CONTENTS ix 139 Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis............................... 1110

Avindra Nath, Walter J. Koroshetz, Michael R. Wilson

140 Brain Abscess and Empyema........................................ 1117

Karen L. Roos, Kenneth L. Tyler

141 Infectious Complications of Bites................................. 1124

Sandeep S. Jubbal, Florencia Pereyra Segal, Lawrence C. Madoff

SECTION 3 Clinical Syndromes: Health

Care–Associated Infections

142 Infections Acquired in Health Care Facilities................ 1128

Robert A. Weinstein

143 Infections in Transplant Recipients .............................. 1136

Robert W. Finberg

SECTION 4 Therapy for Bacterial Diseases

144 Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections ........ 1148

David C. Hooper, Erica S. Shenoy, Ramy H. Elshaboury

145 Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents................ 1163

David C. Hooper

SECTION 5 Diseases Caused by Gram-Positive Bacteria

146 Pneumococcal Infections.............................................. 1169

David Goldblatt, Katherine L. O’Brien

147 Staphylococcal Infections............................................. 1178

Franklin D. Lowy

148 Streptococcal Infections............................................... 1188

Michael R. Wessels

149 Enterococcal Infections................................................ 1197

William R. Miller, Cesar A. Arias, Barbara E. Murray

150 Diphtheria and Other Corynebacterial Infections......... 1203

William R. Bishai, John R. Murphy

151 Listeria monocytogenes Infections................................... 1208

Jennifer P. Collins, Patricia M. Griffin

152 Tetanus........................................................................ 1211

C. Louise Thwaites, Lam Minh Yen

153 Botulism...................................................................... 1214

Carolina Lúquez, Jeremy Sobel

154 Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridial Infections............ 1220

Amy E. Bryant, Dennis L. Stevens

SECTION 6 Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria

155 Meningococcal Infections............................................ 1225

Manish Sadarangani, Andrew J. Pollard

156 Gonococcal Infections ................................................. 1234

Sanjay Ram, Peter A. Rice

157 Haemophilus and Moraxella Infections........................... 1241

Timothy F. Murphy

158 Infections Due to the HACEK Group and

Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacteria........................ 1246

Tamar F. Barlam

159 Legionella Infections..................................................... 1249

Steven A. Pergam, Thomas R. Hawn

160 Pertussis and Other Bordetella Infections...................... 1257

Karina A. Top, Scott A. Halperin

161 Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative Enteric

Bacilli .......................................................................... 1261

Thomas A. Russo, James R. Johnson

162 Acinetobacter Infections ................................................ 1275

Rossana Rosa, L. Silvia Munoz-Price

163 Helicobacter pylori Infections......................................... 1279

John C. Atherton, Martin J. Blaser

164 Infections Due to Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and

Stenotrophomonas Species............................................. 1284

Reuben Ramphal

165 Salmonellosis............................................................... 1291

David A. Pegues, Samuel I. Miller

166 Shigellosis.................................................................... 1298

Philippe J. Sansonetti, Jean Bergounioux

167 Infections Due to Campylobacter and Related

Organisms................................................................... 1302

Martin J. Blaser

168 Cholera and Other Vibrioses........................................ 1305

Matthew K. Waldor, Edward T. Ryan

169 Brucellosis................................................................... 1310

Nicholas J. Beeching

170 Tularemia .................................................................... 1314

Max Maurin, Didier Raoult

171 Plague and Other Yersinia Infections ............................ 1320

Michael B. Prentice

172 Bartonella Infections, Including Cat-Scratch

Disease ........................................................................ 1328

Michael Giladi, Moshe Ephros

173 Donovanosis................................................................ 1334

Nigel O’Farrell

SECTION 7 Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections

174 Nocardiosis.................................................................. 1335

Gregory A. Filice

175 Actinomycosis.............................................................. 1340

Thomas A. Russo

176 Whipple’s Disease........................................................ 1344

Thomas A. Russo, Seth R. Glassman

177 Infections Due to Mixed Anaerobic Organisms............ 1347

Neeraj K. Surana, Dennis L. Kasper

SECTION 8 Mycobacterial Diseases

178 Tuberculosis................................................................. 1357

Mario C. Raviglione, Andrea Gori

179 Leprosy........................................................................ 1382

Jan H. Richardus, Hemanta K. Kar,

Zoica Bakirtzief, Wim H. van Brakel

180 Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections .................... 1392

Steven M. Holland

181 Antimycobacterial Agents............................................ 1397

Divya Reddy, Sebastian G. Kurz, Max R. O’Donnell

SECTION 9 Spirochetal Diseases

182 Syphilis........................................................................ 1406

Sheila A. Lukehart

183 Endemic Treponematoses ............................................ 1413

Sheila A. Lukehart, Lorenzo Giacani

184 Leptospirosis ............................................................... 1417

Jiři F. P. Wagenaar, Marga G.A. Goris

185 Relapsing Fever and Borrelia miyamotoi Disease............ 1421

Alan G. Barbour

186 Lyme Borreliosis.......................................................... 1425

Allen C. Steere

CONTENTS x

SECTION 10 Diseases Caused by Rickettsiae, Mycoplasmas,

and Chlamydiae

187 Rickettsial Diseases...................................................... 1431

David H. Walker, J. Stephen Dumler, Lucas S. Blanton,

Chantal P. Bleeker-Rovers

188 Infections Due to Mycoplasmas ................................... 1441

R. Doug Hardy

189 Chlamydial Infections.................................................. 1444

Charlotte A. Gaydos, Thomas C. Quinn

SECTION 11  Viral Diseases: General Considerations

190 Principles of Medical Virology ..................................... 1453

David M. Knipe

191 Antiviral Chemotherapy, Excluding Antiretroviral

Drugs.......................................................................... 1460

Jeffrey I. Cohen, Eleanor Wilson

SECTION 12 Infections Due to DNA Viruses

192 Herpes Simplex Virus Infections.................................. 1470

Lawrence Corey

193 Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections.................................. 1479

Richard J. Whitley

194 Epstein-Barr Virus Infections, Including Infectious

Mononucleosis ............................................................ 1483

Jeffrey I. Cohen

195 Cytomegalovirus and Human Herpesvirus

Types 6, 7, and 8........................................................... 1487

Camille Nelson Kotton, Martin S. Hirsch

196 Molluscum Contagiosum, Monkeypox, and

Other Poxvirus Infections ............................................ 1492

Inger K. Damon

197 Parvovirus Infections ................................................... 1495

Kevin E. Brown

198 Human Papillomavirus Infections................................ 1498

Darron R. Brown, Aaron C. Ermel

SECTION 13 Infections Due to DNA and RNA

Respiratory Viruses

199 Common Viral Respiratory Infections, Including

COVID-19.................................................................. 1504

James E. Crowe, Jr.

200 Influenza ..................................................................... 1515

Kathleen M. Neuzil, Peter F. Wright

SECTION 14  Infections Due to Human Immunodeficiency

Virus and Other Human Retroviruses

201 The Human Retroviruses............................................. 1521

Dan L. Longo, Anthony S. Fauci

202 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease:

AIDS and Related Disorders........................................ 1527

Anthony S. Fauci, Gregory K. Folkers, H. Clifford Lane

SECTION 15 Infections Due to RNA Viruses

203 Viral Gastroenteritis.................................................... 1597

Umesh D. Parashar, Roger I. Glass

204 Enterovirus, Parechovirus, and Reovirus Infections ...... 1602

Jeffrey I. Cohen

205 Measles (Rubeola)........................................................ 1608

Kaitlin Rainwater-Lovett, William J. Moss

206 Rubella (German Measles)........................................... 1612

Laura A. Zimmerman, Susan E. Reef

207 Mumps........................................................................ 1615

Jessica Leung, Mariel Marlow

208 Rabies and Other Rhabdovirus Infections.................... 1618

Alan C. Jackson

209 Arthropod-Borne and Rodent-Borne Virus

Infections .................................................................... 1624

Jens H. Kuhn, Ian Crozier

210 Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections....................... 1645

Jens H. Kuhn, Ian Crozier

SECTION 16  Fungal Infections

211 Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of

Fungal Infections......................................................... 1652

Michail S. Lionakis, John E. Edwards Jr.

212 Histoplasmosis............................................................. 1658

Chadi A. Hage, L. Joseph Wheat

213 Coccidioidomycosis ..................................................... 1661

Neil M. Ampel

214 Blastomycosis .............................................................. 1664

Gregory M. Gauthier, Bruce S. Klein

215 Cryptococcosis............................................................. 1668

Arturo Casadevall

216 Candidiasis.................................................................. 1671

Michail S. Lionakis, Shakti Singh, Ashraf S. Ibrahim,

John E. Edwards, Jr.

217 Aspergillosis ................................................................ 1677

David W. Denning

218 Mucormycosis.............................................................. 1681

Brad Spellberg, Ashraf S. Ibrahim

219 Less Common Systemic Mycoses and Superficial

Mycoses....................................................................... 1686

Carol A. Kauffman

220 Pneumocystis Infections................................................. 1691

Alison Morris, Henry Masur

SECTION 17 Protozoal and Helminthic Infections:

General Considerations

221 Introduction to Parasitic Infections.............................. 1696

Sharon L. Reed

222 Agents Used to Treat Parasitic Infections...................... 1701

Thomas A. Moore

SECTION 18 Protozoal Infections

223 Amebiasis and Infection with Free-Living Amebae....... 1714

Rosa M. Andrade, Sharon L. Reed

224 Malaria........................................................................ 1720

Nicholas J. White, Elizabeth A. Ashley

225 Babesiosis.................................................................... 1736

Edouard Vannier, Jeffrey A. Gelfand

226 Leishmaniasis.............................................................. 1741

Shyam Sundar

227 Chagas Disease and African Trypanosomiasis............... 1748

François Chappuis, Yves Jackson

228 Toxoplasma Infections................................................... 1757

Kami Kim

229 Protozoal Intestinal Infections and Trichomoniasis....... 1764

Peter F. Weller

CONTENTS xi

SECTION 19 Helminthic Infections

230 Introduction to Helminthic Infections.......................... 1768

Peter F. Weller

231 Trichinellosis and Other Tissue Nematode

Infections .................................................................... 1770

Peter F. Weller

232 Intestinal Nematode Infections.................................... 1773

Thomas B. Nutman, Peter F. Weller

233 Filarial and Related Infections...................................... 1778

Thomas B. Nutman, Peter F. Weller

234 Schistosomiasis and Other Trematode Infections.......... 1784

Birgitte Jyding Vennervald

235 Cestode Infections....................................................... 1790

A. Clinton White, Jr., Peter F. Weller

PART 6 Disorders of the Cardiovascular

System

SECTION 1 Introduction to Cardiovascular Disorders

236 Approach to the Patient with Possible

Cardiovascular Disease ................................................ 1797

Joseph Loscalzo

237 Basic Biology of the Cardiovascular System .................. 1799

Joseph Loscalzo, John F. Keaney, Jr., Calum A. MacRae

238 Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease ...................... 1810

Thomas A. Gaziano, J. Michael Gaziano

SECTION 2 Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disorders

239 Physical Examination of the Cardiovascular

System......................................................................... 1815

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

240 Electrocardiography..................................................... 1824

Ary L. Goldberger

241 Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging: Echocardiography,

Nuclear Cardiology, and Magnetic Resonance/

Computed Tomography Imaging.................................. 1832

Marcelo F. Di Carli, Raymond Y. Kwong, Scott D. Solomon

242 Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization and

Coronary Angiography ................................................ 1859

Jane A. Leopold, David P. Faxon

SECTION 3  Disorders of Rhythm

243 Principles of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology ........... 1866

William H. Sauer, Bruce A. Koplan, Paul C. Zei

244 The Bradyarrhythmias: Disorders of the

Sinoatrial Node............................................................ 1873

William H. Sauer, Bruce A. Koplan

245 The Bradyarrhythmias: Disorders of the

Atrioventricular Node.................................................. 1880

William H. Sauer, Bruce A. Koplan

246 Approach to Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias .......... 1888

William H. Sauer, Paul C. Zei

247 Physiologic and Nonphysiologic Sinus Tachycardia....... 1891

William H. Sauer, Paul C. Zei

248 Focal Atrial Tachycardia............................................... 1893

William H. Sauer, Paul C. Zei

249 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardias.................... 1894

William H. Sauer, Paul C. Zei

250 Common Atrial Flutter and Macroreentrant and

Multifocal Atrial Tachycardias...................................... 1899

William H. Sauer, Paul C. Zei

251 Atrial Fibrillation......................................................... 1903

William H. Sauer, Paul C. Zei

252 Approach to Ventricular Arrhythmias........................... 1910

William H. Sauer, Usha B. Tedrow

253 Premature Ventricular Contractions, Nonsustained

Ventricular Tachycardia, and Accelerated

Idioventricular Rhythm................................................ 1915

William H. Sauer, Usha B. Tedrow

254 Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia ................................ 1919

William H. Sauer, Usha B. Tedrow

255 Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia and

Ventricular Fibrillation ................................................ 1923

William H. Sauer, Usha B. Tedrow

256 Electrical Storm and Incessant Ventricular

Tachycardia.................................................................. 1927

William H. Sauer, Usha B. Tedrow

SECTION 4 Disorders of the Heart, Muscles,

Valves, and Pericardium

257 Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis.............. 1930

Michael M. Givertz, Mandeep R. Mehra

258 Heart Failure: Management......................................... 1940

Akshay S. Desai, Mandeep R. Mehra

259 Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis................................. 1954

Neal K. Lakdawala, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Joseph Loscalzo

260 Cardiac Transplantation and Prolonged Assisted

Circulation .................................................................. 1973

Mandeep R. Mehra

261 Aortic Stenosis............................................................. 1978

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

262 Aortic Regurgitation.................................................... 1986

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

263 Mitral Stenosis ............................................................ 1991

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

264 Mitral Regurgitation.................................................... 1995

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

265 Mitral Valve Prolapse ................................................... 1999

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

266 Tricuspid Valve Disease................................................ 2001

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

267 Pulmonic Valve Disease................................................ 2004

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

268 Multiple and Mixed Valvular Heart Disease.................. 2005

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

269 Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult ......................... 2008

Anne Marie Valente, Michael J. Landzberg

270 Pericardial Disease ....................................................... 2019

Joseph Loscalzo

271 Atrial Myxoma and Other Cardiac Tumors................... 2025

Eric H. Awtry

272 Cardiac Trauma ........................................................... 2028

Eric H. Awtry

SECTION 5 Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease

273 Ischemic Heart Disease................................................ 2030

Elliott M. Antman, Joseph Loscalzo

CONTENTS xii 274 Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome

(Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

and Unstable Angina) .................................................. 2046

Robert P. Giugliano, Christopher P. Cannon,

Eugene Braunwald

275 ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction .............. 2053

Elliott M. Antman, Joseph Loscalzo

276 Percutaneous Coronary Interventions and

Other Interventional Procedures.................................. 2066

David P. Faxon, Deepak L. Bhatt

277 Hypertension............................................................... 2072

Theodore A. Kotchen

278 Renovascular Disease................................................... 2088

Stephen C. Textor

279 Deep-Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary

Thromboembolism ...................................................... 2091

Samuel Z. Goldhaber

280 Diseases of the Aorta.................................................... 2101

Mark A. Creager, Joseph Loscalzo

281 Arterial Diseases of the Extremities.............................. 2107

Mark A. Creager, Joseph Loscalzo

282 Chronic Venous Disease and Lymphedema .................. 2115

Mark A. Creager, Joseph Loscalzo

283 Pulmonary Hypertension............................................. 2121

Bradley A. Maron, Joseph Loscalzo

PART 7 Disorders of the Respiratory System

SECTION 1 Diagnosis of Respiratory Disorders

284 Approach to the Patient with Disease of the

Respiratory System ...................................................... 2131

Bruce D. Levy

285 Disturbances of Respiratory Function .......................... 2133

Edward T. Naureckas, Julian Solway

286 Diagnostic Procedures in Respiratory Disease .............. 2140

George R. Washko, Hilary J. Goldberg, Majid Shafiq

SECTION 2 Diseases of the Respiratory System

287 Asthma........................................................................ 2147

Elliot Israel

288 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis and Pulmonary

Infiltrates with Eosinophilia......................................... 2160

Praveen Akuthota, Michael E. Wechsler

289 Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease ........... 2166

John R. Balmes

290 Bronchiectasis.............................................................. 2173

Rebecca M. Baron, Beverly W. Baron,

Miriam Baron Barshak

291 Cystic Fibrosis............................................................. 2176

Eric J. Sorscher

292 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease...................... 2180

Edwin K. Silverman, James D. Crapo, Barry J. Make

293 Interstitial Lung Disease .............................................. 2190

Gary M. Hunninghake, Ivan O. Rosas

294 Disorders of the Pleura................................................. 2197

Richard W. Light

295 Disorders of the Mediastinum...................................... 2200

Richard W. Light

296 Disorders of Ventilation ............................................... 2201

John F. McConville, Julian Solway, Babak Mokhlesi

297 Sleep Apnea................................................................. 2204

Andrew Wellman, Daniel J. Gottlieb, Susan Redline

298 Lung Transplantation .................................................. 2209

Hilary J. Goldberg, Hari R. Mallidi

299 Interventional Pulmonary Medicine.............................. 2214

Lonny Yarmus, David Feller-Kopman

PART 8 Critical Care Medicine

SECTION 1 Respiratory Critical Care

300 Approach to the Patient with Critical Illness................. 2217

Rebecca M. Baron, Anthony F. Massaro

301 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome .......................... 2225

Rebecca M. Baron, Bruce D. Levy

302 Mechanical Ventilatory Support................................... 2230

Scott Schissel

SECTION 2 Shock and Cardiac Arrest

303 Approach to the Patient with Shock ............................. 2235

Anthony F. Massaro

304 Sepsis and Septic Shock ............................................... 2241

Emily B. Brant, Christopher W. Seymour, Derek C. Angus

305 Cardiogenic Shock and Pulmonary Edema................... 2250

David H. Ingbar, Holger Thiele

306 Cardiovascular Collapse, Cardiac Arrest, and

Sudden Cardiac Death ................................................. 2257

Christine Albert, William H. Sauer

SECTION 3 Neurologic Critical Care

307 Nervous System Disorders in Critical Care................... 2267

J. Claude Hemphill, III, Wade S. Smith, S. Andrew Josephson,

Daryl R. Gress

PART 9 Disorders of the Kidney and Urinary

Tract

308 Approach to the Patient with Renal Disease or

Urinary Tract Disease................................................... 2279

Julian L. Seifter

309 Cell Biology and Physiology of the Kidney ................... 2287

Alfred L. George, Jr., Eric G. Neilson

310 Acute Kidney Injury..................................................... 2296

Sushrut S. Waikar, Joseph V. Bonventre

311 Chronic Kidney Disease............................................... 2309

Joanne M. Bargman, Karl Skorecki

312 Dialysis in the Treatment of Kidney Failure .................. 2320

Kathleen D. Liu, Glenn M. Chertow

313 Transplantation in the Treatment of Renal Failure ........ 2325

Jamil Azzi, Naoka Murakami, Anil Chandraker

314 Glomerular Diseases.................................................... 2331

Julia B. Lewis, Eric G. Neilson

315 Polycystic Kidney Disease and Other Inherited

Disorders of Tubule Growth and Development............. 2350

Jing Zhou, Martin R. Pollak

316 Tubulointerstitial Diseases of the Kidney...................... 2357

Laurence H. Beck Jr., David J. Salant

317 Vascular Injury to the Kidney ....................................... 2364

Ronald S. Go, Nelson Leung

CONTENTS xiii 318 Nephrolithiasis ............................................................ 2368

Gary C. Curhan

319 Urinary Tract Obstruction ........................................... 2373

Julian L. Seifter

320 Interventional Nephrology........................................... 2377

Dirk M. Hentschel

PART 10 Disorders of the Gastrointestinal

System

SECTION 1  Disorders of the Alimentary Tract

321 Approach to the Patient with Gastrointestinal

Disease ........................................................................ 2381

William L. Hasler, Chung Owyang

322 Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ......................................... 2387

Louis Michel Wong Kee Song, Mark Topazian

323 Diseases of the Esophagus............................................ 2423

Peter J. Kahrilas, Ikuo Hirano

324 Peptic Ulcer Disease and Related Disorders.................. 2434

John Del Valle

325 Disorders of Absorption............................................... 2458

Deborah C. Rubin

326 Inflammatory Bowel Disease........................................ 2469

Sonia Friedman, Richard S. Blumberg

327 Irritable Bowel Syndrome............................................. 2490

Chung Owyang

328 Diverticular Disease and Common Anorectal

Disorders..................................................................... 2497

Susan L. Gearhart

329 Mesenteric Vascular Insufficiency................................. 2506

Maryam Ali Khan, Jaideep Das Gupta, Mahmoud Malas

330 Acute Intestinal Obstruction........................................ 2508

Danny O. Jacobs

331 Acute Appendicitis and Peritonitis............................... 2513

Danny O. Jacobs

SECTION 2 Nutrition

332 Nutrient Requirements and Dietary Assessment........... 2517

Johanna T. Dwyer

333 Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and

Excess.......................................................................... 2523

Paolo M. Suter

334 Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment .................... 2534

Gordon L. Jensen

335 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition.................................. 2539

L. John Hoffer, Bruce R. Bistrian, David F. Driscoll

SECTION 3 Liver and Biliary Tract Disease

336 Approach to the Patient with Liver Disease .................. 2546

Marc G. Ghany, Jay H. Hoofnagle

337 Evaluation of Liver Function........................................ 2553

Emily D. Bethea, Daniel S. Pratt

338 The Hyperbilirubinemias............................................. 2557

Allan W. Wolkoff

339 Acute Viral Hepatitis................................................... 2562

Jules L. Dienstag

340 Toxic and Drug-Induced Hepatitis............................... 2584

William M. Lee, Jules L. Dienstag

341 Chronic Hepatitis........................................................ 2591

Jules L. Dienstag

342 Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease ................................ 2617

Bernd Schnabl

343 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases and Nonalcoholic

Steatohepatitis............................................................. 2619

Manal F. Abdelmalek, Anna Mae Diehl

344 Cirrhosis and Its Complications................................... 2624

Alex S. Befeler, Bruce R. Bacon

345 Liver Transplantation................................................... 2633

Raymond T. Chung, Jules L. Dienstag

346 Diseases of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts..................... 2641

Norton J. Greenberger, Gustav Paumgartner, Daniel S. Pratt

SECTION 4 Disorders of the Pancreas

347 Approach to the Patient with Pancreatic Disease........... 2652

Somashekar G. Krishna, Darwin L. Conwell, Phil A. Hart

348 Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis.................................... 2657

Phil A. Hart, Darwin L. Conwell, Somashekar G. Krishna

PART 11 Immune-Mediated, Inflammatory,

and Rheumatologic Disorders

SECTION 1  The Immune System in Health and Disease

349 Introduction to the Immune System............................. 2671

Barton F. Haynes, Kelly A. Soderberg, Anthony S. Fauci

350 Mechanisms of Regulation and Dysregulation of the

Immune System........................................................... 2701

Barton F. Haynes, Kelly A. Soderberg, Anthony S. Fauci

351 Primary Immune Deficiency Diseases .......................... 2709

Alain Fischer

SECTION 2 Disorders of Immune-Mediated Injury

352 Urticaria, Angioedema, and Allergic Rhinitis................ 2719

Katherine L. Tuttle, Joshua A. Boyce

353 Anaphylaxis................................................................. 2727

David Hong, Joshua A. Boyce

354 Mastocytosis................................................................ 2729

Matthew P. Giannetti, Joshua A. Boyce

355 Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases ................... 2731

Betty Diamond, Peter E. Lipsky

356 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.................................... 2736

Bevra Hannahs Hahn, Maureen McMahon

357 Antiphospholipid Syndrome ........................................ 2749

Haralampos M. Moutsopoulos, Clio P. Mavragani

358 Rheumatoid Arthritis................................................... 2751

Ankoor Shah, E. William St. Clair

359 Acute Rheumatic Fever................................................ 2766

Joseph Kado, Jonathan Carapetis

360 Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) and

Related Disorders ........................................................ 2771

John Varga

361 Sjögren’s Syndrome ...................................................... 2787

Haralampos M. Moutsopoulos, Clio P. Mavragani

362 Spondyloarthritis......................................................... 2790

Joel D. Taurog, Lianne S. Gensler, Nigil Haroon

363 The Vasculitis Syndromes ............................................ 2802

Carol A. Langford, Anthony S. Fauci

364 Behçet Syndrome......................................................... 2817

CONTENTS xiv Yusuf Yazici

365 Inflammatory Myopathies............................................ 2819

Steven A. Greenberg, Anthony A. Amato

366 Relapsing Polychondritis.............................................. 2826

Carol A. Langford

367 Sarcoidosis................................................................... 2829

Robert P. Baughman, Elyse E. Lower

368 IgG4-Related Disease.................................................. 2837

John H. Stone

369 Familial Mediterranean Fever and Other

Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases........................ 2840

Daniel L. Kastner

SECTION 3 Disorders of the Joints and Adjacent

Tissues

370 Approach to Articular and Musculoskeletal

Disorders..................................................................... 2844

John J. Cush

371 Osteoarthritis .............................................................. 2854

David T. Felson, Tuhina Neogi

372 Gout and Other Crystal-Associated Arthropathies....... 2862

Hyon K. Choi

373 Fibromyalgia................................................................ 2868

Leslie J. Crofford

374 Arthritis Associated with Systemic Disease,

and Other Arthritides.................................................. 2871

Carol A. Langford, Brian F. Mandell

375 Periarticular Disorders of the Extremities..................... 2878

Carol A. Langford

PART 12 Endocrinology and Metabolism

SECTION 1 Endocrinology

376 Approach to the Patient with Endocrine Disorders....... 2881

J. Larry Jameson

377 Mechanisms of Hormone Action ................................. 2884

J. Larry Jameson

378 Physiology of Anterior Pituitary Hormones ................. 2891

Shlomo Melmed, J. Larry Jameson

379 Hypopituitarism .......................................................... 2896

Shlomo Melmed, J. Larry Jameson

380 Pituitary Tumor Syndromes ......................................... 2902

Shlomo Melmed, J. Larry Jameson

381 Disorders of the Neurohypophysis................................ 2918

Gary L. Robertson, Daniel G. Bichet

382 Thyroid Gland Physiology and Testing......................... 2926

J. Larry Jameson, Susan J. Mandel, Anthony P. Weetman

383 Hypothyroidism........................................................... 2933

J. Larry Jameson, Susan J. Mandel, Anthony P. Weetman

384 Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of

Thyrotoxicosis ............................................................. 2938

J. Larry Jameson, Susan J. Mandel, Anthony P. Weetman

385 Thyroid Nodular Disease and Thyroid Cancer.............. 2946

J. Larry Jameson, Susan J. Mandel, Anthony P. Weetman

386 Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex................................... 2955

Wiebke Arlt

387 Pheochromocytoma ..................................................... 2976

Hartmut P. H. Neumann

388 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes.................... 2983

R. V. Thakker

389 Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes....................... 2992

Peter A. Gottlieb, Aaron W. Michels

SECTION 2 Sex- and Gender-Based Medicine

390 Sex Development......................................................... 2997

Courtney Finlayson, J. Larry Jameson, John C. Achermann

391 Disorders of the Testes and Male Reproductive

System......................................................................... 3006

Shalender Bhasin, J. Larry Jameson

392 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System .............. 3027

Janet E. Hall, Anuja Dokras

393 Menstrual Disorders and Pelvic Pain ............................ 3033

Janet E. Hall, Anuja Dokras

394 Hirsutism .................................................................... 3039

David A. Ehrmann

395 Menopause and Postmenopausal Hormone

Therapy ....................................................................... 3043

JoAnn E. Manson, Shari S. Bassuk

396 Infertility and Contraception ....................................... 3050

Anuja Dokras, Janet E. Hall

397 Sexual Dysfunction...................................................... 3055

Kevin T. McVary

398 Women’s Health........................................................... 3063

Emily Nosova, Andrea Dunaif

399 Men’s Health ............................................................... 3069

Shalender Bhasin

400 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender

(LGBT) Health ........................................................... 3078

Baligh R. Yehia, Zachary B. R. McClain

SECTION 3 Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus,

and Metabolic Syndrome

401 Pathobiology of Obesity............................................... 3080

Stephen O’Rahilly, I. Sadaf Farooqi

402 Evaluation and Management of Obesity....................... 3087

Robert F. Kushner

403 Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis, Classification,

and Pathophysiology .................................................... 3094

Alvin C. Powers, Kevin D. Niswender, Carmella Evans-Molina

404 Diabetes Mellitus: Management and Therapies..............3104

Alvin C. Powers, Michael J. Fowler, Michael R. Rickels

405 Diabetes Mellitus: Complications ................................ 3120

Alvin C. Powers, John M. Stafford, Michael R. Rickels

406 Hypoglycemia.............................................................. 3129

Stephen N. Davis, Philip E. Cryer

407 Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism........................... 3135

Daniel J. Rader

408 The Metabolic Syndrome............................................. 3150

Robert H. Eckel

SECTION 4 Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism

409 Bone and Mineral Metabolism in Health

and Disease.................................................................. 3157

F. Richard Bringhurst, Henry M. Kronenberg, Eva S. Liu

410 Disorders of the Parathyroid Gland and Calcium

Homeostasis................................................................ 3169

John T. Potts, Jr., Harald Jüppner

411 Osteoporosis................................................................ 3191

CONTENTS

Robert Lindsay, Blossom Samuels xv

412 Paget’s Disease and Other Dysplasias of Bone .............. 3209

Rajesh K. Jain, Tamara J. Vokes

SECTION 5 Disorders of Intermediary Metabolism

413 Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue..................... 3217

Joan C. Marini, Fransiska Malfait

414 Hemochromatosis........................................................ 3230

Lawrie W. Powell, David M. Frazer

415 Wilson’s Disease .......................................................... 3235

Stephen G. Kaler

416 The Porphyrias ............................................................ 3237

Robert J. Desnick, Manisha Balwani

417 Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism .......... 3248

John N. Mecchella, Christopher M. Burns

418 Lysosomal Storage Diseases......................................... 3254

Robert J. Hopkin, Gregory A. Grabowski

419 Glycogen Storage Diseases and Other Inherited

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism........................ 3261

Priya S. Kishnani

420 Inherited Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism

in Adults...................................................................... 3268

Nicola Longo

421 Inherited Defects of Membrane Transport ................... 3274

Nicola Longo

PART 13 Neurologic Disorders

SECTION 1  Diagnosis of Neurologic Disorders

422 Approach to the Patient with Neurologic Disease ......... 3277

Daniel H. Lowenstein, S. Andrew Josephson, Stephen L. Hauser

423 Neuroimaging in Neurologic Disorders........................ 3282

William P. Dillon

424 Pathobiology of Neurologic Diseases............................ 3293

Stephen L. Hauser, Arnold R. Kriegstein, Stanley B. Prusiner

SECTION 2 Diseases of the Central Nervous System

425 Seizures and Epilepsy................................................... 3305

Vikram R. Rao, Daniel H. Lowenstein

426 Introduction to Cerebrovascular Diseases..................... 3324

Wade S. Smith, S. Claiborne Johnston, J. Claude Hemphill, III

427 Ischemic Stroke ........................................................... 3335

Wade S. Smith, S. Claiborne Johnston, J. Claude Hemphill, III

428 Intracranial Hemorrhage.............................................. 3348

Wade S. Smith, J. Claude Hemphill, III, S. Claiborne Johnston

429 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage .......................................... 3353

J. Claude Hemphill, III,Wade S. Smith, Daryl R. Gress

430 Migraine and Other Primary Headache

Disorders..................................................................... 3357

Peter J. Goadsby

431 Alzheimer’s Disease ..................................................... 3370

Gil D. Rabinovici, William W. Seeley, Bruce L. Miller

432 Frontotemporal Dementia ........................................... 3378

William W. Seeley, Bruce L. Miller

433 Vascular Dementia....................................................... 3381

Steven M. Greenberg, William W. Seeley

434 Dementia with Lewy Bodies......................................... 3385

Irene Litvan, William W. Seeley, Bruce L. Miller

435 Parkinson’s Disease ...................................................... 3386

C. Warren Olanow, Anthony H.V. Schapira

436 Tremor, Chorea, and Other Movement Disorders.......... 3400

C. Warren Olanow, Christine Klein

437 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor