIV infection, 1574

in IBD, 2481t, 2482

in liver disease, 2633

pathophysiology of, 3192–3193, 3193f

prednisone and, 2761

prevalence of, 2884t

prevention of, 3045, 3046t

in rheumatoid arthritis, 2753

risk factors for, 3191–3192, 3193t

chronic disease, 3195, 3195t

cigarette smoking, 3196

estrogen status, 3195

low calcium intake, 3194

medications, 3196, 3196t

pancreatitis, 2668

physical inactivity, 3195

reduction in, 3200

vitamin D deficiency, 3194–3195

screening for, 38, 39t, 2884t, 3745t

in short-bowel syndrome, 2466

treatment of, 123, 3199

abaloparatide, 3207–3208

bisphosphonates, 3203–3205, 3204f

calcitonin, 3205

calcium, 3200–3201, 3200t

denosumab, 3205–3206, 3206f

estrogens, 3202, 3202f

exercise, 3201

indications for, 3202

monitoring of, 3208

nonpharmacologic, 3208

nutritional recommendations, 3200–3201

progestins, 3203

risk factor reduction, 3200

romosozumab, 3208

SERMs, 3203

strontium ranelate, 3208

teriparatide, 3206–3207, 3207f

unapproved agents, 3208

vitamin D, 3201

in women, 3067

Osteoprotegerin (OPG)

in bone metastasis, 520

in bone remodeling, 3193, 3194f

in osteopetrosis, 3210f, 3213

in primary myelofibrosis, 805

in rheumatoid arthritis, 2757f, 2758

Osteosarcoma, 257, 715

Osteosclerosis, 124, 805, 3214. See also Paget’s

disease of bone

Ostium primum, 281, A11

Ostium secundum, 281, A11

Otitis externa, 249, 1287t, 1289, 1679, 3128

Otitis media

acute, 249–250, 250t, 1175, 1176

anaerobic bacterial, 1351

antibiotics for, 250, 250t

brain abscess associated with, 1018

C. auris, 1208

chronic, 1351

clinical features of, 1175

with effusion, 250

hearing loss in, 239

H. influenzae, 1242

in influenza, 1519

M. catarrhalis, 1245

in nasopharyngeal cancer, 590

treatment of, 1176

Otoacoustic emissions, 241

Otorrhea, 250

Otosclerosis, 241, 245, A16

Otoscopy, 239

OTUD4 gene mutations, 3015t

Outcome (quality theory), 52

Outcome evaluation, 4

Outer-membrane proteins, 1235

Outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs), 1233, 1233f,

1276

Outpatient care, 3

Ova and parasite examination, 301

Ovalocytosis, malaria resistance and, 1723

Ovarian cancer, 695

breast cancer and, 695

carcinoma of unknown primary and, 720

clinical features of, 695–696

deaths from, 481t, 483f, 484t

epidemiology of, 695

epithelial, 695

genetic considerations in, 500t, 503t, 614,

695–696

germ cell tumors, 698

incidence of, 481t, 695

infections in, 556t

in Lynch syndrome, 638, 695

metastatic, 398, 458

oral contraceptives and, 3054

paraneoplastic syndromes in, 722t, 723, 728t

pathogenesis of, 695–696

pathology of, 695

postmenopausal hormone therapy and, 3046t,

3048

in pregnancy, 3766t

prognosis of, 696t, 697

protective factors for, 695

recurrent, 697

risk factors for, 695

screening for, 496t, 497, 696

staging of, 696, 696t

stromal tumors, 217–218

surgical prevention of, 493

treatment of, 696–697, 697f

tumor markers in, 487t, 696

Ovarian follicles, 3027–3028, 3028f

Ovarian reserve, 3051

Ovary

development of, 2999, 3027, 3027f, 3028f

disorders of

borderline tumors, 217

cancer. See Ovarian cancer

cyst, 111, 112, 453, 3037, 3038

drug-related, 2747

dysfunction/failure, 3035–3036, 3052, 3651

teratoma. See Teratoma, ovarian

function of, 3028

assessment of, 3031

hypothalamic secretion in, 3028–3029, 3029f

ovarian peptides in, 3030

ovarian steroids in, 3029–3030, 3029f. See also

Estrogen(s); Progesterone

pituitary secretion in, 3029f, 3030

metastatic disease to, 696

Overactive bladder, 327, 3075, 3753, 3754t, 3756t

Overdiagnosis, 494, 597

Overdosage. See Poisoning/drug overdose

Overflow diarrhea, 299

Overhydrated stomatocytosis, 781

Overlapping sphincteroplasty, 2503

Overoptimism, 3776t, 3777

Overweight, 12, 3081, 3081f, 3088t. See also Obesity

Ovotesticular disorders of sexual development,

3001–3002, 3001t

Ovulation assessment, 3051, 3052

INDEX

OXA-48 (OXA group carbapenemase), 1165 I-163

Oxacillin

adverse effects of, 349, 2584

for cellulitis, 1039t

for epidural abscess, 975t

indications for, 1153, 1156t

for infective endocarditis, 1028

for nongonococcal bacterial arthritis, 1042

for osteomyelitis, 1049t, 1050t

resistance to, 1028, 1156t

for staphylococcal infections, 1185, 1186t

Oxalate, 361, 363, 2369

Oxaliplatin

actions of, 539

adverse effects of, 539, 540t, 642, 738t, 2586

for colorectal cancer, 642

for gastric cancer, 633

interactions and issues, 540t

for NETs, 671t

for pancreatic cancer, 661, 662t

for testicular cancer, 694

Oxalosis, 2867, 2867f, A4

Oxamniquine, 1706t, 1711

Oxandrolone, 3021

Oxazepam, 2060, 3544t, 3592t

Oxazolidinones. See Linezolid; Tedizolid

Oxcarbazepine

adverse effects of, 3317, 3319t, 3551t

for anxiety disorders, 3544

for bipolar disorder, 3551, 3551t

drug interactions of, 3319t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3592t

for pain, 79, 95t

pharmacology of, 3319t

for seizures, 3317, 3319t

for trigeminal neuralgia, 3438

Oxicam, 414

Oxidative burst, 955

Oxidative phosphorylation, 3528

Oxidative stress, 2075, 3151, 3733, 3739

P450 Oxidoreductase deficiency, 2974t

Oximes, S4

5-Oxoproline, 363

3-Oxothiolase deficiency, 3271t

Oxybutynin, 213, 3398, 3455, 3474

Oxycodone

abuse of, 98. See also Opioid use disorders

for dyspnea, 81t

for pain, 95t

Oxycodone extended-release, 95t, 98

Oxygen delivery, 2222–2223, 2236

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, 273, 432,

755–756, 756f

Oxygen therapy

for anaphylaxis, 2728

for cluster headache, 3366

for COPD, 2188

for COPD exacerbation, 2189

for dyspnea, 81, 267

for high-altitude pulmonary edema, 3620

hyperbaric. See Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

for hyponatremia, 345

for hypothermia, 3632

for pulmonary edema, 2255

for respiratory acidosis, 368

for shock, 2241

for STEMI, 2057

Oxygen toxicity, 3624

Oxygen uptake, 2136

Oxymetazoline, 249, 2725

Oxyntic cell, 2434, 2435f

Oxyntic gland, 2434, 2434f

Oxyphenbutazone, 905t

Oxytocin, 2918f, 2920

Ozanimod, 2486, 3470t, 3471

Ozone exposure, 2171t

P

P1PK RBC group system, 887t

P3H1 gene mutations, 3221, 3224

P5N (pyrimidine-5’-nucleotidase) deficiency, 3253t

P5N (pyrimidine-5’-nucleotidase) superactivity,

3253t

p14ARF, 499, 509

p16, 582, 658, 658t, 820, 3793

p16Ink4a, 509, 516, 745

p21Cip2/Waf1, 509

p24, 962, 962f

p24 antigen capture assay, 1559–1560, 1560t

p27Kip1, 509

P50, 755, 756f

p53

activation of, 509–510, 510f

adenoviral-mediated expression of, 3688–3689

in brain tumors, 702

in cancer cells, 509–510, 524, 2695, 2697t

in colon cancer, 500t

in hepatocellular carcinoma, 645

in melanoma, 579

in SLE, 2697t

VEGF inhibition and, 525f

p53 gene mutations

in B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, 856

in breast cancer, 614, 618

in cancer, 509–510, 510f, 3645t, 3849–3850

in carcinoma of unknown primary, 716

in colorectal cancer, 637

in glioma, 702

in head and neck cancer, 590

in Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 703t, 712

in lung cancer, 595

in skin cancer, 419, 586

in skin response to sun, 418

in thyroid cancer, 2951

p57, 745

p62, 2697t, 2823, 2824f

p63, 596, 3793

p70S6K, 512f

p-80-Collin, 2696t

P450 oxidoreductase deficiency, 2974t, 3002

PA 824. See Pretomanid

PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid), 423, 424t, 1149, 1167

Pacemaker(s), 1878

for AV conduction block, 1885–1887, 1886f,

1887f

CMR in patient with, 1840

complications of, 1880

five-letter codes for, 1878

indications for, 1873, 1878–1879, 1879f, 1879t,

1885–1886, 1886f

nomenclature of, 1878

pacing mode, 1878

for pulmonary edema, 2256

for SA node dysfunction, 1878, 1879t

for STEMI, 1886, 2063

temporary, 1878, 1885

types of, 1887, 1887f

Pacemaker cells, 1873

Pachydermoperiostosis. See Hypertrophic

osteoarthropathy

Packed red blood cells. See Transfusion(s), packed

red blood cell

Paclitaxel

actions of, 543

adverse effects of, 541t, 543

hypersensitivity reaction, 578, 2728

lupus syndrome, 2847t

myopathy, 2847t

neurologic, 3493t

pulmonary, 575

for bladder cancer, 679

for breast cancer, 621, 625

for carcinoma of unknown primary, 720

in drug-eluting stents, 2067

for endometrial cancer, 700

for gastric cancer, 633

interactions and issues, 541t

for lung cancer, 605t, 610

for metastatic cervical cancer, 699

for ovarian cancer, 696

premedication for, 541t, 543

for testicular cancer, 694

PAD14 gene mutations, 2755

PAF (pure autonomic failure), 3434

Paget-Schroetter syndrome, 2112

Paget’s disease, extramammary, 586, 589f

Paget’s disease of bone, 3209

back pain in, 124

clinical features of, 3210–3211

complications of, 3211

diagnosis of, 3211–3212, 3211f

epidemiology of, 3209

etiology of, 3209–3210, 3210f

genetic considerations in, 3210

juvenile, 3210

multiple-site, A15

oral manifestations of, 257

pathophysiology of, 3210

of tibia, A15

treatment of, 3212, 3212t

PAH. See Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)

PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor I), 923, 937,

937f, 1801

Pain

acute, treatment of, 94

acetaminophen for. See Acetaminophen

aspirin for. See Aspirin

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for. See

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

opioids for. See Opioid(s)

approach to the patient, 118–120

assessment of, 78, 3281

cancer, 488

chronic, 73t, 97, 98t, 99t, S7. See also Opioid(s)

complementary and integrative therapies for,

3785-3788

depression and, 97

etiology of, 77–78

frequency of, 77

neuropathic, 77, 94, 98–99. See also Neuropathy

nociceptive, 77

pathophysiology of, 91

central mechanisms, 92–93, 92f

neuropathic pain, 94

pain modulation, 93–94, 93f

peripheral mechanisms, 91–92, 91f, 92f

perception of, 85, 112

psychological variables, 97

racial/ethnic disparities in treatment of, 60

referred, 92, 92f, 109t, 110, 118, 124

sympathetically maintained, 94

in terminally ill patient, 73t, 77–79, 78f

testing sense of, 169–170, 170t

visceral, 77

Painful articular syndrome, 1573

Painless (silent) thyroiditis, 2944

INDEX

I-164 PALB1 gene mutations, 614

PALB2 gene mutations, 658, 658t, 695

Palbociclib

action and targets of, 513t, 549t, 552

adverse effects of, 549t

for breast cancer, 552, 613t, 622, 624

for hepatocellular carcinoma, 652f

Palifermin, 555, 899

Palilalia, 3406

Paliperidone, 3554, 3555t

Palivizumab, 1140, 1464, 1513

Palla’s sign, 2096

Palliative care, 74, 85, 487, 488, 531, 555, 3759. See

also End-of-life care

Palliative sedation, 82

Pallister-Hall syndrome, 2907

Palmar crease, 432, 1816

Palmar erythema, 2549, 2625, 2625f

Palmar fasciitis, 2877

Palmomental response, 3281

Palonosetron, 80, 554

Palovarotene, 3217

Palpation

of abdomen, 111

of chest, 2132

of heart, 1819

of spleen, 461

Palpitations, 286

Palsy(ies)

Bell’s. See Bell’s palsy

cranial nerve. See Cranial nerve disorders

2-PAM Cl (2-pralidoxime chloride), 3592t, S4

Pamidronate

for bone pain, 79

for hypercalcemia, 357, 723, 3184, 3184t

for metastatic bone disease, 716

for multiple myeloma, 875

for Paget’s disease of bone, 3212t

p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 423, 424t, 1149, 1167

PAMPs. See Pathogen-associated molecular

patterns (PAMPs)

Pan American Sanitary Bureau, 3703

pANCA (perinuclear ANCA), 2803

Pancoast tumor, 2849, 3499

Pancoast tumor (superior sulcus tumor), 129, 598,

606

Pancreas

anatomy of, 658, 659f

annular, 2668–2669

beta cells of, 3098, 3100

biopsy of, 2656

disorders of. See Pancreatic disease

exocrine secretion in, 2657

in autoprotection of pancreas, 2658

enteropancreatic axis and feedback inhibition

in, 2658

enzymes in, 2657

insufficient, 2667. See also Chronic

pancreatitis

laboratory evaluation of, 2654t, 2656–2657

regulation of, 2657

in steatorrhea, 2460

water and electrolyte content of, 2657

transplantation, 1145, 3114, 3123f, 3132

Pancreas divisum, 2669

Pancreatectomy, 2668

Pancreatic agenesis, 3645t

Pancreatic cancer, 657

clinical features of, 397, 659

deaths from, 481t, 482f, 484t, 657

diagnosis of, 659, 660f

epidemiology of, 657

extrahepatic cholestasis in, 320

gastroparesis in, 292

genetic considerations in, 500t, 516, 658, 658t

incidence of, 481t

in mumps, 1617

obstruction due to, 2416, 2420f

paraneoplastic syndromes in, 722t

pathology and molecular considerations in,

658–659, 659f

risk factors for, 657–658

staging of, 660, 661t

treatment of, 660–662, 661t, 662t

tumor markers in, 487t

Pancreatic cholera. See VIPoma (vasoactive

intestinal peptidoma)

Pancreatic disease. See also Pancreatitis

abdominal pain in, 109

annular pancreas, 2668–2669

approach to the patient, 2652

ascites in, 323

back pain in, 124

cancer. See Pancreatic cancer

in cystic fibrosis, 2176. See also Cystic fibrosis (CF)

diagnosis of

biopsy, 2655, 2656

imaging, 2653f, 2654t, 2655–2656, 2656t

pancreatic enzymes, 2653–2655, 2654t

pancreatic function tests, 2654t, 2656–2657

endocrine tumors. See Neuroendocrine tumors

(NETs), pancreatic

epidemiology of, 2652–2653

etiology of, 2652

indigestion in, 295

macroamylasemia, 2669

mucinous cysts, 2653, 2653f

pancreas divisum, 2669

skin manifestations of, 397

Pancreatic enzyme(s)

activation of, in pancreatitis, 2657

in pancreatic disease diagnosis, 2653–2655,

2654t, 2656t

Pancreatic enzyme preparations, 306, 2495, 2668

Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias, 658

Pancreatic necrosis, 2393, 2419, 2662f, 2663, V5

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs). See

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), pancreatic

Pancreaticopleural fistula, 2662f

Pancreatic polypeptide-secreting tumors (PPomas),

2986

Pancreatitis. See also Acute pancreatitis; Chronic

pancreatitis

ascites in, 323

autoimmune, 2666, 2666t, 2837, 2838t

choledocholithiasis and, 2650

cobalamin malabsorption in, 772

diagnosis of, 85, 112

differential diagnosis of, 2660

endoscopic findings in, 2419

gallstone, 2410, 2663

hereditary, 2668

hypocalcemia in, 358

hypovolemia in, 341

in IBD, 2481t

in mumps, 1617

nausea and vomiting in, 292

pancreatic cancer risk and, 658

pleural effusions in, 2659

post-ERCP, 2396

tumor markers in, 487t

Pancuronium, 2276

Pancytopenia, 788, 792, 793t

Pandemic, 1515

Panencephalitis, 1100

Pangender, 3079t

Pangolin, 3716

Panic attack, 287

Panic disorder, 101t, 105, 3541

Panitumumab

action and targets of, 514t, 536f

adverse effects of, 537, 574, 642

for colorectal cancer, 642

genetic variations in response to, 477t

PANK (pantothenate kinase–associated

neurodegeneration), 3409

Panniculitis, 397, 2843

Panobinostat, 513t, 517, 549t, 552, 874t, 875, 3796

Pansexual, 3079t

Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin, 1013,

1038, 1180

Pantoprazole, 296, 2443t, 2444, 2456

Pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration

(PANK), 3390, 3409

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5

), 2519t, 2528

Panuveitis, 221

PAPA (pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum,

and acne) syndrome, 448, 2843

Papez circuit, 202

Papillary fibroelastoma, 2027

Papillary necrosis, 2282, 2362, 2362t

Papillary renal carcinoma, 503t, 504, 673, 674t. See

also Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

Papillary thyroid cancer, 2950t, 2951–2952, 2951f

Papilledema, 185, 224, 224f

Papillomaviruses, 1455f. See also Human

papillomavirus (HPV)

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, 257

Pap smear, 38, 38t, 39t, 495t, 497, 698–699

Papular acrodermatitis of childhood, 2579

Papular eruptive xanthomas, A15

Papular mucinosis, 395

Papule, 133, 369t, 370f

Papulonodular lesions, 394

blue, 394t, 397

etiology of, 1035, 1036f, 1037

pink, 394t, 395

purple, 394t, 397–398

red, 394t, 396–397

red-brown, 394t, 397

skin-colored, 394t, 395

violaceous, 394t, 397

white, 394–395, 394t

yellow, 394t, 395–396

Papulosquamous lesions, 265t, 377, 377t

PAR1 (protease activation receptor 1), 921

Para-aminosalicylic acid, 771t, 905t, 1376t, 1404

Paraballism, 3406

Paracellular transport, 2289

Paracentesis, abdominal, 323, 324, 489

Paracoccidioidomycosis, 1654t, 1687–1688, 1687t

Paracrine regulation, 2891

Paradoxical pulse, 2020f

Paradoxical undressing, 3631

Paraesophageal hernia, 2424

Parafacial respiratory group, 2201

Parafibromin, 2984t, 2988, 2990

Paraganglioma

cardiac, 2027

definition of, 2976

diagnosis of, 2976–2977, 2977t, 2978f

genetic considerations in, 2079, 2976,

2981–2982, 2981t, 2982f

hypertension in, 2079

malignant, 2979

pathogenesis of, 2976, 2977f

 

INDEX

I-146 mTOR inhibitors, 511, 550t, 552–553, 738t. See also

Everolimus; Temsirolimus

mtrR gene, 1236

MTTP gene mutations, 3145

MUC1 gene mutations, 2355

MUC5B gene mutations, 2192, 2196

Mucambo virus, 1625t

Mucin, 2644

Mucinous cyst, pancreatic, 2653, 2653f

Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), 448, 2841t, 2843

Mucociliary escalator, 1173

Mucolipidoses, 3256t

Mucopolysaccharidoses, 1967, 3255t, 3259–3260,

A15

Mucorales, 1682, 1682t

Mucormycosis, 1681

clinical features of, 142–143, 230, 254, 1653t,

1682–1683

diagnosis of, 1653t, 1683–1684, 1683f

differential diagnosis of, 1684

epidemiology of, 981

etiology of, 1682, 1682t

in HIV infection, 1565

in immunocompromised patient, A5

invasive, A16

pathogenesis of, 1682

prognosis of, 1686

risk factors for, 1653t

in transplant recipient, 1143

treatment of, 1684–1686, 1685t

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), 2695

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

lymphoma

clinical features of, 633

etiology of, 841

genetic considerations in, 843, 844t, 849

H. pylori and, 633, 841, 1280

pathology of, 849

treatment of, 634, 849

Mucosal bleeding, 454

Mucosal leishmaniasis, 1742t, 1747–1748, 1748f

Mucosal malabsorption, 304

Mucositis

acute necrotizing ulcerative (noma), 256, 559

chemotherapy-related, 555

radiation therapy-related, 593

in transplant recipient, 899

Mucous membrane pemphigoid, 257, 259t, 401t,

404

Mucous retention cyst, oral, 260t

Mucus hypersecretion, 2150

Muehrcke’s lines, 2282

Mu heavy chain disease, 877

Muir-Torre syndrome, 396

Muju virus, 1628t

Mulberry molars, 257, 1410

Müllerian agenesis, 3005, 3034, 3035

Müllerian inhibiting substance (antimüllerian

hormone), 2999, 3028, 3030

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, 395

Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT),

3283. See also Computed tomography

(CT)

Multidrug resistance–associated protein (MRP),

2557

Multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, 519, 553

Multifactorial disorders, 3639, 3655

Multifactorial inheritance, 3662

Multifocal atrial tachycardia, 1888t, 1901, 1902f, A8

Multifocal motor neuropathy, 3504t, 3507

Multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction

block, 3412, 3415

Multikinase inhibitors, 534f, 547–548t, 552

Multilocus sequence typing, 960t

Multimorbidity, 3736

Multinodular goiter, 2946–2948. See also Thyroid

nodular disease

Multiorgan system failure, 759t, 2222

Multiple carboxylase/biotinidase deficiency, 3271t

Multiple endocrine and other organ neoplasias

(MEONs), 2983, 2984t

Carney syndrome. See Carney syndrome/

complex

Cowden’s syndrome. See Cowden’s syndrome

McCune-Albright syndrome. See McCuneAlbright syndrome

neurofibromatosis type 1. See Neurofibromatosis

type 1 (NF1)

neurofibromatosis type 2. See Neurofibromatosis

type 2 (NF2)

von Hippel–Lindau disease. See von Hippel–

Lindau disease/syndrome

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1,

Wermer’s syndrome), 2983

clinical features of, 2983–2984, 2984t

adrenocortical tumors, 2987

angiofibromas, 395, 2988

collagenomas, 2988

gastrinoma, 2453

glucagonoma, 2986

hyperparathyroidism, 3173–3174, 3175

insulinoma, 2985–2986

lipomas, 2988

meningiomas, 2988

NETs, 663, 665–666, 2986–2987. See also

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)

parathyroid tumors, 2984, 3173

pituitary tumors, 2908, 2908t, 2987

pNETs, 2984–2985, 2986–2987, 2986f

thyroid tumors, 2988

VIPoma, 2986

ZES, 2985

epidemiology of, 2983

genetic considerations in, 2988

chromosomes involved, 503t, 2988, 3174,

3174f

MEN1/Menin gene mutations, 703t, 2908,

2908t

variable expressivity, 3651

genetic testing in, 2988

pathogenesis of, 2881

screening tests in, 2985t, 2988

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2)

clinical features of, 108–109

early interventions for, 3667t

genetic considerations in, 504, 2980, 2989t, 3655

genetic testing for, 3666, 3667t

medullary thyroid carcinoma in, 2953, 2980,

2984t, 2989–2990. See also Medullary

thyroid carcinoma (MTC)

medullary thyroid carcinoma only, 2984t

parathyroid tumors in, 2990

pathogenesis of, 2881

pheochromocytoma in, 2980, 2990

screening tests in, 2989t

type 2A

clinical features of, 108–109, 395, 2079, 2080t,

2984t

genetic considerations in, 503t, 2984t

hyperparathyroidism, 3173–3174

type 2B (MEN 3)

clinical features of, 108–109, 2079, 2080t,

2984t, 3173–3174, A15

genetic considerations in, 2984t

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4 (MEN 4),

2908t, 2984t, 2990

Multiple exostoses (diaphyseal aclasis), 3216

Multiple hamartoma syndrome. See Cowden’s

syndrome

Multiple/mixed valvular heart disease, 2005–2008

Multiple myeloma, 867

clinical features of, 869–871

amyloidosis, 876, 879, A9

bone lesions/pain, 869, 870f, 875, 3199, A16

cryoglobulinemia, A14

erythropoietin deficiency, 437

hypercalcemia, 722, 723, 870

hypogammaglobulinemia, 557, 558t, 565,

869–870

infections, 556t, 557, 558t, 869–870, A5

neuropathy, 3492, 3507

proteinuria, 336

renal, 2283

contrast nephropathy, 2300, 2303t

light chain cast nephropathy, 2302, 2345,

2360, 2360f, A4

tubular damage, 870

vascular purpura, 910

diagnosis of, 868f, 871–872, 871t, 872t, A6

epidemiology of, 868

epigenetic influences in, 516

etiology of, 868

genetic considerations in, 844t, 868, 872

global considerations in, 868

M component in, 871–872

nonsecretory, 871t

pathogenesis of, 520, 869–870, 869f

prognosis of, 872, 873t

renal biopsy in, A4

in Sjögren’s syndrome, 2789

smoldering, 871t, 872–873

staging of, 872, 873t

treatment of, 872, 874f, 874t

chemotherapy, 873

denosumab, 520

HCT, 873, 875, 902t, 903

HDAC inhibitors, 517

lenalidomide, 873

proteasome inhibitors, 515, 549t, 552, 873

relapsed disease, 875

supportive care, 875–876

thalidomide, 873

tumor markers in, 487t

von Willebrand disease in, 909

Multiple sclerosis (MS), 3462

clinical features of, 3462–3463, 3462t, 3474

constipation, 308, 3474

cranial nerve palsies, 3463

erectile dysfunction, 3057

fatigue, 163, 3474

frontal lobe syndrome, 203

gait disorders, 175

hearing loss, 241

myelitis, 3451

myelopathy, 3453

ocular, 221, 230, 3462

olfactory dysfunction, 236

weakness, 167, 3462, 3474

clinical variants of, 3474, 3475f

course of, 3463, 3463f

diagnosis of, 3465–3466, 3466t, 3467f, A16

differential diagnosis of, 3466–3467, 3468t

epidemiology of, 3463–3464

genetic considerations in, 3464, 3464t

Marburg’s variant, 3474, 3475f

microbiome and, 3296, 3697–3698

INDEX

pathogenesis of, 3464 I-147

autoimmunity, 2696t

autoreactive T cells, 3465

demyelination, 3293, 3464

humoral autoimmunity, 3465

immunology, 3465

inflammasome mutations, 2678t

inflammatory mediators, 2699t

neurodegeneration, 3464–3465

physiology, 3465, 3465f

reactive astrocytes, 3295

pregnancy and, 3468, 3767

primary progressive, 3463, 3463f

prognosis of, 3467–3468

progressive/relapsing, 3463, 3463f

relapsing/remitting, 3463, 3463f

vs. sarcoidosis, 2833

scoring systems for, 3468, 3469t

secondary progressive, 3463, 3463f

treatment of, 3468

for acute attacks, 3468

alemtuzumab, 3472

anti-CD20 antibodies, 3468–3470, 3470t, 3473

cannabinoids, 3786

cladribine, 3472

decision-making for, 3473

dietary, 2531

dimethyl fumarate, 3471

experimental therapies, 3474

glatiramer acetate, 3471–3472

glucocorticoids, 3468

INF-β, 3472, 3473

for initial demyelinating episodes, 3468

mitoxantrone hydrochloride, 3472–3473

natalizumab, 3470–3471

off-label options in, 3473–3474

outcomes of, 3470t

for progressive forms, 3473–3474

for relapsing forms, 3467, 3470t

S1P receptor modulators, 3471

symptomatic, 3474

teriflunomide, 3472

unproven methods for, 3474

Multiple sleep latency test, 208, 209

Multiple sulfatase deficiency, 3257t

Multiple system atrophy (MSA), 3389

clinical features of, 3389, 3390t, 3398, 3432–3433

diagnosis of, 3389

vs. DLB, 3385

epidemiology of, 3432–3433

imaging in, 3432, 3433f, A16

ocular involvement in, 217

parkinsonism in, 175, 3389

prions in, 3297, 3299, 3422

sleep disorders in, 213

treatment of, 3433

Multiplex panels, 3664

Multipotent stem cells, 3798

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

(MIS-C), 137t, 393, 1115t, 1508, 2816

Multivariate pattern analysis, 3822

Multivariate statistical models, 4

Mumps, 1615

clinical features of, 1616–1617, 1616f, 1617f,

3017

complications of, 1108, 1114t, 1616–1617

diagnosis of, 1617–1618

differential diagnosis of, 1617

epidemiology of, 1615, 1616t

etiology of, 1615

immunity to, 1618

incidence pre- and postvaccine, U.S., 981t

pathogenesis of, 1615–1616

prevention of, 1618. See also Measles-mumpsrubella vaccine (MMR)

transmission of, 1615

treatment of, 1618

Munchausen’s syndrome, 304, 3552

Mupirocin

actions of, 1149, 1164t, 1165f

for impetigo, 1192

indications for, 1157t

nasal, in staphylococcal skin infections, 375

prophylactic, 1162t

resistance to, 1157t, 1164t, 1167

Mu receptors, 3569t, 3570, 3570f

Murine (endemic) typhus. See Endemic (murine)

typhus

Murmurs. See Heart murmurs

Murphy’s sign, 318, 2647

Murray valley encephalitis virus, 1626t

Murutucú virus, 1627t

Muscarinic agonists, 3592t

Muscle(s)

atrophy of, 2540–2541, 3520

electrophysiologic studies of. See

Electromyography (EMG)

enlargement of, 3520

fatigability of, 162, 165

Muscle biopsy

in antisynthetase syndrome, 2822, 2823f

in dermatomyositis, 2821, 2821f

in immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy,

2820, 2822f

in inclusion body myositis, 2823, 2824f

in inflammatory myopathies, 2820

in mtDNA diseases, 3673f, 3676

in muscular dystrophy, 3521

in myopathies, 3521

in polymyositis, 2821, 2821f

in trichinellosis, S12

Muscle bulk, 165

Muscle compartment syndrome, 3599

Muscle contracture, 3519

Muscle cramps, 2323, 3519, 3636

Muscle disorders

calcium channel. See Hypokalemic periodic

paralysis (HypoKPP)

chloride channel, 3530

energy metabolism, 3528. See also Glycogen

storage diseases

muscular dystrophy. See Muscular dystrophy

myopathy. See Myopathy(ies)

potassium channel, 3530

sodium channel, 353, 3519, 3530

Muscle dysphoria syndrome, 3073

Muscle-eye-brain disease, 3523t

Muscle mass, 2540–2541

Muscle pain, 3519

Muscle palsy, V3

Muscle phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle disease,

type V GSD), 3263t, 3265, 3528

Muscle phosphorylase kinase deficiency (type IX

GSD), 3263t, 3266

Muscle relaxants

adverse effects of, 408, 1875t, 2276, 3308t

for back pain, 125

in mechanical ventilation, 2221, 2228

overdose/poisoning with, 3591t, 3593t

Muscle spindle, 166f

Muscle stiffness, 3520

Muscle strength, 2848, 3280

Muscle stretch (tendon) reflexes, 165, 165t, 166f,

3280

Muscle tone, 165, 165t, 3280

Muscle wasting, 1581

Muscle weakness. See Weakness

Muscular dystrophy, 3521

Becker, 3521

diagnosis of, 3518f, 3520–3521

differential diagnosis of, 2819–2820

distal, 3525t, 3527

Duchenne, 3521, 3650, 3667t, 3685

Emery-Dreifuss, 3522, 3524, 3649

facioscapulohumeral, 3517, 3519f, 3527

genetic considerations in, 3647, 3650,

3650t

limb-girdle. See Limb-girdle muscular

dystrophies (LGMDs)

myotonic. See Myotonic dystrophy

oculopharyngeal, 228, 3527

proteins associated with, 3526f

Musculoskeletal disorders

approach to the patient, 2844, 2844t, 2845f,

2846f

hand pain, 2849–2850, 2849f

hip pain, 2849–2850, 2851f, 2859–2860

knee pain, 2850, 2859–2860

shoulder pain, 2849–2850, 2849f

telehealth evaluation, 2850–2851

arthritis. See Arthritis/arthropathy

articular vs. nonarticular, 2844

chest discomfort/pain in, 101t, 103

drug-induced, 2847t

in hemochromatosis, 3233

history in, 2846, 2846f

in hospitalized patient, 2847

hyperlipidemia and, 2873

imaging in, 2852–2853, 2853t, 2854f

infections

actinomycotic, 1342

in cancer patient, 561–562

in joints. See Infectious (septic) arthritis

parasitic, 1700t

in prosthetic joints. See Prosthetic joint

infections

inflammatory vs. noninflammatory, 2844–2846

laboratory studies in, 2851–2852, 2852f,

2852t

obesity and, 3087

in older adults, 2847

osteoarthritis. See Osteoarthritis

physical examination in, 2847–2848

prevalence of, 2844

in rheumatic fever, 2767–2768

in sarcoidosis, 2833, 2833f

SLE and, 2740

in systemic sclerosis, 2782–2783

Mushrooms, poisonous, 301, 319, 3591t, 3592t

Mushroom worker’s lung, 2160t

Musk ambrette, 422t

MuSK antibodies, 229, 3511

Mussels, contaminated, 3606, 3607

Mustard gas, S4

Mustard (atrial switch) procedure, 2013–2014,

2016f, 2016t

MUT4 gene mutations, 638

Mutation(s), 3645, 3645. See also specific genes

alleles, 3649

allelic heterogeneity in, 3649

in cancer cells, 508. See also Cancer genetics

chromosomal disorders. See Chromosome

abnormalities/disorders

definition of, 3645

dynamic, 3648

functional consequences of, 3648–3649

INDEX

I-148 Mutation(s) (Cont.):

germline, 3646

identifying, 3658–3659

imprinting of, 3653–3654

locus heterogeneity in, 3649–3650, 3650t

in Mendelian disorders. See Mendelian disorders

mitochondrial. See Mitochondrial DNA diseases

mosaicism in, 3653

nucleotide repeat disorders, 3655, 3655t

origins and types of, 3645–3648, 3648f

penetrance of, 3651

phenocopies, 3650

phenotypic heterogeneity in, 3649, 3650t

rate of, 3646

sex-influenced, 3651

somatic, 3645, 3654–3655

uniparental disomy in, 3653–3654

variable expressivity of, 3651

X-inactivation of, 3653–3654

Mutation accumulation theory of aging, 3733

Mutation-associated neoantigens (MANAs), 505,

506

Mutator phenotype, 499

Mutism, 198

MUTYH gene mutations, 503t

MWS (Muckle-Wells syndrome), 448, 2841t, 2843

Myalgia, 3519–3520

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue

syndrome (ME/CFS)

approach to the patient, 3533–3534

clinical case definition of, 3533, 3533t

comorbid conditions, 3534, 3534t

course and prognosis of, 3534

diagnosis of, 3533–3534

differential diagnosis of, 3534

epidemiology of, 3532

IC/BPS and, 326

vs. Lyme disease, 1428

management of, 3534

pathophysiology of, 3532–3533, 3533f

risk factors for, 3532–3533

Myasthenia gravis, 3509

APS-2 and, 2994t, 2995t

autoantibodies in, 35, 2696t, 2735, 3510, 3511

vs. botulism, 1218

clinical features of, 168, 3510–3511

diplopia, 229, 230

dysphagia, 291

nystagmus, 231

ocular, 3510, V3

ptosis, 228

thymoma, 2996

weakness, 166, 167, 168, 3510

COVID-19 risk and, 3516

diagnosis of, 3511, 3511t, 3513t

differential diagnosis of, 2819–2820, 3511–3513

disorders associated with, 3513, 3513t

drug-induced, 3531t

drugs to avoid in, 3515, 3516t

epidemiology of, 3510

global considerations in, 3516

pathophysiology of, 3509–3510, 3509–3510f

prognosis of, 3515–3516

pulmonary function values in, 2138, 2138f

reflex responses in, 165

treatment of, 3513

algorithm for, 3514f

assessment of response to, 3515

cholinesterase inhibitors, 3513–3514

immunotherapy, 3514–3515

investigational, 3515

IVIg, 3515

plasmapheresis, 3515

thymectomy, 3514

Myasthenic crisis, 3515

Myasthenic fatigue, 3510

MYB gene, 756

MYBPC3 gene mutations, 1869, 1956t

MYC, 419, 846, 3793

Mycetoma, 270, 1343

MYC gene mutations, 500t, 645, 843, 844t

MYCL1 gene mutations, 500t

MYCN gene mutations, 500t

Mycobacterium spp.

M. abscessus, 970, 1037, 2211

M. africanum, 1357

M. bovis, 1357

M. canetti, 1357

M. chelonei, 1035, 1037

M. chimaera, 963, 970, 1134

M. leprae, 1037, 1382–1383. See also Leprosy

M. lepromatosis, 1383

M. marinum, 1361

M. orygis, 1357

M. pinnipedii, 1357

M. tuberculosis. See Mycobacterium tuberculosis

M. ulcerans, 1037, 1395

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections

bronchiectasis, 2173, 2175. See also

Bronchiectasis

diagnosis of, 1395, S11

disseminated, 1394

epidemiology of, 1394

in HIV infection, 304, 1396, 1565f, 1567

lymphadenopathy, 1394

prevention of, 1396

prophylaxis for, 1563t

pulmonary, 1394

treatment of, 1396, 1404–1405

Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin. See

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine

Mycobacterium spp. infections

arthritis, 1043

chronic meningitis, 1113t

diagnosis of, S11

inherited susceptibility to, 446t, 448, 448f

M. abscessus, 1394, 1396, 1405, 1406

M. chelonae, 1406

M. fortuitum, 1394, 1405

M. intracellulare infections. See Mycobacterium

avium complex (MAC) infections

M. kansasii, 1394, 1396, 1405

M. leprae. See Leprosy

M. marinum. See Mycobacterium marinum

infections

M. tuberculosis. See Tuberculosis (TB)

M. ulcerans, 1395

nontuberculous. See Nontuberculous

mycobacterial (NTM) infections

osteomyelitis, 1043, 1047, 1049

subacute meningitis, 1108–1109, 1365–1366

Mycobacterium marinum infections

cellulitis, 1038

skin, 396, 1035, 1394–1395

in transplant recipient, 1143

treatment of, 1038, 1396, 1405

Mycobacterium tuberculosis. See also Tuberculosis

(TB)

host response to, 1361, 2698, 2700

immune response inhibition by, 958

innate resistance to, 1361

microbiology of, 1357, 1357f

mTOR reactivation by, 958

phagosome of, 1360

rifampin-resistant, 966, 972

survival inside vacuole by, 953

transmission of, 1359

virulence of, 1360–1361

Mycophenolate mofetil/sodium

actions of, 2328t

adverse effects of

in kidney transplant recipient, 2328t, 2331

in liver transplant recipient, 2637

mucosal malabsorption, 304

in myopathies, 2825t

in SLE, 2744t, 2747

in vasculitis, 2805t

for bullous pemphigoid, 403

for dermatomyositis, 405

for drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome, 412

drug interactions of, 2744t

for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, 404

for granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 2809

for immune thrombocytopenic purpura, 907

for immunosuppression

after cardiac transplantation, 1974t

after kidney transplantation, 2328, 2328t

after liver transplantation, 2637

for inflammatory myopathies, 2825, 2825t

for lupus nephritis, 2338

for mucous membrane pemphigoid, 404

for myasthenia gravis, 3514–3515

for neuromyelitis optica, 3478

for pemphigus vulgaris, 402

for photoallergy, 422

for SLE, 2744t, 2746–2747

for systemic sclerosis, 2784, 2786

for vasculitis, 2805

Mycoplasma spp., 1441

Mycoplasma genitalium infections, 1080–1082,

1082t, 1086, 1443, 1443t

Mycoplasma hominis infections

diagnosis of, 1444

in mediastinitis, 1144

nonurogenital, 1443–1444

postpartum/postabortal, 1443

in transplant recipient, 1144

treatment of, 1443t, 1444

urogenital, 1443

Mycoplasma spp. infections, 413, 1125

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 1441

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, 1441

clinical features of

erythema multiforme, 392, 1442

erythema nodosum, 397

extrapulmonary, 1442

rash and mucositis, 143, A1

upper respiratory tract, 253t, 254, 1442

in COPD, 2189

diagnosis of, 1442, 1442t

epidemiology of, 1441–1442

macrolide-resistant, 1013

pathogenesis of, 1441

treatment of, 1443, 1443t

Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)

clinical features of, 589f, 850

peripheral blood smear in, A6

skin manifestations of, 383, 384, 396, 850, A5

treatment of, 424, 517, 850

Mycotic aneurysm

circle of Willis, 3353. See also Subarachnoid

hemorrhage

clinical features of, 2107

diagnosis of, 2107

epidemiology of, 2107

etiology of, 2102

INDEX

in infective endocarditis, 1025, 1033 I-149

treatment of, 2107

MyD88, 2675f

MyD88 deficiency, 446t

MYD88 gene mutations, 836, 836t, 849, 857, 876

Mydriasis, 217, 3583

Myelin, 3293

Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), 876, 2696t

Myelination, adaptive, 3293

Myelin basic protein (MBP), 2696t

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), 35,

223, 2696t

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)

antibodies, 731f, 734

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)

antibody-associated disease, 3479

Myelin protein zero (MPZ), 3485

Myelitis. See Myelopathy, inflammatory and

immune

Myeloblasts, 440, 441f

Myelocytes, 440, 441f

Myelodysplasia, 799. See also Myeloid malignancies

classification of, 799, 800t

clinical features of, 800

diagnosis of, 800–801

differential diagnosis of, 751, 801

epidemiology of, 799

etiology of, 799

genetic considerations in, 799–800

pathophysiology of, 799–800

prognosis of, 801, 801t

as second malignancy in cancer survivors, 740

telomere disorders and, 3682

treatment of, 517, 801–802, 902–903, 902t, 3794

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). See

Myelodysplasia

Myelofibrosis

primary. See Primary myelofibrosis

secondary, 802

Myelography, 3291

Myeloid dendritic cells, 2676, 2679t. See also

Dendritic cells

Myeloid/erythroid ratio, 436, 436–437f

Myeloid hyperplasia in, 437f, A6

Myeloid malignancies, 859

atypical chronic myeloid leukemia, 860, 860t

chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, 799,

860–861, 860t

chronic neutrophilic leukemia, 803, 859, 860t

classification of, 859, 859t

with eosinophilia. See Eosinophilia

juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, 861–862

myelodysplastic syndromes. See also

Myelodysplasia

MDS/MPN, unclassifiable, 862

MDS/MPN with ring sideroblasts and

thrombocytosis, 862

myeloid neoplasms with germline

predisposition, 487, 862

myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable, 862

telomere disorders and, 3682

transient myeloproliferative disorder, 862

Myeloid metaplasia. See Primary myelofibrosis

Myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP-8), 2791

Myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP-14), 2791

Myeloma. See Multiple myeloma

Myeloma kidney, 2360, 2360f, A4

Myeloma light chains, 2301, 2302, 2360

Myelopathy

acute spondylitic, 3450

acute transverse, A16

cancer-related, 3454

chronic, 3452

in adrenomyeloneuropathy, 3454

in cobalamin deficiency, 3454

hereditary spastic paraplegia, 3413–3414t,

3416, 3454

HTLV-1 associated, 1526–1527, 3453

hypocupric, 3454

in MS, 3453

primary lateral sclerosis, 3415–3416, 3454

spondylitic, 3452

in syringomyelia, 3453, 3453f

in tabes dorsalis, 1410, 3454

in tethered cord syndrome, 124, 3454

toxic, 3454

in vascular malformations of cord and dura,

3452, 3453f

compressive. See Spinal cord compression

compressive vs. noncompressive, 3447

evaluation of, 3450t

gait disorders in, 174

in high-voltage electrical injury, 3452

in HIV infection, 1579

inflammatory and immune (myelitis), 3450

acute infectious, 3451–3452

in multiple sclerosis, 3451. See also Multiple

sclerosis (MS)

in neuromyelitis optica, 3451, 3477

paraneoplastic, 730

postinfectious, 3451

in sarcoidosis, 3451

in systemic immune-mediated disorders, 3451

radiation-associated, 741

in spinal cord infarction, 3450

Myeloperoxidase, 443, 2696t

Myeloperoxidase deficiency, 445, 446t

Myelophthisic anemias, 802

Myeloproliferative neoplasms, 802. See also

Myeloid malignancies

classification of, 799, 803t

cutaneous ulcers in, 399

essential thrombocytosis, 803, 807

evolution into AML, 809

glomerulonephropathy in, 2367

janus kinase inhibitors for, 511

polycythemia vera. See Polycythemia vera

primary myelofibrosis. See Primary myelofibrosis

splenomegaly in, 461

unclassifiable, 862

Myelosuppression, chemotherapy-induced,

553–554, 554t. See also Neutropenia

Myenteric plexus, 288, 298

MYH7 gene mutations, 1869, 1956t

MYH9 gene, 1554

MYH9 gene mutations, 907, 2738

MYH11 gene mutations, 3229t

MYH-associated polyposis, 638, 638t

Myiasis, 3611

MYL gene mutations, 1956t

MYLK gene mutations, 3229t

Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, 3251t, 3253, 3521

Myocardial contusion, 2028

Myocardial infarction (MI)

abdominal pain in, 110, 111t

vs. acute pericarditis, 2019–2020, 2023

arrhythmias in

AV conduction block, 1881–1882, 2063

polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, 1924

PVCs and NSVT, 1916

sinus bradycardia, 2063

supraventricular, 2063

ventricular, 2062–2063

ventricular fibrillation, 1929, 1930f

cardiac biomarkers in, 2047–2048, 2048t

cardiac imaging following, 1848–1850, 1850f,

1858v, 1863f

cardiogenic shock in. See Cardiogenic shock

chest pain in, 104f, 2046–2047, 2054, 2064

circadian variations in, 215, 2054, 3810

classification of, 2057t, 2058f

dental care after, 262

diagnosis of, 104, 104f, A7, A9

erectile dysfunction and, 3060

hemodynamic patterns in, 2254t

in HIV infection, 1568

hypokalemia in, 348, S1

hypothermia in, 3631

incidence of, 2046, 2053

inflammatory mediators in, 2699t

in kidney transplant recipients, 2330–2331

mitral regurgitation in, 1995

murmur after, 280, 2054

natural history of, 1797

nausea and vomiting in, 292

non-ST-segment elevation. See Non-ST-segment

elevation acute coronary syndrome

(NSTE-ACS)

postmenopausal hormone therapy and, 3046t

prevention of, 925

Q wave abnormalities in, 1828–1829, 1829f,

A7

radiation-associated, 532, 737

right ventricular, 2022t, 2062

ST-segment elevation. See ST-segment elevation

myocardial infarction (STEMI)

sudden cardiac death and, 2259, 2263

systems-based analysis of, 3815

treatment of, 937, 1886

in women, 3065

Myocardial ischemia. See also Ischemic heart

disease

anterior wall, 1828, 1829f, A7

anterolateral wall, A7

in aortic regurgitation, 1987

in aortic stenosis, 2031

cardiac biomarkers in, 2047–2048, 2048t

clinical features of, 1797

diagnosis of, 1797

dyspnea in, 265

ECG in, 1828–1829, 1829f, 2032, A7

effects of, 2032, 2032f

lateral, A7

with left ventricular hypertrophy, 2031

nonspecific reaction to, 2056

pathophysiology of, 2030–2031, 2031f,

2032f

silent, 2033, 2045–2046

transmural, 1828, 1828f

ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation in, 1924

Myocardial perfusion imaging

in CAD evaluation, 26, 1841, 1841f, 1842f, 1851f,

A9

in chest pain evaluation, 107, A9

ECG-gated, A9

indications for, 1835

in ischemic heart disease, 2036f, 2037, A9

multidimensional, 1836f

PET vs. SPECT, 1835

protocols for, 1834

radiation exposure from, 1839–1840

radiopharmaceuticals for, 1834, 1834t

in sarcoidosis, A9

in STEMI, 1850, 1850f, 2056

in wall motion abnormalities, 1835f

Myocardial rupture, 2029

INDEX

I-150 Myocarditis, 1958

cardiogenic shock in, 2255. See also Cardiogenic

shock

diagnosis of, 1846, 1846f, 1959–1960, 1960f

dilated cardiomyopathy and, 1959t. See also

Dilated cardiomyopathy

global considerations in, 1972

infective

bacterial, 1205, 1962

eosinophilic, 1963

giant cell, 1962

in HIV infection, 1961

in influenza, 1519

in mumps, 1617

parasitic, 1961–1962

in relapsing fever, 1423

rickettsial, 1962

spirochetal, 1962

viral

acute, 1959, 2255

chronic, 1959

clinical features of, 1959

diagnosis of, 1959–1960, 1960f

enteroviral, 1604

etiology of, 1961

pathophysiology of, 1958–1959

treatment of, 1961

noninfective

checkpoint inhibitor–induced, 1963

in dermatomyositis, 1963

granulomatous, 1962

hypersensitivity, 1963

in sarcoidosis, 1962, 1963

palpitations in, 287

pathophysiology of, 1958, 2696t

VT/VF storm in, 1930

Myocardium, 1810, 2030–2031, 2255

Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF)

syndrome, 3529, 3674, 3674t, 3676

Myoclonic seizures, 3307, 3407

Myoclonus, 3407

Baltic (Unverricht-Lundborg disease), 3308t,

3407

clinical features of, 3401t, 3407

coma and, 186

in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 3420

with dystonia, 3403, 3403t

posthypoxic, 2272

treatment of, 3407

Myofascial pain syndrome, 97, 2876–2877

Myofibrillar myopathies, 3525t, 3527

Myogenic ptosis, 228

Myogenic reflex, 2288, 2297

Myoglobin, 748, 748t, 2301

Myoglobinuria, 3528

Myokymia, 3440, 3463, V3

Myonecrosis

anaerobic bacterial, 1354

clostridial. See Clostridial myonecrosis

etiology of, 1036f

with necrotizing fasciitis, 1038, 1039f

synergistic nonclostridial anaerobic, 1038

Myopathy(ies)

acute necrotizing, 734, 2276

alcoholic, 3559

clinical features of, 3516

gait disorders in, 176

muscle enlargement and atrophy, 3520

pain, cramps, and stiffness, 3517t, 3519–3520

weakness, 166, 3517–3519, 3517t, 3518f,

3519t, 3520f

in critical/systemic illness, 2276, 3531

diagnosis of, 3518f, 3520–3521

distal, 3525t, 3527

drug-induced, 2847t, 3149, 3531–3532, 3531t

endocrine and metabolic, 3530–3531

global considerations in, 3532

hereditary. See Muscular dystrophy

in HIV infection, 1580

inflammatory. See Inflammatory myopathies

in lung cancer, 599

mitochondrial. See Mitochondrial myopathy(ies)

thick-filament, 2276

Myopia, 216

Myosin, 1804, 1804f, 1957f, 2696t

Myosin-binding protein C gene mutations, 3651

Myosin light chain, 1802

Myositis

autoimmunity in, 2696t

clinical features of, 1038

etiology of, 1036f, 1038

inclusion body. See Inclusion body myositis

in influenza, 1519

in SLE, 2740

streptococcal, 1038, 1193

treatment of, 1039–1040

in trichinellosis, 1770

Myositis ossificans, 3216t, 3217

Myositis ossificans progressiva, 3217

Myositis-specific antibodies (MSA), 2820

Myotonia, 3519

Myotonia congenita, 3519

Myotonic dystrophy, 3524

AV conduction block in, 1883

clinical features of, 3524–3526

diagnosis of, 3526

genetic considerations in, 3526, 3648, 3655,

3655t

ocular involvement in, 228

proteins involved in, 3526f

testicular dysfunction in, 3017

treatment of, 3526–3527

MyPlate Food Guide, 2518

Myrcludex B, 2603

Myringotomy, 250, 251

Myxedema

clinical features of, 2935

edema in, 278

etiology of, 2116

hypothermia in, 3633

pericardial effusion in, 2023

pretibial, 2116, A5, A15

Myxedema coma, 2937

Myxofibrosarcoma, 713

Myxoma, 2026

clinical features of, 2026

CMR in, 1854, 2026f

dyspnea in, 266

echocardiography in, 2026, 2026f

epidemiology of, 2026

heart sounds/murmur in, 283, 284, 2026

vs. mitral stenosis, 1993

palpitations in, 286, 287

pathology of, 2026

skin manifestations of, 390

syncope in. See Cardiac syncope

treatment of, 2026–2027

Myxovirus resistance protein (MxA), 2821f

Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA), 2821

N

Na+. See Sodium

NAAT (nucleic acid amplification test), 960t, 962

Nab-paclitaxel, 541t, 543, 625, 662t

Nabumetone, 2861

N-acetyl-benzoquinone-imine (NAPQI), 2588

N-acetylcysteine (NAC)

for acetaminophen overdose, 472, 2588–2589

for alcohol-associated hepatitis, 2626

in H. pylori eradication, 2447

for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy,

1860

N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), 468

Na+-Cl-

 co-transporter, thiazide-sensitive, 340, 353

Nadolol, 1925, 2040t, 3591t

NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

phosphate) oxidase, 440, 447, 955, 1655,

1655f

Naegleria, 1718–1719

Naegleria infections

clinical features of, 1096–1097, 1699t, 1719

diagnosis of, 1699t, 1719

epidemiology of, 1719, S12

laboratory evaluation of, 1719, S12

pathogenesis of, 1719

treatment of, 1710, 1719

Nafamostat, 353

Nafcillin

adverse effects of, 349

for cellulitis, 1039t

drug interactions of, 1155t

indications for, 1153, 1156t

for infective endocarditis, 1028

for meningitis, 1103t, 1104t

for nongonococcal bacterial arthritis, 1042

for osteomyelitis, 1049t, 1050t

resistance to, 1028, 1156t

for staphylococcal infections, 1185, 1186t

Nafcillin/oxacillin, 948t

NAFLD. See Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

(NAFLD)

Nail(s)

in amyloidosis, 880, 880f

in dermatomyositis, 2820, 2820f

drug-induced disorders of, 410

in dyskeratosis congenita, 3682f

in HIV infection, 1576

in lichen planus, 379, 379f, A5

onychomycosis, 380

in psoriasis, 378

in psoriatic arthritis, 2799

in reactive arthritis, 2798

in systemic sclerosis, 406, 2778–2779, 2778f,

2779f

telangiectasia, 386

Nail-patella syndrome, 2335t, 2347

NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome, 957

Nairobi fly, 3615

Nairobi sheep disease virus, 1629t

Nairoviruses, 1630, 1642

Na+-K+-2Cl-

 cotransporter, 340, 2293

Na+/K+-ATPase, 340, 2293

Nalidixic acid, 422t, 784t, 905t, 1149

Nalmefene, 3562

Naloxone, 96, 3571, 3571t

Naltrexone

in alcoholism management, 3562

with bupropion, for obesity, 3092, 3092t,

3155

for opioid use disorders, 3572

NAME syndrome. See Carney syndrome/complex

Naming deficit, 196

13N-ammonia, 1834t, 1835

NAP-2 (neutrophil-activating protein-2),

2684t

NAPA (N-acetylprocainamide), 468

INDEX

Napabucasin, 652f I-151

Naphthalene, 784, 784t

NAPQI (N-acetyl-benzoquinone-imine), 2588

Naproxen

adverse effects of, 392, 905t, 2861, 2861t

for dysmenorrhea, 3038

for gout, 2864l

for medication-overuse headache, 114

for migraine, 3362t

for osteoarthritis, 2861t

for pain, 95t

for rheumatic fever, 2769

Napsin-A (Nap-A), 596

Naratriptan, 3362t, 3363, 3363t

Narcolepsy, 209

cataplexy in, 157, 215v

diagnosis of, 208t, 209f

immunopathogenesis of, 3296

olfactory loss in, 236

Narcotics. See Opioid(s)

NARES (perennial nonallergic rhinitis with

eosinophilia syndrome), 2724

Nares, microbiota of, 3693f

NARP (neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa)

syndrome, 3674–3675, 3674t

Nasal congestion, 248, 1512, 2674, 2726f

Nasal polyposis, 2154

NASBA test, for HIV RNA, 1560t

NASH. See Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

Nasogastric tube, 291, 2543

Nasopharyngeal cancer, 590, 1485, 2171t. See also

Head and neck cancer

Nasu-Hakola disease, 3374

NAT (N-acetyl transferase), 478

NAT2, 476t, 478

Natalizumab

actions of, 2708t

adverse effects of, 2485, 2487t, 3470–3471

for IBD, 2485, 2487t

indications for, 2708t

for MS, 3470–3471, 3470t, 3473

testing before and during treatment, 2487t

Nateglinide, 3110t, 3111

National Academy of Medicine, 62

National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA),

983

National Cholesterol Education Project Adult

Treatment Panel III (ATP III), S10

National Early Warning Score (NEWS), 2246

National Family Caregivers Association, 85

National Healthcare Safety Network, 1128

National Institutes of Health National Center

for Complementary and Alternative

Medicine (NCCAM), 3787t, 3789t

National Library of Medicine (NLM), 3789t

National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST),

597–598, 598t

National Quality Forum, 52

Natpara, 358

Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), 1550,

2678

Natural killer (NK) cells

definition of, 2702

development of, 2686f

functions of, 2672, 2678–2679, 2679t, 2687f

invariant, 3700

signaling of, 2679, 2688f

surface receptors of, 2676, 2678

Natural killer T (NK-T) cells

in adaptive immunity, 2679t

definition of, 2672

functions of, 2672, 2679

in HBV infection, 2568

hematopoietic differentiation of, 746f

in HIV infection, 1550, 1558

in innate immunity, 2678–2679, 2679t

neoplasms of, 858

receptors of, 2679

signaling of, 2679

Natural language processing, 3829–3830

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic (NOTES)

surgery, 2393, 2396

Natural products, 3776, 3785t, 3786–3787

Naturopathy, 3785t, 3788–3789

Nausea, 291

Nausea and vomiting, 291

in appendicitis, 2514

approach to the patient, 292–293

chemotherapy-induced, 488, 554

acute emesis, 292, 488

anticipatory, 80, 292, 488, 554

delayed emesis, 292, 488

treatment of, 80, 293, 488, 554–555

differential diagnosis of, 292, 292t, 2382t

etiology of, 80

gastrointestinal causes of, 2383

in liver disease, 2548

in myocardial infarction, 105

in pregnancy, 292, 294, 3767

radiation-induced, 532

in terminally ill patient, 80

treatment of, 293–294, 294t

Navitoclax, 652f

Naxos syndrome, 1956t

NBIA (neurodegeneration with brain iron

accumulation), 3409

NBTE (nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis),

1024

NCCAM (National Institutes of Health National

Center for Complementary and

Alternative Medicine), 3789t

NCRs (natural cytotoxicity receptors), 1550, 2678

NCVIA (National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act),

983

ND4 gene mutations, 3670

NDM carbapenemases (New Delhi metallo-βlactamases), 1165

Nebivolol, 1941, 2040t, 2084

Necator americanus, 1774–1775, 1774t, S12. See

also Hookworm infections

NECDIN gene, 2897, 3654

Necitumumab, 514t

Neck pain, 127

in axial spondyloarthritis, 128

in brachial plexus injury, 128

in cancer, 128

in carpal tunnel syndrome, 129

in cervical disk disease, 127–128, 127t

in cervical spine trauma, 127

in cervical spondylosis, 128

global considerations in, 129

in herpes zoster, 128

in orthostatic hypotension, 156

in peripheral nerve disorders, 128

physical examination in, 127t

in rheumatoid arthritis, 128

in thoracic outlet syndromes, 128

treatment of, 129

Neck weakness, 3442–3443

Necrobiosis lipoidica, 396

Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, 3128,

A15

Necrolytic migratory erythema, 384, 665,

665f

Necroptosis, 957

Necrosis

in cancer cells, 519

digital, in systemic sclerosis, 2778, 2778f

fat, 397

intestinal, 355

pancreatic, 2393, 2662f, 2663, V5

pulp, 256

Necrotic arachnidism, 3612

Necrotizing arteritis, 3343

Necrotizing encephalopathy, 741

Necrotizing enterocolitis, 895, 1221–1222

Necrotizing fasciitis

clinical features of, 978, 1035, 1038, 1193

etiology of, 975t, 978, 1036f, 1038, 1193, 1354

imaging of, 1039f

pathophysiology of, 1038, 1193

treatment of, 975t, 1038, 1039–1040, 1039t,

1191t, 1193

Necrotizing myopathy, 734, 2722, 2819t, 2822f,

2824–2825, 2825t

Necrotizing pancreatitis. See also Acute pancreatitis

diagnosis of, 2660t, 2662f

intraabdominal abscess in, 1058

pathogenesis of, 2659

treatment of, 2393, V5

Necrotizing vasculitis, 371, 371f, 373, 397, 399,

2684

Nedd4-2, 2295

NEDD9 gene mutations, 2121

Neer test, 2850

Nef/nef, 1523f, 1531f, 1546, 1555

Negative predictive value, 494, 494t

Negative-strand RNA viruses, 1453, 1455f, 1456

Neglect (sensory phenomenon), 172, 199–200,

200f, 204

Neglected tropical diseases, 1391–1392

Neglect, elder, 3758t

Negligible senescence, 3733, 3734f

Negri body, 1620, 1621f

Neisseria spp. (meningococci). See also

Meningococcal infections

laboratory identification of, S11

pili, 950, 950t

serogroups of, 1226, 1226t

Neisseria gonorrhoeae. See also Gonococcal

infections

antibiotic resistance in, 1081f, 1163l, 1166, 1168t,

1169, 1236

host response to, 1235–1236

laboratory identification of, 1239, S11

lipooligosaccharide of, 1235

microbiology of, 1234

outer-membrane proteins of, 1235

Neisseria meningitidis. See also Meningococcal

infections

antibiotic resistance in, 1104, 1166

asymptomatic carriage of, 1228

colonization by, 1228

genotyping of, 1226

host response to, 1228–1229

laboratory identification of, S11

outer-membrane vesicles, 1233, 1233f

structure of, 1225–1226, 1226f, 1226t,

1227f

Neisseria meningitidis vaccine. See Meningococcal

vaccine

NELF gene mutations, 3014, 3015t

Nelfinavir, 1590f, 1705t

Nelson’s syndrome, 391, 2916

Nemaline rod myopathy, 3517, 3526f

Nematocyst, 3602, 3602f

INDEX

I-152 Nematodes/nematode infections, 1769

filarial

Brugia spp., 1778–1779, 1778t, S12. See also

Lymphatic filariasis

Dracunculus medinensis/dracunculiasis. See

Dracunculus medinensis/dracunculiasis

Loa loa. See Loa loa (African eye worm)/

loiasis

Mansonella spp., 1778t, 1783, S12

Onchocerca volvulus. See Onchocerca volvulus/

onchocerciasis

tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, 449, 1781

Wuchereria bancrofti, 945t, 1778–1779, 1778t,

2166, S12. See also Lymphatic filariasis

zoonotic, 1783

intestinal, 1697, 1773

anisakiasis, 1777

Ascaris lumbricoides. See Ascaris lumbricoides/

ascariasis

Capillaria philippinensis/capillariasis, 945t,

1777, S12

Enterobius vermicularis/enterobiasis, 1774t,

1777, S12

hookworm. See Hookworm infections

Strongyloides stercoralis. See Strongyloides

stercoralis/strongyloidiasis

trichostrongyliasis, 1777

Trichuris trichiura/trichuriasis (whipworm),

945t, 1697, 1774t, 1776–1777

by organ system and signs/symptoms,

1699–1700t

tissue, 1697–1698, 1769. See also Larva migrans

Ancylostoma braziliense, 1772, 1775, S12

Ancylostoma caninum, 1775

Angiostrongylus. See Angiostrongylus spp.

infections

Baylisascaris procyonis, 945t, 1097, 1114t,

1771, S12

Gnathostoma. See Gnathostoma spinigerum/

gnathostomiasis

Toxocara canis/cati, 945t, 1699t, 1771, S12

Trichinella. See Trichinella/trichinellosis

NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator)

deficiency of, 446t, 447, 2717, 2719, S8

in NTM infections, 1393, 1393f, 1394

Neoadjuvant therapy, 531

Neoantigens, tumor, 2702, 2704

Neobladder, orthotopic, 679

Neomycin

actions of, 1159

adverse effects of, 304, 412, 771t, 1159, 2633

for hepatic encephalopathy, 2633

for IBS, 2495

for otitis externa, 249

prophylactic, 1162t

vitamin A absorption and, 2529

Neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease

(NOMID), 2841t, 2843

Neonates

consumptive hypothyroidism in, 725

diabetes in, 3102

folate requirements in, 773, 775

infections in

Candida, in brain, A16

CMV, 1488, 1488t, 3767

C. perfringens, 1222

C. trachomatis, 1448, 1449t, 1450

enterococcal, 1200

enterovirus (generalized disease of the

newborn), 1603, 1603t

gonococcal, 1238, 1240t

group B Streptococcus, 1084

hepatitis B, 2569, 2572

herpesvirus, 3767

HIV, 1537

HSV, 1475–1476, 1478t, 1479

L. monocytogenes, 1210

rubella. See Rubella, congenital

syphilis. See Syphilis, congenital

T. cruzi, 1749, 1750t, 1751, 1751t

tetanus, 1211

T. gondii, 1757, 1758, 1761, 1761t, 1762

varicella, 1480

jaundice in, 781, 2558

screening programs, 3834

seizures in, 3309, 3310t

vitamin K deficiency in, 2532

Neorickettsia, 1437

Neostigmine, 2512, 3592t, 3599, 3601t

Nepal, 50, 50t

Nephrectomy, 675

Nephritis/nephritic syndromes, 2280

AKI. See Acute kidney injury (AKI)

glomerulonephritis. See Glomerulonephritis

lupus nephritis. See Lupus nephritis

pyelonephritis. See Pyelonephritis

tubulointerstitial. See Tubulointerstitial diseases

Nephrocalcinosis, 2282, 2363

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. See Diabetes

insipidus (DI), nephrogenic

Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, 2318

Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate diuresis

(NSIAD), 2924

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, 409, 1840, 3287

Nephrolithiasis, 2368

abdominal pain in, 111t

approach to the patient, 2370

back pain in, 125

clinical features of, 332t, 2370

conditions associated with, 1060, 2368

diagnosis of, 332t, 2370–2371, 2370f, 2371f

differential diagnosis of, 2370

epidemiology of, 2368

follow-up for, 2373

genetic considerations in, 2370

history in, 2371

in hyperparathyroidism, 3175

in IBD, 2481t, 2482

inherited, 2292t

pathogenesis of, 2368–2369

prevention of, 2372

risk factors for, 2369

treatment of, 2371, 2372–2373, 3252

uric acid, 3251

Nephron(s)

embryologic development of, 2288, 2288f

functions of, 2289

cellular transport, 2289

in collecting duct, 2291f, 2293–2294

in distal convoluted tubule, 2291f, 2293

epithelial solute transport, 2289

in loop of Henle, 2291f, 2293

membrane transport, 2289–2290

in proximal tubule, 2290–2293, 2290f

inherited disorders involving, 2292t

Nephronophthisis, 2351t, 2352f, 2355

Nephropathia epidemica, 1643

Nephropathy

analgesic, 2362, 2362f

aristolochic acid, 2282, 2301, 2362, 2364

atherosclerotic, 2336t, 2347

calcineurin-inhibitor, 2330, 2363

contrast-induced, 1860, 2300, 2303t, 2318,

3283–3284

diabetic. See Diabetic nephropathy

heavy metal, 2363

HIV-associated, 1571, 2348–2349, A4

hypercalcemic, 2363–2364

hypokalemic, 2364

IgA. See IgA nephropathy

in lead poisoning, 2363

light chain cast. See Light chain deposition

disease/nephropathy

lithium-associated, 2362–2363

membranous. See Membranous

glomerulonephritis

phosphate, 2360, A4

quartan malarial, 1726

radiation-induced, 2366

reflux, 2360–2361, 2361f

sickle cell, 759t, 2336t, 2348, 2362, 2367

urate, 2360, 3251

uric acid. See Uric acid nephropathy

Nephrosclerosis, hypertensive, 2078, 2091, 2347–

2348, A4

Nephrosis, urate, 3251

Nephrotic syndromes, 2341

clinical features of, 332t, 2282–2283, 2283f, 2334,

2335t, 2336, 2341

acid-base disorders, 360

ascites, 323

edema, 277, 277t

hypoalbuminemia, 337

hyponatremia, 342

diabetic nephropathy. See Diabetic nephropathy

diagnosis of, 332t

dyslipidemia in, 3145

etiology of, 2282–2283, 2283f

in Fabry disease. See Fabry disease

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. See Focal

segmental glomerulosclerosis

genetic considerations in, 2282, 2284t

glomerular deposition diseases, 2345

fibrillary glomerulopathy, 2345

fibrillary-immunotactoid glomerulopathy, 2335t

immunotactoid glomerulopathy, 2345

light chain deposition disease. See Light chain

deposition disease

renal amyloidosis, 2335t, 2336t, 2345, A4

membranous glomerulonephritis. See

Membranous glomerulonephritis

minimal change disease. See Minimal change

disease

paraneoplastic, 2283

treatment of, 2341

Nephroureterectomy, 680

Neprilysin, 1934

Neprilysin inhibitors. See Sacubitril-valsartan

Nepuyo virus, 1627t

Neratinib, 544, 546t, 613t, 621, 625

Nerve agents, 3592t, S4

Nerve biopsy, 3483

Nerve conduction studies

in back pain, 120

in inflammatory myopathies, 2820

in leprosy, 1388

in muscle disease, 3520

in peripheral neuropathy, 3482, 3482t

Nerve function testing, 1388–1389

Nesidioblastosis, 3133

Nesiritide, 1944, 1946t, 2256

Netherlands

hospital funding in, 44

long-term care funding in, 47

patient care financing in, 43, 43t

physician-assisted suicide in, 87, 87t

INDEX

Netilmicin, 1148 I-153

NETs. See Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)

NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps), 924, 955, A10

Network medicine, 6

Networks

disease, 3814–3816, 3816f, 3817f

drug repurposing using, 33, 35f

gene, 34f, 3813, 3817f, 3818f

neural, 196

organization of, 3813–3814, 3813f

Neural foraminal narrowing with radiculopathy,

122, 122f

Neuralgia(s)

glossopharyngeal, 261, 3441

migrainous, 259

postherpetic, 261, 1481, 1482, 3491

trigeminal. See Trigeminal neuralgia

Neural network, 196, 3827t, 3828

Neural stem cells, 3299–3300, 3799

Neural tube defects, 39t, 769

Neuraminidase, 1170, 1170f

Neurasthenia, 3513

Neurexin 3 alpha antibodies, 729t, 733

Neuritic plaque, in AD, 3372, 3372f

Neuritis

in leprosy, 1387, 1390

optic. See Optic neuritis

oral, 259

Neuroacanthocytosis, 3406

Neuroblastoma, 487t, 500, 500t

Neurocysticercosis

brain abscess in, 1117

clinical features of, 1119–1120, 1791

diagnosis of, 1120, 1791–1792, 1792f, 1793t, S2

etiology of, 1119

treatment of, 1120, 1792–1793

Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation

(NBIA), 3409

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)

carcinoid syndrome in. See Carcinoid syndrome

carcinoma of unknown primary and, 718t, 720

clinical features of, 303

ectopic ACTH production in, 242t, 724

extrapancreatic gastrointestinal

appendix, 667

esophageal, 634

gastric, 634, 666, 666f

rectal, 667

small intestine, 666–667, 666f

high-grade, 673

histologic classification and molecular features,

663–664, 664t

incidence and prevalence, 663, 663f

in MEN 1, 663, 665–666, 2983, 2984t, 2987

metastatic, 667

diagnosis of, 667–668, 667f

survival in, 668

treatment of, 670–672

pancreatic

gastrinoma. See Gastrinoma

glucagonoma, 384, 664t, 665, 665f, 2986

insulinoma. See Insulinoma

in MEN 1, 665–666, 2984–2985, 2984t

nonfunctional, 666, 2986, 2986f

other secretory, 665

paraneoplastic syndromes in, 722t

screening tests for, 2985t

somatostatinoma, 303, 665

VIPoma. See VIPoma

small bowel, 635–636

Neuroepithelioma, peripheral, 715

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)

in AD, 3370, 3371f, 3372f

in chronic traumatic encephalopathy, 3377

in neurodegenerative diseases, 3422

proteostasis loss and, 3734, 3735f

Neurofibroma, 395, 712

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)

clinical features of, 703t, 707, 2080t, 2980, 2991

genetic considerations in, 707, 2991, 3646

chromosomal location, 503t, 2984t

NF1 gene mutations, 503t, 707t, 2080t, 2980

MRI in, A16

pheochromocytoma in, 2980

skin manifestations of, 390, 395, 707, 2980, A5

soft tissue sarcomas in, 712

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)

clinical features of, 242, 703t, 707, 2991

CNS tumors in, 703t, 707

genetic considerations in, 503t, 703t, 707

MRI in, A16

Neurofibromin, 703t, 707, 2991

Neurogenic ptosis, 228

Neurohormonal system, in heart failure, 1934,

1934f

Neurohypophysis. See Posterior pituitary

Neuroimaging, 3282, A16. See also specific

disorders

closed-loop, 3822, 3822f

of connectivity, 3822

CT, 3282, 3283t. See also Computed tomography

(CT), in neurologic disease

interventional, 3292

magnetic resonance angiography, 3292

MRI, 3284. See also Magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI), in neurologic disease

arterial spin labeling, 3291

complications of, 3287–3288

contraindications to, 3287–3288, 3288t

contrast agents, 3286–3287

diffusion tensor, 3290, 3290f

diffusion-weighted, 3285f, 3286f, 3290

echo-planar, 3290–3291

FLAIR. See Fluid-attenuated inversion

recovery (FLAIR) MRI

functional, 93f, 3291, 3822, 3822f

guidelines for, 3283t

magnetic resonance neurography, 3291

perfusion, 3290

technique, 3284–3286, 3286t

myelography, 3291

positron emission tomography, 3291. See also

Positron emission tomography (PET), in

neurologic disease

in spine interventions, 3291–3292

Neurokinin (NK1

), 291

Neurokinin (NK1

) receptor antagonists, 270, 293,

554

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), 3408,

3435

Neuroleptics. See also Antipsychotics

adverse effects of, 83, 3058, 3407–3408

for delirium, 83, 83t

for Tourette’s syndrome, 3406–3407

Neurolisteriosis, 1210

Neurologic disease. See also specific diseases

approach to the patient. See Neurologic

examination/consultation

in critically ill patient. See Critically ill patient,

neurologic disorders in

depression in, 3547

electrodiagnostic studies of. See specific

techniques and Electrodiagnostic

studies

fatigue in, 162

global burden of, 3277, 3277t

in HIV infection. See HIV infection, neurologic

disease in

in hypothermia, 3632t

hypoventilation in, 2202, 2202f

imaging studies in. See Neuroimaging

insomnia in, 211

involuntary weight loss in, 310

as late consequence of cancer/cancer therapy,

741–742

localization of, 3277, 3281–3282, 3282t

in malnutrition, 2536t

in megaloblastic anemia, 768–769

paraneoplastic. See Paraneoplastic syndromes,

neurologic

pathobiology of

astrocytes, 3295

lymphatics, 3295–3296

microbiota, 3296–3297

microglia and macrophages, 3293–3295, 3294f

myelin, 3293

oligodendrocytes, 3293

pathologic proteins, 3297–3298

prions. See Prion(s)

in pregnancy, 3766–3767

prevalence of, 3277

rehabilitation for. See Neurotherapeutic

technologies

in sarcoidosis, 2833, A16

in SLE, 2741, 2743t

stem cell therapy in, 3299–3303, 3799

in syphilis. See Neurosyphilis

testicular dysfunction in, 3017–3018

in Wilson’s disease, 3235–3236

Neurologic examination/consultation, 3277

in back pain, 119, 119t

in coma, 185–186, 186f

comprehensive, V7

coordination examination, 3281

cranial nerve examination, 3279–3280

in delirium, 180

in dizziness and vertigo, 159–160

gait examination, 3281

in headache, 113

imaging studies. See Neuroimaging

localization of findings in nervous system,

3281–3282, 3282t

mental status examination, 3279

motor examination, 3280

in neck pain, 127t

neurologic history in, 3277–3278

neurologic method in, 3277

in olfactory/taste dysfunction, 237

overview of, 3278–3279, V7

reflex examination, 3280–3281

screening, V6

sensory examination, 3281

Neurologic-myopathic syndromes, in lung cancer, 599

Neuroma, 395, 2988. See also Vestibular

schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)

Neuromodulation, 330, 3362t, 3364, 3365t,

3823–3824

Neuromuscular blocking agents. See Muscle

relaxants

Neuromuscular junction, 3509, 3509–3510f

Neuromuscular junction disorders, 3509

autonomic dysfunction in, 3433–3434

botulism. See Botulism

clinical features of, 3282t

congenital myasthenic syndrome, 3511–3512,

3512t

INDEX

I-154 Neuromuscular junction disorders (Cont.):

in critically ill patient, 2276

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. See

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

(LEMS)

myasthenia gravis. See Myasthenia gravis

progressive external ophthalmoplegia. See

Progressive external ophthalmoplegia

weakness in, 166, 168

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), 3477

antibodies in, 35, 223, 3451

associated conditions, 3477–3478

course of, 3477

diagnosis of, 223, 3451, 3477, 3477t, 3478f, A16,

S2

global considerations in, 3477

immunology of, 3451, 3477

molecular mimicry in, 3296

treatment of, 206t, 223, 3451, 3478–3479

Neuromyotonia, 733, 735–736, 3520

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 (CLN2),

3257t, 3260

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, 2697t

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)

as brain damage indicator, 2271

in carcinoma of unknown primary, 718t

as tumor marker, 487t, 596

Neuro-ophthalmology, V3

Neuropathic joint (Charcot joint) disease, 2873,

2874f, 2874t

Neuropathic (lower motor neuron) weakness, 165,

165t, 168

Neuropathy. See also Peripheral neuropathy;

Polyneuropathy

acute quadriplegic, 3531

brachial plexus, 3499

diabetic. See Diabetic neuropathy

entrapment, 3767

femoral, 3498

gait disorders in, 175

in HIV infection. See HIV infection, neurologic

disease in

immune-mediated, 3504t

anti-Hu paraneoplastic neuropathy, 3508

chronic inflammatory demyelinating

polyneuropathy, 3504–3507

Guillain-Barré syndrome. See Guillain-Barré

syndrome (GBS)

Miller Fisher syndrome, 1218, 3309t, 3501,

3502t, 3503f

in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined

significance, 3507–3508

multifocal motor neuropathy, 3507

in multiple myeloma, 3507

vasculitic neuropathy, 3508

lateral femoral cutaneous, 3498, 3767

in leprosy, 1390

median, 3497–3498

optic. See Optic neuropathy

pain in, 77, 78f, 94, 98–99

paraneoplastic autonomic, 736

peroneal, 3498

radial, 3498

sacral, 308

sciatic, 3498

sensory deficits in, 172

trigeminal, 3439

ulnar, 3498

Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa (NARP)

syndrome, 3674–3675, 3674t

Neuropeptide Y, 3082

Neuroprotective agents, 3338, 3397

Neurosarcoidosis, 1115t, 2833, A16, S2. See also

Sarcoidosis

Neurosyphilis

asymptomatic, 1409

clinical features of, 110, 175, 1108–1109, 1113t,

1409–1410, 3376

in congenital syphilis, 1410

diagnosis of, 1109, 1411, S2

in HIV infection, 1572

MRI, A16

treatment of, 1412, 1412t, 1413

vs. viral meningitis, 1107

Neurotherapeutic technologies, 3819

augmented reality, 3820, 3821f

implantable neural interfaces, 3823–3825, 3825f

neurogaming, 3820–3822

neuroimaging in, 3822, 3822f

noninvasive brain stimulation, 3321, 3822–

3823. See also Transcranial magnetic

stimulation (TMS)

robotics, 3819–3820, 3820f

virtual reality, 3820

Neurotransmitter(s), 1802

Neurotrophins, 2150

Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, 3108,

3108t

Neutron (η) particles, S5

Neutropenia, 444

acute, 444

antibacterial prophylaxis for, 1162t

in aplastic anemia, 797–798

autoimmune, 444t

in cancer patient, 553–554, 554t. See also Cancer,

infections in

chronic, 444, 450

cyclic, 132, 257, 444

diagnosis of, 449

drug-induced, 444, 444t

enterocolitis associated with, 560, 577, 577f, 1353

etiology of, 444t

febrile, 554, 562, 563f, 1289

in HCT recipient. See Hematopoietic cell

transplantation (HCT), complications of

hereditary, 444

in HIV infection, 1575

refractory, 800t. See also Myelodysplasia

in sepsis/septic shock, 2248t

severe congenital, 2710–2711, 2710f

skin manifestations of, A5

treatment of, 450

in viral hepatitis, 2575

Neutropenic enterocolitis (typhilitis), 560, 577, 577f

Neutrophil(s), 440

abnormalities of, 443

chronic granulomatous diseases. See Chronic

granulomatous diseases (CGDs)

granule disorders, 445, 446t, 447

inherited disorders, 446t

leukocyte adhesion disorders, 445, 446t

neutropenia. See Neutropenia

phagocyte activation disorders, 446t, 447

in adaptive immunity, 2679t

apoptosis of, 443

circulating pools of, 441–442, 443f

in control of fungal infections, 1655

hypersegmented, 427f

in innate immunity, 2679t, 2684

marginated, 441, 443f

marrow release of, 441–443

maturation of, 440–441, 441f

morphology of, 441f

in peripheral blood smear, 425, 430f

senescent, 442

shift to the left, 440

travel through pulmonary capillaries, 441–442,

443f

Neutrophil-activating protein-2 (NAP-2), 2684t

Neutrophil bands, 440, 441f

Neutrophil count, 444

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), 924, 955,

A10

Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL),

2305

Neutrophil granules, 440, 445, 446t, 447

Neutrophilia, 445, 445t

Nevirapine

adverse effects of

cutaneous, 392, 393, 411, 1587t

fever, 147

genetic considerations in, 1555

hepatotoxicity, 1571, 2591

in HIV infection, 1587t

SJS or TEN, 392, 414, 1555, A3. See also

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS); Toxic

epidermal necrolysis (TEN)

drug interactions of, 1380

for HIV infection, 1587t

structure of, 1590f

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. See Gorlin’s

syndrome

Nevomelanocytic nevus, 369f

Nevus

atypical, melanoma and, 580

dysplastic, 580, A5

nevomelanocytic, 369f, A5

oral, 260t

Nevus depigmentosus, 388–389

Newborn(s). See Neonates

New daily persistent headache. See Headache, new

daily persistent

New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDM

carbapenemases), 1165

NEWS (National Early Warning Score), 2246

New York Heart Association (NYHA), classification

of cardiovascular disease, 1797–1798,

1797t, 1936, 1936t, 2033t

New York virus, 1629t

NEXN gene mutations, 1956t

Next-generation sequencing, 960t, 3659t, 3664,

3672

NF1. See Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)

NF1 gene mutations

actions of, 707, 2991

in CNS tumors, 703t, 707

in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, 861

in melanoma, 582, 583

NETs and, 663

in neurofibromatosis 1, 2980

in ovarian cancer, 695

in pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, 2980,

2981t, 2982f

in soft tissue sarcomas, 712

tumors associated with, 503t

NF2. See Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)

NF2 gene mutations, 503t, 703t, 707

NFTs. See Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)

NF-κB. See Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)

NF-κB essential modulator. See NEMO (NF-κB

essential modulator)

NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin),

2305

Ngari virus, 1627t

NHLRC1 gene mutations, 3407

NHP2 gene mutations, 3682t

INDEX

Niacin (vitamin B I-155 3

), 2527

adverse effects of, 3531t

deficiency of. See Pellagra

functions of, 2525f, 2527

for metabolic syndrome, 3156

metabolism of, 2527

recommended intake of, 2519t

structure of, 2525f

toxicity of, 2527

Nicardipine

adverse effects of, 2041t, 2847t

for hyperperfusion disorders, 2275

for hypertension in subarachnoid hemorrhage,

3356

for hypertensive emergencies, 2087, 2087t

for ischemic heart disease, 2041t, 2042

Niche site, stem cells, 744–745

Nickel allergy, 373f, 376, A5

Nickel exposure, 491t, 590, 3582

Niclosamide, 1705t, 1710–1711

Nicoladoni-Branham sign, 2112

Nicorandil, 2043

Nicotine, 3540t, 3563, 3592t. See also Smoking

Nicotine replacement therapy, 595, 2186, 3566

Nicotinic agonists, 3592t

NIDDM (non–insulin-dependent diabetes

mellitus). See Diabetes mellitus (DM),

type 2

Niemann-Pick diseases, 3256t, 3259

Nifedipine

adverse effects of, 278, 2041t

for altitude illness, 3618t, 3620, 3622

for chilblain, 3635

dosage in liver disease, 470

drug interactions of, 1706t

for ergot alkaloid overdosage/poisoning, 3590t

for high-altitude pulmonary edema, 2256

for hypertension, 2083t, 2084, 3436

for hypertension in pregnancy, 3763

for ischemic heart disease, 2041t, 2042

ointment, for anal fissure, 2505

overdosage/poisoning with, 3591t

for Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2114, 2784

Nifurtimox

actions of, 1711

adverse effects of, 1705t, 1711, 1752t, 1961

for Chagas disease, 1579, 1705t, 1751–1752,

1752t, 1756t, 1961

for human African trypanosomiasis, 1756

pharmacology of, 1711

Nigeria, 50, 50t

Night blindness, 2468t, 2524t, 2530

Night-eating syndrome, 3808

Nightshade, 3591t

Nijmegen breakage syndrome, 2714, S8

Nikolsky’s sign, 137t, 142, 400

Nil lesion. See Minimal change disease

Nilotinib

actions and targets of, 511, 513t, 544, 545t

adverse effects of, 545t, 739, 741, 824t, 825

for ALL, 832–833, 833t

for CML, 824–825, 824t

genetic variations in response to, 477t

Nilutamide, 686, 687

Nimesulide, 3038

Nimodipine, 3356, 3369

Nintedanib, 739, 2193, 2195, 2196, 2784, 2786

Nipah virus, 1094, 1514

Nipple-sparing mastectomy, 618

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection, 2684

Niraparib, 513t, 550t, 688, 697

Niridazole, 784t

NIS (sodium iodide symporter), 2696t, 2927, 2934t

NIS gene mutations, 2927

Nisoldipine, 2041t

Nissen fundoplication, 2431

Nit(s), 3611

Nitazoxanide

actions of, 1711

adverse effects of, 1705t

for Cryptosporidium infections, 1569, 1766

for Giardia infections, 1765

for H. nana infections, 1795

in H. pylori eradication, 2447t

pharmacology of, 1711

in pregnancy and lactation, 1705t

Nitisinone, 3272

Nitrates

actions of, 2041

adverse effects of, 2042t, 2057

contraindications to, 2042t, 2050t

dietary, 629, 629t

drug interactions of, 2042t

for heart failure, 1941, 1947, 2062

interaction with PDE-5 inhibitors, 3060

interaction with phosphodiesterase type 5

inhibitors, 2042t, 2048, 2057

for ischemic heart disease, 2040t, 2041, 2042t

long-acting, 2041

for NSTE-ACS, 2048, 2050t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3593t

for Prinzmetal’s variant angina, 2052

for pulmonary edema, 2256

for STEMI, 2057

tolerance to, 2041

Nitric oxide

for arterial hypoxemia, 2233

in asthma, 2151

in blood vessels, 1801, 1802

in cirrhosis, 322

in clitoral engorgement, 3062

in erection, 3056–3057, 3056f

in gastric mucosal integrity, 2435

for high-altitude pulmonary edema, 2256

in pulmonary hypertension, 2128

in swallowing, 288

Nitric oxide synthase. See Endothelial nitric oxide

synthase (eNOS)

Nitric oxide therapy, 2228, 2229t

Nitrites, 3593t

Nitroblue tetrazolium dye test, 449

Nitrofurantoin

actions of, 1149, 1161, 1164t, 1165f

adverse effects of, 1154t, 1161

common, 1076t

eosinophilia, 449

folate deficiency, 773t

in G6PD deficiency, 784t

hepatotoxicity, 2584, 2589

neuropathy, 3494t

pulmonary, 2192

for cystitis, 1076, 1076t, 1077

indications for, 1157t, 1161

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

prophylactic, 1162t

resistance to, 1076, 1157t, 1161, 1164t, 1168

for urinary tract infections, 1201t, 1267

Nitrogen dioxide exposure, 2171t

Nitrogen mustard. See Mechlorethamine (nitrogen

mustard)

Nitroglycerin

adverse effects of, 2041, 2057

for cocaine intoxication, 3576

drug interactions of, 472

for ergot alkaloid overdosage/poisoning, 3590t

for heart failure, 1944, 1946t, 2062

for hypertensive emergencies, 2087t

for hypothermia, 3633

intravenous, 2062

for ischemic heart disease, 2040t, 2041

metabolism of, 467

for pulmonary edema, 2256

for Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2785

for STEMI, 2057, 2062

Nitroimidazole, 2447t, 2448t

Nitroprusside

for adrenergic crisis, 2087

for aortic dissection, 2106

for cocaine intoxication, 3576

for ergot alkaloid overdosage/poisoning, 3590t

for heart failure, 1944, 1946t

for hypertensive emergencies, 2087, 2087t

for pulmonary edema, 2256

Nitroprusside ketone reaction, 362

Nitrosoureas, 539, 554, 575, 738t, 739

Nitrous oxide

as greenhouse gas, 1002f, 1002t, 1003f

inhalation of, cobalamin deficiency in, 766, 3454

NIV. See Noninvasive ventilation (NIV)

Nivolumab

action and targets of, 514t, 536f, 537, 2705t

adverse effects of, 537

acute interstitial nephritis, 2301

autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 786

hepatotoxicity, 2591

neurotoxicity, 711, 2275

pneumonia, 576, 576f

for bladder cancer, 680, 2705t

for gastric cancer, 633

for glioblastoma, 704

for head and neck cancer, 593, 2705t

for hepatocellular carcinoma, 652f, 653

for high-grade NETs, 673

for Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 854

for lung cancer, 607, 608t, 2705t

for melanoma, 584t, 585, 2701, 2705t

for pancreatic cancer, 662

for renal cell carcinoma, 675, 676t

Nixon’s method, splenic percussion, 461

Nizatidine, 296, 2443t, 2444

Njovera (endemic syphilis), 1414t, 1416, 1416f

NK cells. See Natural killer (NK) cells

NK-T cells. See Natural killer T (NK-T) cells

NKX2-1, 2934t

NKX2-5, 2934t

NLM (National Library of Medicine),

3789t

NLRC4 gene mutations, 448, 2677t

NLRP1 gene, 2677t

NLRP1 inflammasome, 957

NLRP3 gene mutations, 2678–2679t, 2843

NLRP3 inflammasome, 957, 2843

NLRs (NOD-like receptors), 2674, 2675t,

2676

NLST (National Lung Cancer Screening Trial),

597–598, 598t

NMDA receptor antibodies, 729t, 730f, 731, 731f,

1096, 3377

NMO. See Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)

NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), 3832–3833,

3833t

NMS (neuroleptic malignant syndrome), 3408,

3435

NMYC gene mutations, 500, 500t

NO-1, 1125

Nocardia spp., 1335–1336, 1336t, 1338–1339

INDEX

I-156 Nocardia spp. infections, 1335

actinomycetoma, 1338, 1338f, 1339t

antimicrobial resistance in, 1336t

in cancer patient, 560, 560t

chronic meningitis, 1113t

clinical features of, 396, 1337–1338, 1337f, 1338f

diagnosis of, 1338–1339, 1338f, S11

epidemiology of, 1336

global considerations in, 1336

in HIV infection, 1336

pathogenesis of, 1336–1337

in transplant recipient, 1143, 1336, 2275

treatment of, 1336t, 1339–1340, 1339t

Nocebo effect, 93

Nociceptin/orphanin receptors, 3569t

Nociceptive pain, 77, 78f

Nociceptor(s), 91, 91f, 92f

Nociceptor-induced inflammation, 92, 92f

Nocturia, 1936, 2374

NOD1 inflammasome, 957

NOD2 gene mutations, 2472t, 2473, 2801, 2843

Nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, 848–849,

856–857

NOD-like receptors (NLRs), 2243, 2243f, 2674,

2675t, 2676

Nodular amyloidosis, 395

Nodular vasculitis, 397

Nodule

cutaneous, 133, 369t, 370f. See also

Papulonodular lesions

thyroid. See Thyroid nodular disease

Noise exposure, 247, 247t

Noma (cancrum oris), 256, 559, 1351

NOMID (neonatal-onset multisystem

inflammatory disease), 2841t, 2843

Non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder,

213–214, 3801t, 3806

Nonaka distal myopathy, 3525t, 3527

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 2620

cirrhosis due to, 2626

clinical features of, 2622

diagnosis of, 2621–2622

epidemiology of, 2619–2620

etiology of, 2619–2620, 2620t

global considerations in, 2624

metabolic syndrome and, 2621, 3154

pathogenesis of, 2620f, 2621

risk factors for, 2621

staging of, 2621–2622

treatment of, 2622–2623

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

cirrhosis due to, 2626

diagnosis of, 2550t, A13

etiology of, 2620t

genetic considerations in, 2621, 3235

hepatocellular carcinoma and, 643, 644, 644f

natural history of, 2619–2620, 2620f

obesity and, 3086

Nonallelic (locus) heterogeneity, 3649–3650, 3650t,

3663

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE),

1024

Noncompliance, 469

Nonenveloped viruses, 1453, 1453f

Nonhistone proteins, 3641f

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 841. See also Lymphoid

malignancies

anti-TNF associated, 2485

approach to the patient, 844–846

diagnosis of, 844–845

epidemiology of, 841–842, 842f

etiology of, 841–842, 842t

extranodal, 633–634

genetic considerations in, 500t, 843–844, 844t

in HIV infection, 1555

immunology of, 842–844, 843f, 844f

infections in, 556, 556t, 558t

primary central nervous system, 1583, 1584f

prognosis of, 845, 845t

renal involvement in, 2360

skin manifestations of, 396, 402, A5

splenomegaly in, 461

staging of, 845, 845t

subtypes

adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. See Adult

T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, 618, 850–851

angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, 844t,

850, 858–859

Burkitt’s lymphoma. See Burkitt’s lymphoma

chronic lymphocytic leukemia. See Chronic

lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

DLBCL. See Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

(DLBCL)

enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma, 851, 858

extranodal T/NK-cell lymphoma, nasal type,

841, 851, 858, 2807

follicular lymphoma. See Follicular lymphoma

frequency of, 842f

hairy cell leukemia. See Hairy cell leukemia

hematopoietic T-cell lymphoma, 851

hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, 844t, 851, 858

lymphomatoid granulomatosis, 2807

lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, 849

MALT lymphoma. See Mucosa-associated

lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma

mantle cell lymphoma. See Mantle cell

lymphoma

marginal zone. See Marginal zone lymphoma

mycosis fungoides. See Mycosis fungoides

peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise

specified, 844t, 845, 850

primary central nervous system lymphoma.

See Primary central nervous system

lymphoma (PCNSL)

primary effusion lymphoma, 1491, 1583

subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell

lymphoma, 851, 858

testicular non-GCT in, 694

treatment of, 902t, 903

Nonhuman primates, bite-wounds from, 1125,

1127t

Non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

(NIDDM). See Diabetes mellitus,

type 2

Noninvasive brain stimulation, 3822–3823

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV)

contraindications for, 2189, 2232t

for COPD, 2189, 2232

for hypoventilation, 2203

indications for, 2232

for pulmonary edema, 2255

Nonlinear probability weighting, 3776t, 3778

Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, 2507t, 2508

Nonoliguria, 336

Nonoxynol-9, 1072, 1240

Nonreactive miliary tuberculosis, 1367

Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor, 690, 691,

692–693f, 693t. See also Testicular

cancer

Nonsense-mediated decay, 501

Nonsense mutation, 3648f

Non-small-cell lung cancer. See Lung cancer,

non-small-cell

Non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), 2190t,

2193–2194, 2193f, 2194f

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

actions of, 2435

for acute otitis media, 250

adverse effects of

bleeding, 454

in cirrhosis with ascites, 2631

colitis, vs. IBD, 2480

cross-sensitivity and, 415–416

cutaneous, 391, 407, 409, 411, 412

diarrhea, 301

edema, 277t, 278

gastrointestinal bleeding, 311, 2861, 2861t

gastrointestinal ulcers, 295. See also Peptic

ulcer disease, NSAID-induced

hyperkalemia, 353

hypertension, 2077t

immunologic factors in, 408

in ischemic heart disease, 2043

in older adults, 3747

photosensitivity, 409

proximal ileal stricture, 2394f

pulmonary eosinophilia, 2165

renal, 94, 334, 2296, 2298f, 2320, 2358, 2861

SJS/TEN, 414. See also Stevens-Johnson

syndrome (SJS); Toxic epidermal

necrolysis (TEN)

in SLE, 2744t, 2746

in STEMI, 2059

for apatite pyrophosphate deposition disease,

2867

for axial spondyloarthritis, 2794

for back pain, 125

for calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease,

2866

for colorectal cancer prevention, 639

for dementia prevention, 3372

discontinuation before lumbar puncture, S9

drug interactions of, 471t, 541t, 2744t

for dysmenorrhea, 3038

for episcleritis and scleritis, 220

for fever, 133

for fever of unknown origin, 151

gastric protection with, 2449, 2449t

for gout, 2864

for menorrhagia in perimenopause, 3044

for migraine, 3361, 3362t

for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 347

for osteoarthritis, 2861, 2861t

for pain, 78, 94–96, 95t

for phototoxicity, 422

for polyposis syndromes, 638

for reactive arthritis, 2798

for rheumatic fever, 2768–2769

for rheumatoid arthritis, 2761

for SLE, 2744t, 2746

for spinal stenosis, 121

for subacute thyroiditis, 2944

for sunburn, 418

for tension-type headache, 3365

topical, 2861, 2861t

Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary

syndrome (NSTE-ACS), 2046

cardiac biomarkers in, 2047–2048, 2048t

cardiogenic shock in, 2253f. See also Cardiogenic

shock

chest pain in, 101t, 2046

clinical features of, 2046–2048

diagnosis of, 2046, 2047f, 2047t, 2049f, 2053f

ECG in, 2047, A11

global considerations in, 2052