at $8 per ton,

vital activity.

But, he continues, if he should feed, instead of bran, 4 lbs. of

linseed meal, daily, it would cost him 28 cts. per week; or if 3J^ lbs. of cotton

lbs. of corn meal, it would

he has a command of all these, let

seed meal, it would cost 22 cts. per week, or 63^

cost from 20 to 35 cts. per cow a week.

If

him make up a ration nearly as follows: 4 lbs. of bran, J^ lb. linseed meal, and

1}4 lbs. corn meal, to each cow per day, which will, in most cases, cost only 20

cents per week; and will keep up a generous flow of milk till the fall rains

DR- CEASE'S RECIPES.

704

renew the pasture, and then the extra food (the author would say only ^ths of

it) can be discontinued.

He closes as follows: We have known many who have

used an extra ration similar to this during short pasture, and never found one

who reported it unprofitable.

The ration may be varied to suit all circum-

Corn meal will be found cheap in some localities; but it is always

best to mix some bran with it; and in most parts of all our broad dairy belt

bran will be found the cheapest extra food to make up for short pasture.

Remarks. Of course, any other class of feed can be chosen according to

what is found in the market of the different sections of our great country

coarse middlings, shorts, etc.

Then some millers mix all grades together,

and in the Eastern States it is known as "mill stuffs," while the Westerner and

Southerner know this mixture as "ship stuffs," "mill feed," etc. But I should

prefer to buy them separate, then you know exactly what you are feeding.

See "Milk To Increase the Flow in Cows," and the remarks following it, for

what many claim to be the best mixture for this purpose. The importance of

the various roots, more especially as winter feed, will be seen below; also, for

the value of parsnips for milch cows see close of remarks after " Carrots,

Parsnips, Beets, etc.," below.

I must be allowed to state here that Mr. O. W.

Wanger, a dairyman of Illinois, says: "For ground feed for milch cows an

effort is made to combine the elements that will produce the largest flow of

milk and at the same time keep the cow in good condition, but not too fat.

And it is found one part (equal parts) each of corn meal, ground oats and bran

will bring the best results."

[This is the " Best Food" referred to above, and

"And," he adds, "with these conhence is confirmatory of that recipe.]

veniences, good hay, this ground feed, good water and good care a cow yields

as much milk during 6 months in winter as in summer, when the cow feeds on

This, I suppose, refers

grass." And he recommends a little grain all summer.

"When the milker is to milk a cow he

to the ground feed above, for he adds:

The result is, the cow stands quiet,

first feeds her and then sits down to milk.

gives her milk at once and the flow is increased." He also recommends sowed

corn to help the cows in dry times of the summer. Very important points, I

know, from what I have seen done by others. He does not say whether his

parts are to be by weight or measure, but I think he means by measure, as that

stances.

—

—

—

is the

common way unless weight is mentioned.

Winter Feeding of Cows, Horses and All Other Stock— The

Importance of Boots or Oil Meal, etc., for. — It is a great change for

cattle, horses,

sheep, etc., from a pasture where there is plenty of grass, and

also plenty of exercise, to the stable or even a barn-yard, where comparatively

but the milch cows will show it the quickest

by the shortness in quantity of milk given, unless some of the succulent roots

or oil meal are given at once to make up for the change from grass to dry hay.

there is neither grass nor exercise

;

Then, again, dry hay, oats, corn or cornmeal have a tendency to produce costiveness, and hence the importance of some of the roots or oil meal to be given

directly to avoid the probability of costiveness becoming thoroughly established.

People eat oatmeal or cornmeal mush, corn bread, apples, peaches, berries, etc.,

for this very purpose; why should it, then, not be as necessary for stock as for

DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

705

It is, and should receive the same care and attention, if we would

keep them in a continuous healthy condition, so that the cows shall give the

largest flow of milk, and that other stock shall continue to thrive instead of the

hair becoming rough and staring and the animals losing flesh as well as heart

and appetite. Even poultry should have something of a succulent or juicy

persons?

character to make up for the loss of green feed, insects, etc.

Extra Value of Oatmeal or Flaxseed, Roots, etc., in Winter

for Cows and Breeding Ewes.— The editor of the National Live Stock Journal makes a very important suggestion in speaking upon the subject of roots or

oil meal to make up for the absence of green food, that for cows or breeding

ewes the oil meal or flaxseed, for these animals especially, have another and

important value, enabling them to produce their young without trouble. We

have such medicines of value in this respect for our own race, why not for

stock? He says: "Every dairyman, so far as he can, should supply himself

with 1 pt. of oil meal for each cow per day, or

pt. of flaxseed, which should

be boiled to a jelly and given with her other food. Oil meal is worth all it costs

for food, besides being an excellent preventive of disease; and, also, has this

%

when a small quantity of it is fed to cows during the

winter we have never had any trouble with them at calving; and the small

further property, that

quantity of oil left in it seems to perform the same office as a little grass or carrots and beets would, to cleanse the

bowels as well as an emollient, or some

such property or effect, upon the reproductive organs; and to this end some

persons feed a small amount of flaxseed to their breeding ewes in winter with

a like success." Sensible and well put, and the author knows them to be of

?xtra value for all these purposes.

Carrots, Beets, etc., their Value as Pood for Stock.— It has

been heretofore claimed that the chief reason why the above named articles

were valuable for stock was to avoid costiveness, and that carrots alone

—pectine, or pectic acid— which has the power of dis— turning to jelly— other kinds of food, which not only

possessed this property

solving or gelatinizing

gave health and vigor, but also gave brightness to the eye, and a smooth, glossy

coat to the animal.

But a horse-breeder, in France reports having fed his

horses for 20 years on parsnips, instead of carrots and oats as formerly, with a

remarkable success, his stock showing a greater vivacity of spirit and a sleekness of coat than when fed on carrots.

ian, informs

And Yeomans, the celebrated veterinar-

us that this beneficial result, from feeding these roots, arises not

so much from their nutritive properties as from their effects in gelatinizing and

dissolving other foods, thereby rendering

them more easy of digestion.

Por-

tions of other coarse food, otherwise almost indigestible, when acted upon

this principle in these roots, are easily dissolved

by

by the gastric juices, and a

thorough and perfect digestion is obtained.

Remarks. It has been well known that apples contain this principle—^pecin a great degree; hence, we can accoimt for both horses

tine, or pectic acid

and cattle thri\ing so well, as many have reported, while being fed a peck of

apples morning and night, or when allowed to run for a tine in the-orchard,

where they ate of them at pleasure. (See Apples for Dorses, etc.) But

—

45

—

—

I>R'

706

CHASE'S RECIPES.

Yeomans also says it is found in pears,

quinces, currants, raspberries, and

many other kinds of fruit, and also in various roots, sucii as turnips, beets,

parsnips, etc.

;

hence

tlieir

man and beast.

both of

great value as a food, or as auxiliary to the food,

Closing with this important sentence:

"A small

quantity of roots or fruit mixed with other food, especially with dry food, has a

wonderful effect upon the flesh, health and spirits of animals." Thus it maybe

seen,

and I have given this item chiefly that it might be seen, that it does not

matter so very much which kind of roots for animals, nor which kind of fruit

or roots for man are raised and eaten; but that it is very important that some of

them should be raised and used, if the best health of man and beast is worth

looking after and working for.

Then let every dairyman or farmer look at the matter in a common sense

way, and raise the kind of roots that his land is seen to be the best adapted to

the longer and larger roots require the deepest and richest soil, and all require

close and careful culture to obtain the best results; then, for winter-feeding, to

have them carefully housed, and properly cut when fed, so that each animal

shall get its proper share, remembering that while you thus aid the digestion of

the coarser food, as hay, stalks and straw, by this admixture of roots, you also

avoid costiveness, which was originally supposed to be the chief object to be

gained by feeding roots. In other words, " two birds are killed with one

stone,"

and really, the bird last found is of the greater importance of the two

— the aid to digestion. (See Comparative Value, as Generally Understood, and

also Nutritive Value, with table by which the difference

is

more easily seen.)

•

I will onfy add here that of later years parsnips have been found more val-

uable than formerly supposed, and they are now commended by many dairymen as excellent for milch cows, increasing the flow of milk one-half, besides

keeping them in a good healthy condition.

means.

Try them, thoroughly, by all

Variety of Food for Stock—"Very Important.— It is a well established fact that a single kind of food is not enough for the best growth, health

or comfort of animals.

a change of diet

Like ourselves, the stock which we keep, does relish

—thrives better with a change of pasture so to speak—and

gives fuller returns for the trouble of providing the variety of foods.

Coarse

fodder should be mixed with that which is of a finer nature; and the highly

Some farmers will feed

nitrogenous, fed with substances weak in nitrogen.

their sheep corn one morning, add barley or oats the next, and thus keep up a

continual surprise, heightened

by a lick of salt now and then.

It is the

same

love of change which makes the colt, cow, and even the oldest horse feel glail

when turned into a new field. What man would like living on bread, or potaThen feed your stock meal, or shorts, or roots — sometimes

one, then the other, is the better way — as remarked about the sheep above being

toes, or meat, alone?

sure to have a supply of roots for every winter.

The Comparative Value of Roots for Winter Feeding as Gen— A writer in the Rural Home places the comparative

erally Understood.

value of roots in the following order:

wurzels,

rutabagas,

Carrots, parsnips, sugar-beets, mangel-

Swedish turnips, and

lastly,

English or

common field

DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

707

do well for early feeding, before beginning on

This writer did not mention potatoes,

but another writer who had been experimenting upon the subject under the

head of "Potatoes for Stock," says: "Potatoes for stock are worth 30 cents

turnips, -which are lighter, but

the richer roots, which also keep better.

They are not only nutritious, but excellent appeand promoters of digestion. My experiments go to show that a peck of

potatoes will produce as much milk as a bushel of carrots, beets or turnips."

Remarks. Although potatoes are well known to contain much more gen.eral nutritive and fat-producing properties than the other roots named, yet, as

'the others can be raised in so much larger quantities to the acre, and with so

per bushel to feed to stock.

tizers,

—

much

less labor also,

general winter feeding.

it

is

not probable that they will become the best for

And I must say here that I think this writer is in error

as to carrots, and I might say parsnips, too Q\e does not mention the

as to beets and turnips, they are not as valuable as potatoes.

latter), but

I will, however,

give a table below, showing the proportionate nutritive, flesh-producing, and

fat-producing properties of 22 different kinds of food for farm stock. I am

shown among them. The table was

made up from the experiments and analysis of the most eminent agricultural

sorry, however, that the sugar-beet is not

chemists and English feeders; and are undoubtedly the most reliable and trustworthy that can be gathered at the time of this writing; and believing that they

will prove of real value to farmers, dairymen, etc., I give the table a place.

The calculation is based upon equal weights of each article, and is as follows:

Nutritive Value of 22 Different Kinds of Pood for Farm

Stock:

Flesh

Food.

Turnips,

Rutabagas,

Carrots,

Mangels,

Straw,

Potatoes,

Brewer's grains,

Hay (early cut).

Millet (seed).

Buckwheat,

Malt.

,

Rye,

Oats,

.

Corn,

Wheat and barley.

Dried brewer's grains

Beans (English field)

Peas,

Linseed,

Cotton seed cake.

Linseed cake,

Bran and coarse mil stuff,

Remarks.

—By this tab

e, if

you want

food for it; if fat for butchering purposes,

DB. CHASE'S RECIPES.

708

value for keeping stock in the most healthy and growing condition is shown in.

the total column.

Milk being of the nature of

fat, it can also be seen which

will be the best food for milch cows, that which produces most fat.

I will sim-

ply mention here that there is quite a doubt amongst dairymen as to whether

sugar beets do, or do not, lessen the flow of milk, and it is perhaps from this

Although the sugar oeet may

fact that they were not considered in the table.

not be equal to some of the other roots for milk, yet, for other stock they are

good; and as they can be raised in such large quantities to the acre, many, no

The maugel-wurzels and rutabadoubt, will raise them for general use.

gas can, with a rich and properly cultivated soil, be made to yield from 1,000

to 1,500, and, in a few cases, even 2,000 bushels to the acre; and with any of

these roots, if the ground is properly worked, it will be left in excellent condiIt would not be advisable, however, to feed roots too

tion for succeeding crops.

exclusively.

It is better to feed part roots and part grain.

Nor is it advisable

have a variety, both on account

of the health and condition of the stock, and for the better results in milk which

will be produced by a variety over any single kind.

to feed one kind of roots only.

It is better to

—

As above remarked, the culture of

and if it is not rich naturally, it must be made so with

manures, fertilizers, etc., and also by deep plowing and thorough harrowing.

Plow deeply, and harrow then re-plow and harrow, until as fine as possible,

The mangel-wurzel, it is

leaving no stones or turf to obstruct cultivation.

claimed, is a great lover of salt; and as high as 30 bushels to the acre.

Dr. Loring says, has been used with profit. Fifteen two-horse wagon loads of

good, solid manure to the acre, is not too much, if you expect 1,500 to 2,000

bushels of mangels (which has been raised) to the acre. The fertilizer when

used, must, as well as the manure, be well worked into the surface of the soil.

Roots, Culture of, for Stock.

roots needs a rich soil;

;

Sow in drills, beets,

rots, 24.

mangels, rutabagas, 'and parsnips, 30 inches apart; car-

If possible, have a drill which completes the work of covering evenly

Begin to cultivate them as soon as the rows can be seen; keep clear

and thin carrots and parsnips to 4 inches; beets, rutabagas or

mangels, 6 to 10 inches, as you think the richness of the soil will demand. Of

course, let all be done with horse-hoes, or such conveniences as you have, so

that the rows simply need to be done by hand, remembering this, if the weeds

Some claim that 5 lbs. of

get the start of you, you will pay dearly for it.

mangel seed is not too much for an acre; but if sowed with a drill, get it to

scatter them properly as you go then have enough to go over the piece is all

you want for any kind. Absolute amounts can hardly be given, as no two men

would think exactly alike about it; better pull out a good many, however,

as it goes.

of weeds,

;

rather than not to get in seed enough.

Field Turnips, How to Feed to Cows Without Flavoring the

Milk. A writer in the Maine Farmer, says he raised 800 bushels, and fed all

1 pk. twice a day

to his 16 to 20 cows

by trimming off the rootlets and feeding only the solid turnip, after milking, no bad flavor was imparted to the

—

milk.

—

—

DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

709

—

Remarks. That the whole flavor of iTirnips is in the rootlets, I should

hardly expect to be the fact, but that feeding them only after milking is the

more probable reason why the flavor is not retained. The plan is worthy

of a trial, and if the reasoning is not correct, the turnips can be fed to other

stock, while the milch cows can be supplied with something that has no particular flavor as parsnips and turnips have, making either an unsuitable feed for

cows while giving milk, unless the removal of the rootlets, as above, is found to

be of general application.

Growing Stock, Pea and Bean Meal Better than Corn for.—

Much has been said of late years, as to feeding pea and bean meal to stock, as

though they were equally valuable for all stock which the author does not

think is correct, and seeing an item, in the Philadelphia Recoi-d, giving them

the preference over corn for growing stock, which so nearly agrees with what I

know to be the fact, I will give the item in full. It is as follows: " Growing

stock should not be kept in a fat condition, for the demand of the system is

chiefly for muscle producing matter.

There is no concentrated material on the

full, and though nature has furnished

fanners with splendid agents for this purpose in the shape of peas and beans,

the opportunity is not improved. For early pasture or soiling after rye, a

piece of land broadcasted to tall-growing green peas mixed with oats, is invaluable.

The writer of this once kept a cow up to a flow of 'milk till late in the

season by a succession of such crops, and that, too, on a piece of white sand

land.

It is not known by some that if these vines are cut and nicely cured,

when just about to bloom, they will furnish a good crop of nutritious hay, but

if not cut at flowering time the leaves will crumble away.

Ground peas or

beans are economical for feeding, owing to the great saving they effect.

Farmers are tempted to part with them at $2.10 a bu., and they often bring

more than that sum; but if we will stop and reflect that this meal, mixed half

and half with corn meal, will enable us to dispense with one-third the quantity

of hay, a great saving is made through the winter. For young calves nothing

can equal it. If the farmer has no convenience for grinding them, the peas

and beans can be cooked into a "mash " in the ordinary way, and if thus given

liberally to stock, especially the younger portion, will push them rapidly forPigs will grow fatter on it than on anything else.

ward.

Young heifers

become matured several months sooner. By the use of pea or bean meal,

wheat straw (cut) can be used in the place of hay, and, taken as a whole, it is

almost a necessity on well-regulated farms. Bear in mind, as stated above,

peas and beans will not fatten stock as readily as corn, nor will the corn make

farm that supplies the desideratum in

the stock grow as quickly as these.

Hence in winter we should feed these arti-

cles together in order to get the best results."

—

Remarks. The author having been raised on the hard-pan hills in the township of Holland, Erie county, N. Y., where corn even was not a paying crop,

something that could be more easily raised and in better paying quantities had

to be sought out; and it was found in peas and oats sown broad-cast, as the

above writer suggests, for the especial purpose of feeding to hogs, cutting up

mowing and throwing to them as soon as the peas were well filled, at whicJ*

—

DR. CHASE'S RECIPES.

710

time they would not only eat the peas with avidity, or greedily, but also chew

the pods and vines with like relish, and at once begin to show their value

which was continued until they were ripe, after which they were ground

together and the meal used to thicken potatoes and pumpkins which were boiled

together for the purpose of fattening the hogs until within a few weeks of kill-

ing time, when cornmeal was used in its place, or else corn alone fed tc harden

And when any horses, cattle, or sheep, happened to be running in

the pork.

the pasture with the hogs they would eat the pea vines and oat straw with

So I can

the same eagerness and relish that the hogs did the peas and oats.

vouch for the pea and oat mixture; and I have not a doubt of the value of

beans, or bean meal, as a food for growing stock, although, generally, the

trouble and labor of raising them will be much greater than that of raising peas,

hence the advantage would be in favor of peas, the oats being sown with them

for the purpose of holding

up the peas, rather than for the oats themselves,

although they are good. It is remarkable how much faster young pigs will

grow as soon as soon as the peas and oats are full and are thrown to them

It only needs a trial to be adopted by those who have not seen

regularly.

them used.

Soiling Cows.

—

It undoubtedly pays to judiciously soil cows, as there is

no other way by which so much milk can be obtained from a small number of

When the land is in proper condition, a cow can be kept upon one-half

acres.

Even better than this has been done.

acre for summer and one acre for winter.

In starting, prepare the ground well one-eighth of an acre of oats, thickly, for

—

each cow, as early in the season as you can; two or three weeks after this sow

Then prepare the

the same amount of land to oats again for later cutting.

ground and sow one-fourth of an acre to corn for each cow, which will probably leave a surplus towards the winter feeding.

Sweet Cornstalks for Cows. — When the ears have been gathered the

stalks of sweet corn

make the very best of fodder.

It is

not only very sweet

and nutritious, but as the ears are gathered before maturity the stalks, if cut al

There

once, as they should be, are in the very best condition for use as fodder.

is some difficulty in curing the stalks; but in several years' experience with them

in a rather large way we have had no trouble in keeping the fodder in excellent

The great point and need is to thoroughly dry the stalks out of

condition.

They should be first well wilted and partly dried upon the ground, laid

doors.

down as they are cut in small bundles, which, when bound afterward, will

make easily handled sheaves. After 24 hours or more of exposure the bundles

may be bound with a straw band or an osier stalk, and the sheaves so made set

up in stocks, loosely placed, so as to admit the air freely among them. The

stock or small stack should be well bound at the top to exclude rain, and left

The fodder may then be safely

out of doors until completely dried and cured.

housed in the barn or under the roof of an open shed near the barn, where it

can be reached conveniently for use. Fodder so cured is equal to the best hay,

and will be eaten with avidity and without waste or loss. Of more than 17

acres grown last season and fed to cows in our dairy the past winter there was

scarce a particle to be found in the manure, every fragment excepting some few

DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

711

pieces of some of the coarser butts liaving been consumed.

This, of course, is

due in a great measure to the fact that the fodder was finely cut and wetted,

and the meal given mixed with it. The economy of such a practice and such a

crop so used is too obvious to need comment. Farmer's Magazine.

Sweet Cornstalks -witli the Corn for Milch Cows. — The stalks

above, when cured as in the foregoing recipe, are excellent even as winter food;

but the following plan of feeding the corn upon the stalk while green as a summer food, as practiced by Dwight Judd, of South Hadley Mass. for two years

past, in the New York Herald, has the advantage largely in its favor.

When

,

,

asked what he considered the feeding value of sweet corn for milch cows, he

said: " It is invaluable.

Cornmeal is not to be compared with it as a feed for

producing milk." He keeps, says the Herald, a herd of 20 as nice cows as can

be found in this vicinity, and says: " When my cows fail a little in milk and I

want for my trade a couple of extra cows, I tell my man to cut an extra row

or two of corn, and in two or three days I have the amount of milk desired."

He plants with a corn-planter, the rows 3)^ feet apart, and 23 inches apart in

the hills, dropping only 2 or 3 kernels in a hill; and

commences feeding it as

soon as the corn is fit for table use.

Dry Cornstalks, the Best Way to Feed Them.—When hay is

scarce, but cornstalks and straw are plentiful, the best way is to cut both finely

and mix in proportions of 2 baskets of stalks to 1 of straw, and mix dry for sevas it will not heat, but improve, by standing together.

Of course, hay is better than straw treated the same way, and all classes of

stock will relish it, and especially so if, when to be fed, it is first slightly

eral days' feeding,

wet, then a good sprinkling of meal or bran mixed in, nothing except occasionally,

perhaps, a large butt may be rejected, but seldom that

much is left; nor

will any part of them be seen in the manure if a proper amount of roots are also

fed to help dissolve and gelatinize this coarser food, as previously explained.

A correspondent of the Counti'y Gentleman says he had rather have this fine

if it was done even for the

The cutting is certainly very desirable, no matter what stock

cutting of coarse food than to have it steamed,

same expense.

is

to be fed with

it.

Corn Fodder vs. Hay, Comparative Value of. — Professor J. W.

Sanborn, of the Missouri Agricultural College, claims that he has proved,

through a long practice and many experiments, that corn