Neuron Diseases.......................................................... 3410

Robert H. Brown, Jr.

438 Prion Diseases ............................................................. 3416

Stanley B. Prusiner, Michael Geschwind

439 Ataxic Disorders .......................................................... 3422

Roger N. Rosenberg

440 Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System ..................3427

Richard J. Barohn, John W. Engstrom

441 Trigeminal Neuralgia, Bell’s Palsy, and Other

Cranial Nerve Disorders .............................................. 3436

Vanja C. Douglas, Stephen L. Hauser

442 Diseases of the Spinal Cord.......................................... 3445

Stephen L. Hauser

443 Concussion and Other Traumatic Brain Injuries........... 3456

Geoffrey T. Manley, Benjamin L. Brett, Michael McCrea

444 Multiple Sclerosis ........................................................ 3462

Bruce A. C. Cree, Stephen L. Hauser

445 Neuromyelitis Optica................................................... 3477

Bruce A. C. Cree, Stephen L. Hauser

SECTION 3 Nerve and Muscle Disorders

446 Peripheral Neuropathy ................................................. 3480

Anthony A. Amato, Richard J. Barohn

447 Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Other

Immune-Mediated Neuropathies.................................. 3501

Stephen L. Hauser, Anthony A. Amato

448 Myasthenia Gravis and Other Diseases of the

Neuromuscular Junction .............................................. 3509

Anthony A. Amato

449 Muscular Dystrophies and Other Muscle Diseases....... 3516

Anthony A. Amato, Robert H. Brown, Jr.

SECTION 4 Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic

Fatigue Syndrome

450 Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue

Syndrome .................................................................... 3532

Elizabeth R. Unger, Jin-Mann S. Lin, Jeanne Bertolli

SECTION 5 Psychiatric and Addiction Disorders

451 Biology of Psychiatric Disorders................................... 3534

Robert O. Messing, Eric J. Nestler, Matthew W. State

452 Psychiatric Disorders ................................................... 3540

Victor I. Reus

453 Alcohol and Alcohol Use Disorders.............................. 3556

Marc A. Schuckit

454 Nicotine Addiction ...................................................... 3563

David M. Burns

455 Marijuana and Marijuana Use Disorders ...................... 3567

Nora D. Volkow, Aidan Hampson, Ruben Baler

456 Opioid-Related Disorders............................................ 3569

Thomas R. Kosten, Colin N. Haile

457 Cocaine, Other Psychostimulants, and

Hallucinogens.............................................................. 3573

Karran A. Phillips, Wilson M. Compton

CONTENTS xvi

PART 14 Poisoning, Drug Overdose,

and Envenomation

458 Heavy Metal Poisoning ................................................ 3579

Howard Hu

459 Poisoning and Drug Overdose ..................................... 3582

Mark B. Mycyk

460 Disorders Caused by Venomous Snakebites and

Marine Animal Exposures............................................ 3596

Erik Fisher, Alex Chen, Charles Lei

461 Ectoparasite Infestations and Arthropod Injuries ......... 3608

Richard J. Pollack, Scott A. Norton

PART 15 Disorders Associated with

Environmental Exposures

462 Altitude Illness ............................................................ 3617

Buddha Basnyat, Geoffrey Tabin

463 Hyperbaric and Diving Medicine ................................. 3623

Michael H. Bennett, Simon J. Mitchell

464 Hypothermia and Peripheral Cold Injuries................... 3630

Daniel F. Danzl

465 Heat-Related Illnesses ................................................. 3635

Daniel F. Danzl

PART 16 Genes, the Environment, and Disease

466 Principles of Human Genetics...................................... 3639

J. Larry Jameson, Peter Kopp

467 The Practice of Genetics in Clinical Medicine .............. 3662

Susan M. Domchek, J. Larry Jameson, Susan Miesfeldt

468 Mitochondrial DNA and Heritable Traits and

Diseases....................................................................... 3668

Karl L. Skorecki, Bruce H. Cohen

469 Telomere Disease ......................................................... 3680

Rodrigo T. Calado, Neal S. Young

470 Gene- and Cell-Based Therapy in Clinical

Medicine ..................................................................... 3685

Katherine A. High, Marcela V. Maus

471 The Human Microbiome ............................................. 3690

Neeraj K. Surana, Dennis L. Kasper

PART 17 Global Medicine

472 Global Issues in Medicine ............................................ 3703

Joseph J. Rhatigan, Paul Farmer

473 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases............. 3713

George W. Rutherford, Jaime Sepúlveda

474 Primary Care and Global Health .................................. 3718

Tim Evans, Kumanan Rasanathan

475 Health Effects of Climate Change................................ 3726

Eugene T. Richardson, Maxine A. Burkett, Paul E. Farmer

PART 18 Aging

476 Biology of Aging.......................................................... 3733

Rafael de Cabo, David Le Couteur

477 Caring for the Geriatric Patient.................................... 3739

Joseph G. Ouslander, Bernardo Reyes

PART 19 Consultative Medicine

478 Approach to Medical Consultation............................... 3761

Jeffrey Berns, Jack Ende

479 Medical Disorders During Pregnancy........................... 3762

Sarah Rae Easter, Robert L. Barbieri

480 Medical Evaluation of the Surgical Patient ................... 3769

Prashant Vaishnava, Kim A. Eagle

PART 20 Frontiers

481 Behavioral Economics and Health................................ 3775

Kevin G. Volpp, George Loewenstein, David A. Asch

482 Complementary and Integrative Therapies

and Practices................................................................ 3784

Helene M. Langevin

483 The Role of Epigenetics in Disease and Treatment........ 3790

Brian C. Capell, Shelley L. Berger

484 Applications of Stem Cell Biology in

Clinical Medicine ........................................................ 3796

John A. Kessler

485 The Role of Circadian Biology in Health

and Disease.................................................................. 3800

Jonathan Cedernaes, Kathryn Moynihan Ramsey, Joseph Bass

486 Network Medicine: Systems Biology in

Health and Disease ...................................................... 3812

Joseph Loscalzo

487 Emerging Neurotherapeutic Technologies..................... 3819

Jyoti Mishra, Karunesh Ganguly

488 Machine Learning and Augmented Intelligence

in Clinical Medicine..................................................... 3826

Arjun K. Manrai, Isaac S. Kohane

489 Metabolomics.............................................................. 3831

Jared R. Mayers, Mathew G. Vander Heiden

490 Circulating Nucleic Acids as Liquid Biopsies and

Noninvasive Disease Biomarkers.................................. 3836

Ash A. Alizadeh, Kiran K. Khush, Yair J. Blumenfeld

491 Protein Folding Disorders............................................ 3846

Richard I. Morimoto, G. Scott Budinger

492 Novel Approaches to Diseases of

Unknown Etiology..........................................................3851

David Adams, Camilo Toro, Joseph Loscalzo

Index .......................................................................................I-1

Related Harrison’s 21st Edition Content

The following chapters are available online. They can be viewed by opening

the table of contents of Harrison’s 21st edition at www.accessmedicine.com/

harrisons.

Video Collection

V1 Video Library of Gait Disorders

Gail Kang, Nicholas B. Galifianakis, Michael D. Geschwind

V2 Primary Progressive Aphasia, Memory Loss, and Other Focal

Cerebral Disorders

Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini, Jennifer Ogar, Joel Kramer, Bruce L. Miller,

Gil D. Rabinovici, Maria Carmela Tartaglia

V3 Video Library of Neuro-Ophthalmology

Jonathan C. Horton

V4 Examination of the Comatose Patient

S. Andrew Josephson

V5 Video Atlas of Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Lesions

Louis Michel Wong Kee Song, Mark Topazian

V6 The Neurologic Screening Exam

Daniel H. Lowenstein

V7 Video Atlas of the Detailed Neurologic Examination

Martin A. Samuels

Supplementary Topics

S1 Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances and Acid-Base

Disturbances: Case Examples

David B. Mount, Thomas D. DuBose, Jr.

S2 Cerebrospinal Fluid Disturbances: Case Examples

Prashanth S. Ramachandran, Michael R. Wilson

S3 Microbial Bioterrorism

H. Clifford Lane, Anthony S. Fauci

S4 Chemical Terrorism

James A. Romano, Jr., Jonathan Newmark

S5 Radiation Terrorism

Christine E. Hill-Kayser, Eli Glatstein, Zelig A. Tochner

S6 Infections in War Veterans

Andrew W. Artenstein

S7 Health Care for Military Veterans

Stephen C. Hunt, Lucile Burgo-Black, Charles W. Hoge

S8 Primary Immunodeficiencies Associated with

(or Secondary to) Other Diseases

Alain Fischer

S9 Technique of Lumbar Puncture

Elizabeth Robbins, Stephen L. Hauser

S10 The Clinical Laboratory in Modern Health Care

Anthony A. Killeen

S11 Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Manfred Brigl, Alexander J. McAdam

S12 Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections

Sharon L. Reed, Sanjay R. Mehta

Atlases

A1 Atlas of Rashes Associated with Fever

Kenneth M. Kaye, Elaine T. Kaye

A2 Atlas of Blood Smears of Malaria and Babesiosis

Nicholas J. White, Elizabeth A. Ashley

A3 Atlas of Oral Manifestations of Disease

Samuel C. Durso, Janet A. Yellowitz

A4 Atlas of Urinary Sediments and Renal Biopsies

Agnes B. Fogo, Eric G. Neilson

A5 Atlas of Skin Manifestations of Internal Disease

Thomas J. Lawley, Benjamin K. Stoff, Calvin O. McCall

A6 Atlas of Hematology

Dan L. Longo

A7 Atlas of Electrocardiography

Ary L. Goldberger

A8 Atlas of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Ary L. Goldberger

A9 Atlas of Noninvasive Imaging

Marcelo F. Di Carli, Raymond Y. Kwong, Scott D. Solomon

A10 Atlas of Atherosclerosis

Peter Libby

A11 Atlas of Percutaneous Revascularization and Adult Structural

Heart Interventions

Jane A. Leopold, Deepak L. Bhatt, David P. Faxon

A12 Atlas of Chest Imaging

Samuel Y. Ash, George R. Washko

A13 Atlas of Liver Biopsies

Jules L. Dienstag, Atul K. Bhan

A14 Atlas of the Vasculitic Syndromes

Carol A. Langford, Anthony S. Fauci

A15 Atlas of Clinical Manifestations of Endocrine and Metabolic

Diseases

J. Larry Jameson

A16 Atlas of Neuroimaging

Michael F. Regner, Andre D. Furtado, Luciano Villarinho,

William P. Dillon

Contributors

James L. Abbruzzese, MD, FACP, FASCO, DSc (hon)

Professor, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham,

North Carolina [92]

Manal F. Abdelmalek, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,

Duke University, Durham, North Carolina [343]

John C. Achermann, MD, PhD

Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow in Clinical Science, Genetics &

Genomic Medicine, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, University College

London, London, United Kingdom [390]

David Adams, MD, PhD

Deputy Director of Clinical Genomics, Office of the Clinical Director/

NHGRI and Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Institutes of Health,

Bethesda, Maryland [492]

John W. Adamson, MD

Clinical Professor, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of

Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California

[63, 97]

Praveen Akuthota, MD

Associate Clinical Professor, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep

Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California [288]

Christine Albert, MD, MPH

Chair, Department of Cardiology; Lee and Harold Kapelovitz Endowed Chair

in Research Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center,

Los Angeles, California [306]

Ash A. Alizadeh, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine (Oncology), Stanford University School of Medicine,

Stanford, California [490]

Anthony A. Amato, MD

Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School; Distinguished Chair of

Neurology and Chief, Neuromuscular Division, Brigham and Women’s

Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [365, 446–449]

Rachel L. Amdur, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and

Geriatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago,

Illinois [35]

Neil M. Ampel, MD

Professor Emeritus of Medicine and Immunobiology, University of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona [213]

Kenneth C. Anderson, MD

Kraft Family Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Jerome

Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston,

Massachusetts [111]

Rosa M. Andrade, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of

Medicine, Irvine, California [223]

Derek C. Angus, MD, MPH

Distinguished Professor and Mitchell P. Fink Endowed Chair, Department

of Critical Care Medicine; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [304]

Elliott M. Antman, MD

Professor of Medicine; Harvard Medical School; Senior Physician; Senior

Investigator, TIMI Study Trial, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston,

Massachusetts [273, 275]

Frederick R. Appelbaum, MD

Deputy Director, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle,

Washington [114]

Cesar A. Arias, MD, PhD, MSc, FIDSA

Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Hospital;

Professor and John F. III and Ann H. Bookout Distinguished Chair;

Co-Director Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist

Research Institute and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas [149]

Wiebke Arlt, MD, DSc, FRCP, FMedSci

William Withering Chair of Medicine, Institute of Metabolism and Systems

Research, University of Birmingham; Consultant Endocrinologist, Queen

Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom [386]

Katrina A. Armstrong, MD

Physician in Chief, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [6]

Andrew W. Artenstein, MD

Chief Physician Executive and Chief Academic Officer, Baystate Health;

Regional Executive Dean and Professor of Medicine, University of

Massachusetts Chan Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, Massachusetts [S6]

David A. Asch, MD, MBA

Executive Director, Penn Medicine Center for Health Care Innovation;

John Morgan Professor, Perelman School of Medicine and the Wharton

School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [481]

Samuel Y. Ash, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Division of

Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine,

Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [A12]

Elizabeth A. Ashley, MB, BS, MRCP, FRCPath

Professor of Tropical Medicine, Oxford University; Director,

Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane,

Lao PDR [224, A2]

John C. Atherton, MD, FRCP

Professor of Gastroenterology and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and

Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

[163]

Eric H. Awtry, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine;

Associate Chair for Clinical Affairs, Section of Cardiology, Boston Medical

Center, Boston, Massachusetts [271, 272]

Jamil Azzi, MD

Associate Physician, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital;

Director, Renal Transplant Fellowship; Assistant Professor of Medicine,

Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts [313]

Bruce R. Bacon, MD

Emeritus Professor of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of

Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri [344]

Jessica M. Baker, MD

Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin

School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin [26]

Zoica Bakirtzief, PhD

Guest Professor of Psychology, Vocational Teacher Certification Program,

Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul,

Brazil [179]

Ruben Baler, PhD

Health Scientist, Office of Science Policy and Communications, National

Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

[455]

John R. Balmes, MD

Professor of Medicine, University of California San Francisco School of

Medicine, San Francisco, California [289]

Manisha Balwani, MD, MS

Professor, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Medicine,

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York [416]

CONTRIBUTORS

Robert L. Barbieri, MD xix

Kate Macy Ladd Distinguished Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and

Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School; Chief of Obstetrics,

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,

Boston, Massachusetts [479]

Alan G. Barbour, MD

Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Microbiology and Molecular

Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California [185]

Joanne M. Bargman, MD, FRCPC

Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto; Staff Nephrologist, University

Health Network; Clinician Investigator, Toronto General Hospital Research

Institute; Director, Peritoneal Dialysis Program, Co-Director, RenalRheumatology Lupus Clinic, University Health Network [311]

Tamar F. Barlam, MD, MSc

Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Chief,

Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts

[122, 158]

Richard J. Barohn, MD

Executive Vice Chancellor for Health Affairs; Executive Director, NextGen

Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri [440, 446]

Beverly W. Baron, MD

Professor of Pathology, Retired, University of Chicago, Chicago,

Illinois [127, 290]

Rebecca M. Baron, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate

Physician, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Pulmonary Division and Critical

Care, Boston, Massachusetts [37, 127, 290, 300, 301]

Miriam Baron Barshak, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician,

Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [127, 132, 290]

Buddha Basnyat, MSc, MD, FACP, FRCP(Edinburgh)

Director, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit—Nepal, Patan Hospital,

Kathmandu, Nepal [462]

Joseph Bass, MD, PhD

Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine,

Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of

Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois [485]

Shari S. Bassuk, ScD

Epidemiologist, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s

Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [395]

David W. Bates, MD, MSc

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Division of General

Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Phyllis

Jen Center for Primary Care, Boston, Massachusetts [8]

Robert P. Baughman, MD

Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center,

Cincinnati, Ohio [367]

Laurence H. Beck, Jr., MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine,

Boston, Massachusetts [316]

Nicholas J. Beeching, FRCP, FRACP, FFTM RCPS(Glasg),

FESCMID, FISTM, DTM&H, DCH

Consultant in Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Tropical and Infectious

Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust;

Emeritus Professor of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Sciences,

Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom [169]

Alex S. Befeler, MD

Medical Director Liver Transplant, Professor of Internal Medicine, Division

of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis,

Missouri [344]

Michael H. Bennett, MD, MBBS, MM (Clin Epi)

Conjoint Professor in Anesthesia and Hyperbaric Medicine; Faculty of

Medicine, University of New South Wales; Academic Head of Department,

Wales Anaesthesia, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia [463]

Shelley L. Berger, PhD

Daniel S. Och University Professor, Departments of Cell and Developmental

Biology; Biology; Genetics; Director, Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of

Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [483]

Jean Bergounioux, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine, Versailles Saint Quentin University - Paris Saclay,

UFR Simone Veil - Motigney le Bretonneux, France; Director, Department of

Pediatric Neurology and Intensive Care Medicine, Assistance Publique des

Hôpitaux de Paris, Garches, France [166]

John L. Berk, MD

Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Assistant

Director, Amyloidosis Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston,

Massachusetts [112]

Jeffrey Berns, MD

Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics; Associate Chief, Renal Electrolyte and

Hypertension Division; Vice-President and Associate Dean for Graduate

Medical Education, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of

Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [478]

Aaron S. Bernstein, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Hospitalist,

Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital; Interim Director,

Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment, Harvard T.H. Chan

School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts [125]

Jeanne Bertolli, PhD

Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for

Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia [450]

Joseph R. Betancourt, MD, MPH

Associate Professor of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital;

Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts [10]

Emily D. Bethea, MD

Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Clinical Director

of Liver Transplantation, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division,

Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [337]

Julie A. Bettinger, MPH, PhD

Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC

Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,

British Columbia, Canada [3]

Atul K. Bhan, MBBS, MD

Professor of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Associate Director,

Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General

Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [A13]

Shalender Bhasin, MB, BS

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Research Program

in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism; Director, Boston Claude D. Pepper

Older Americans Independence Center; Brigham and Women’s Hospital,

Boston, Massachusetts [391, 399]

Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI, FESC

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Executive Director of

Interventional Cardiovascular Programs, Brigham and Women’s Hospital

Heart & Vascular Center, Boston, Massachusetts [276, A11]

Roby P. Bhattacharyya, MD, PhD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts

General Hospital; Associate Member, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard,

Boston, Massachusetts [121]

Daniel G. Bichet, MD

Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, University of

Montreal; Staff Nephrologist, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montréal,

Quebec, Canada [381]

CONTRIBUTORS xx David R. Bickers, MD

Carl Truman Nelson Professor and Chair, Department of Dermatology,

Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York [61]

William R. Bishai, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School

of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland [150]

Bruce R. Bistrian, MD, PhD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Clinical Nutrition,

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts [335]

Lucas S. Blanton, MD

Assistant Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal

Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas [187]

Martin J. Blaser, MD

Henry Rutgers Chair of the Human Microbiome; Director, Center for

Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway,

New Jersey [163, 167]

Chantal P. Bleeker-Rovers, MD, PhD

Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center,

Nijmegen, The Netherlands [20, 187]

William Blum, MD

Director, Acute Leukemia Program; Professor, Department of Hematology

and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute and Emory University, Atlanta,

Georgia [104]

Richard S. Blumberg, MD

Vice-Chair for Research in Department of Medicine, Brigham and

Women’s Hospital, Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

Massachusetts [326]

Yair J. Blumenfeld, MD

Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Maternal Fetal Medicine),

Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California [490]

Jean L. Bolognia, MD

Professor, Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine,

New Haven, Connecticut [58]

Joseph V. Bonventre, MD, PhD

Chief, Renal Division and Engineering in Department of Medicine, Brigham

and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [310]

Joshua A. Boyce, MD

Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics; Albert L. Sheffer Professor of Medicine,

Harvard Medical School; Director, Inflammation and Allergic Disease

Research Section, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

[352–354]

Emily B. Brant, MD, MS

Assistant Professor, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of

Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [304]

Eugene Braunwald, MD

Distinguished Hersey Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine,

Harvard Medical School; Brigham and Women’s Hospital, BWH/Founding

Chair, TIMI Group, Boston, Massachusetts [274]

Irwin M. Braverman, MD

Professor Emeritus; Senior Research Scientist, Department of Dermatology,

Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut [58]

Otis W. Brawley, MD, MACP, FRCP(L), FASCO, FACE

Bloomberg Distinguished Professor, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland [70]

Benjamin L. Brett, PhD

Medical College of Wisconsin, Assistant Professor, Departments of

Neurosurgery and Neurology (Division Neuropsychology), Milwaukee,

Wisconsin [443]

Manfred Brigl, MD

Assistant Professor of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

Massachusetts [S11]

F. Richard Bringhurst, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and

Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts [409]

Steven M. Bromley, MD

Director, South Jersey MS Center, Bromley Neurology PC, Audubon,

New Jersey [33]

Darron R. Brown, MD

Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Division of Infectious

Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana [198]

Kevin E. Brown, MD, MRCP, FRCPath

Consultant Medical Virologist, Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable

Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom

[197]

Robert H. Brown, Jr., MD, PhD

Chairman, Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical

School, Worcester, Massachusetts [437, 449]

Amy E. Bryant, PhD

Research Professor, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Meridian, Idaho [129, 154]

G. Scott Budinger, MD

Ernest S. Bazley Professor of Airway Diseases; Chief, Pulmonary and Critical

Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg

School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois [491]

Fred Bunz, MD, PhD

Associate Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,

Maryland [71]

Lucile Burgo-Black, MD, FACP

National Co-Director, VA Post-Deployment Integrated Care Initiative,

Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Department of General Internal

Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut [S7]

Maxine A. Burkett, JD

Professor of Law, William S. Richardson School of Law, University of Hawaii

at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii [475]

Christopher M. Burns, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth,

Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire [417]

David M. Burns, MD

Professor Emeritus, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine

Del Mar, California [454]

John C. Byrd, MD

D. Warren Brown Chair of Leukemia Research; Distinguished University

Professor of Medicine, Medicinal Chemistry, and Veterinary Biosciences;

Director, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State

University, Columbus, Ohio [107]

Rodrigo T. Calado, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School,

University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil [469]

Michael Camilleri, MD

Atherton and Winifred W. Bean Professor; Professor of Medicine,

Pharmacology, and Physiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester,

Minnesota [46]

Christopher P. Cannon, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Education Director,

Cardiovascular Innovation, Preventive Cardiology Section, Brigham and

Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [274]

Brian C. Capell, MD, PhD

Assistant Professor of Dermatology and Genetics, Departments of

Dermatology and Genetics, Penn Epigenetics Institute, Abramson

Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [483]

Jonathan Carapetis, MBBS, FRACP, FAFPHM, PhD

Executive Director, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children’s Hospital,

Nedlands, Western Australia [359]

CONTRIBUTORS

Arturo Casadevall, MD, PhD xxi

Professor and Chair, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins

University, Baltimore, Maryland [215]

Jonathan Cedernaes, MD, PhD

Visiting Postdoctoral Fellow, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and

Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine,

Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois [485]

Anil K. Chandraker, MB, ChB

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Medical Director,

Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital;

Boston, Massachusetts [313]

François Chappuis, MD, MCTM, PhD

Head of Division, Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine,

Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland [227]

Richelle C. Charles, MD, FIDSA

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts

General Hospital; Associate Professor of Immunology and Infectious

Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

[133]

Justin T. Cheeley, MD, FAAD

Assistant Professor, Divisions of Dermatology and Internal Medicine and

Geriatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia [57]

Alex Chen, MD

Associate Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaiser

Permanente, South Sacramento Campus, Sacramento, California [460]

Glenn M. Chertow, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of

Medicine, Palo Alto, California [312]

Jacques Chiaroni, MD, PhD

Professor, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, UMR 7268; Etablissement

Francais du Sang Provence Alpes Côté d’Azur et Corse, Marseille, France [113]

Hyon K. Choi, MD, DrPH

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Gout and Crystal

Arthropathy Center; Director, Clinical Epidemiology and Health Outcomes,

Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of

Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [372]

Benjamin F. Chong, MD, MSCS

Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Texas

Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas [59]

Raymond T. Chung, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of Hepatology

and Liver Center; Vice Chief, Gastroenterology Division; Kevin and Polly

Maroni MGH Research Scholar, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,

Massachusetts [345]

Jeffrey W. Clark, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Medical Director,

Clinical Trials Core, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center; Massachusetts

General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [72]

Bruce H. Cohen, MD, FAAN

Professor of Pediatrics, Northeast Ohio Medical University; Professor of

Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University; Considine

Family Endowed Chair in Research – Akron Children’s Hospital; Director;

NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children’s Hospital; Divisions

of Neurology, Neurosurgery, NeuroBehavioral Health, Physiatry and

Developmental Pediatrics; Interim Vice President and Medical Director,

Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron,

Ohio [468]

Jeffrey I. Cohen, MD

Chief, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and

Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [191,

194, 204]

Amanda Cohn, MD

Chief Medical Officer, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory

Diseases (NCIRD), Atlanta, Georgia [123]

Jennifer P. Collins, MD, MSc

Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne,

and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic

Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,

Georgia [151]

Wilson M. Compton, MD, MPE

Deputy Director, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of

Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland

[457]