INDEX

Adenocarcinoma I-5

bladder. See Bladder cancer

cervix. See Cervical cancer

colon. See Colorectal cancer

endometrial. See Endometrial cancer

esophagus, 626–627, 627t. See also Esophageal

cancer

gastric. See Gastric adenocarcinoma

lung, 595, 595f. See also Lung cancer

prostate. See Prostate cancer

small bowel, 636

of unknown primary, 719–720, 719f

Adenocarcinoma in situ, 602

Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 590, 594

Adenoidectomy, 250

Adenoma

ACTH-producing. See Cushing’s syndrome

aldosterone-producing adrenal, 2963. See also

Mineralocorticoid excess

clinical features of, 3531

diagnosis of, 2078–2079

etiology of, 2963–2964, 2965t

incidence of, 349, 2967t

hepatic, 657

parathyroid, 3173. See also Hyperparathyroidism

pituitary. See Pituitary tumors (adenomas)

small bowel, 635

thyroid, 2948

Adenoma sebaceum, 388, 395

Adenomyomatosis, 2649

Adenomyosis, 3038

Adenosine

adverse effects of, 1899

for atrial tachycardia, 1893

contraindications to, 1897

for supraventricular tachycardia, 468, 1899

as vasoconstrictor, 2288

for ventricular tachycardia, 1920

Adenosine deaminase, 323

Adenosine deaminase deficiency, 2713, 2810,

3251t, 3686t, 3687, S8

Adenosine kinase deficiency, 3269t

Adenosine monophosphate–activated protein

kinase (AMPK), 522, 3735, 3735f

Adenosine receptor antagonists, 1945

Adenosine receptors, 921

S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency,

3269t

Adenovirus(es)

enteric, 1597t, 1598f, 1601

for gene therapy delivery, 3685t

laboratory identification of, S11

replication strategies of, 1456

serotypes of, 1507

structure of, 1454t, 1456f

as vaccine vector, 1459

Adenovirus infections

clinical features of, 1507

conjunctivitis, 220

diarrhea, 300, 1601

otitis media, 249

rash, 393

upper respiratory, 248, 1507

prevention of, 1513

in transplant recipient, 1138t, 1141, 1143

Adenovirus vaccine, 1513

Adenylate kinase (AK) deficiency, 781t

Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, 3251t, 3253

Adequate intake, 2518

ADH (antidiuretic hormone). See Arginine

vasopressin (AVP)

Adhesins, bacterial, 949–950, 950t, 1280

Adhesive arachnoiditis, lumbar, 123

Adhesive capsulitis, 2879

ADHH (autosomal dominant hypocalcemic

hypercalciuria), 3186

Adiaspiromycosis, 1654t

Adie’s syndrome, 217

Adipocytes, 3082, 3101

Adiponectin, 3154

Adipose tissue, 2541, 3080–3081

Adnexal mass/tumor, 395, 695, 3037

ADNFLE (autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal

lobe epilepsy), 3308t

Adolescence

axial spondyloarthritis in, 2792

iron requirements in, 749

marijuana use in, 3568

seizures in, 3310, 3310t

smoking in, 490

Ado-trastuzumab emtansine, 514t, 536f, 543, 613t,

621, 622, 625

ADPEAF (autosomal dominant partial epilepsy

with auditory features), 3308t

ADPKD (autosomal dominant polycystic kidney

disease). See Polycystic kidney disease,

autosomal dominant

ADP receptor antagonists, 926–927. See also

Clopidogrel; Prasugrel; Ticagrelor

ADP-ribosylation, 3791

Adrenalectomy

for adenoma, 2079

for Cushing’s disease, 2916

for Cushing’s syndrome, 598, 2963

for ectopic ACTH syndrome, 724

for mineralocorticoid excess, 2966–2967

for pheochromocytoma, 2978–2979

Adrenal gland

anatomy and development of, 2955–2956

disorders of

adrenal insufficiency. See Adrenal

insufficiency

congenital adrenal hyperplasia. See Congenital

adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Cushing’s syndrome. See Cushing’s syndrome

masses

adrenocortical carcinoma. See

Adrenocortical carcinoma

classification of, 2967t

incidentally discovered, 2967–2968, 2967t,

2968f

in MEN 1, 2987

pheochromocytoma. See

Pheochromocytoma

mineralocorticoid excess. See

Mineralocorticoid excess

steroidogenesis in, 2955f, 2956–2957

activation/inactivation of, 2957–2959, 2958f,

2959f

regulatory control of, 2956–2957, 2956f, 2957f,

2960f

Adrenal hyperplasia

congenital. See Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

(CAH)

hypokalemia in, 349

macronodular, 722t

primary, 349, 2078–2079

Adrenal hypoplasia congenita, 2970t, 3014

Adrenal insufficiency, 2970

acute, 2971

in cancer, 573

chronic, 2971

clinical features of, 2971, 2972t, 2973f

fatigue, 163

hyperkalemia, 353

hyponatremia, 342

hypothermia, 3631, 3633

diagnosis of, 2971–2972, 2974f, 3811

epidemiology of, 2970

etiology of, 2970–2971, 2970t, 2971t

primary, 2970–2971, 2970t. See also Addison’s

disease

secondary, 2971, 2971t

treatment of, 2972–2973, 2974f

Adrenal vein sampling, 2079, 2965–2966

Adrenarche, 3006, 3031

Adrenergic crisis, 2087, 2087t

Adrenocortical carcinoma

aldosteronism in, 2079

diagnosis of, 2968–2969, 2969f

genetic considerations in, 2965t, 2968

incidence of, 2967t, 2968

in MEN 1, 2987

staging of, 2969, 2969t

treatment of, 2969–2970

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 2894

actions of, 2886, 2895

in adrenal steroidogenesis control, 2956–2957,

2956f, 2958f

autoantibodies to, 2696t

deficiency of, 2696t, 2901, 3085

ectopic production of, 722, 724

clinical features of, 724, A15, S1

diagnosis of, 724, 2915t

epidemiology of, 2960t

etiology of, 722t, 724, 2960, S1

in lung cancer, 598

in NETs, 665

skin manifestations of, 391

treatment of, 724, 2963, S1

eutopic production of, 721

excess of. See Cushing’s syndrome

expression and regulation of, 2892t, 3808

laboratory evaluation of, 2898t, 2915, 2971–2972

rhythms of, 2891

secretion of, 2895, 2956

synthesis of, 2894–2895, 2956

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptor,

2888t

Adrenoleukodystrophy

clinical features of, 2970t, 3377, 3486–3487

diagnosis of, 3377, 3487, A16

gene therapy for, 3687

genetic considerations in, 2970, 2970t, 3414t,

3486

pathogenesis of, 3293

Adrenomyeloneuropathy, 3454, 3486–3487

Adria virus, 1629t

ADT. See Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)

Aducanumab, 3374

Adult bile ductopenia, 281

Adult growth hormone deficiency, 2900, 2900t, 2901f

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

acute, 1525

chronic, 1525

clinical features of, 851, 1525

diagnosis of, 851f, A6

genetic considerations in, 500t

HTLV-1 and, 851, 1525

lymphomatous, 1525

pathology of, 851, 851f

skin manifestations of, 396

smoldering, 1525

Strongyloides infections and, 1525

treatment of, 851, 1525

tumor markers in, 487t

INDEX

I-6 Advance care directives, 76–77, 85–86, 489–490

Advance care planning, 75–77, 76t, 489–490

Advanced glycosylation end products, 3121

Advanced practice providers, 3762

Advanced sleep-wake phase disorder, 213, 3805

Adventitia, 1801, 1801f

Adverse drug events, 51

Adverse drug reactions, 472. See also Drug-induced

illness; specific drugs

classification, 472

cytotoxic, 472

diagnosis of, 473

identification of, 465

idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, 2584, 2586t

immunologic mechanisms of, 408t, 472–473

incidence of, 472

treatment of, 473

Adverse events, 50

ethical issues in, 71

factors that increase likelihood of, 51

frequency of, 51

measurement of, 52

national picture of, 52

prevention of, 4, 51–52

systems theory and, 51, 51f

vaccine-related, 19, 987–988

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices

(ACIP), 982

AE1 (red cell anion exchanger), 352

AEBP1 gene mutations, 3226t, 3227

AED (automatic external defibrillation), 2261

Aedes spp. mosquitos

adaptation to urban environment, 3715

attempted eradication of, 3715

in chikungunya virus infection, 1633

climate change and habitat of, 1004–1005, 1005f

as dengue virus vector, 1640, 1644, 3715

in Eastern equine encephalitis, 1638

in Jamestown Canyon virus infection, 1637

in La Crosse virus infection, 1637

in lymphatic filariasis, 1778t

in Rift Valley fever, 1643

in yellow fever, 1644

as Zika virus vector, 1635, 3716

AEDs. See Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)

Aerobic glycolysis, 522, 522f

Aerobic organisms, 1348

Aeromonas spp. infections

in animal bite-wound, 1125

cellulitis, 1037

clinical features of, 300t, 977, 1248

diagnosis of, 306

epidemiology of, 300, 1248

in leech infestations, 3612

treatment of, 1037, 1248, 1248t

Aerophagia, 321

Aerophobia, 1097, 1621

Aerotolerant organisms, 1348

AF. See Atrial fibrillation (AF)

Afamelanotide, 423, 3248

AF amyloidosis, 882–883. See also Amyloidosis

Afatinib

actions and targets of, 513t, 545t, 652f

adverse effects of, 545t, 739

for lung cancer, 545t, 606, 606t

Affected sib and relative pair analysis, 3659t

Afferent loop syndromes, 2452

Affordable Care Act (ACA), 44, 65

Aflatoxin, 509

Aflatoxin B1

, 644

Aflibercept, 226, 2707t

AFP. See α fetoprotein (AFP)

African eye worm (Loa loa)/loiasis. See Loa loa

(African eye worm)/loiasis

Africanized honeybees, 3613

African python, 3611

African tick-bite fever, 144f, 1432t, 1434–1435

African trypanosomosis, human. See Human

African trypanosomiasis

African tumbu fly, 3611

AFRI method, hepatic fibrosis assessment, 2552t

Afterdepolarizations, 1869, 1869f, 1869t

Afterload, 1807–1808, 1808f, 1809f

Agammaglobulinemia, 2468, 2469t, 2715f, 2716,

2733

Ageism, 64

Agender, 3079t

Agent Orange, S7

AGEP. See Acute generalized eruptive/

exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP)

Agglutination, 425, 427f

Aggrecan, 3219t, 3221

Aggregatibacter spp., 1246–1247, 1247t. See also

Infective endocarditis, HACEK group

Aggrenox, 927

Aggressive NK-cell leukemia, 858

Aging, 3733. See also Older adults

circadian disruption and, 3810

definitions of, 3733, 3734f

disability adjusted life years and, 3736, 3736f

epigenetics of, 3794–3795

evolutionary theories of, 3733, 3734f

hallmarks of, 3733

altered intracellular communication and

inflammation, 3736

cellular senescence, 3735–3736

deregulated nutrient sensing, 3734–3735,

3735f

epigenetic alterations, 3734

genomic instability, 3733–3734

immune dysregulation, 2706

loss of proteostasis, 3734, 3735f

mitochondrial dysfunction, 3734

stem cell exhaustion, 3736

telomere attrition, 3734

implications for health care systems, 3739–3740,

3741f

loss of health with, 8, 8f

metabolic syndrome and, 3150

microbiome and, 3693–3694

mtDNA mutations and, 3677–3678, 3677f

olfactory function and, 234, 234f, 238

oral health and, 262–263

skin effects of, 419

sleep patterns and, 205, 205f

strategies to delay, 3736–3737

caloric restriction, 3736–3737

exercise and physical activity, 3738

hormesis, 3738–3739

periodic fasting, 3737–3738

pharmacologic interventions, 3738, 3738f

telomere shortening in, 3680, 3681f

weight regulation and, 309

Agitated saline study, 2122

Agitation, in terminally ill patient, 88t

Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. See Primary

myelofibrosis

Agnosias, 201

Agnosia, visual object, 201, 3329

Agnostic molecular testing, 3852–3853

Agonal gasps, 187

Agoraphobia, 3541

Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), 3082, 3083f

AGR2 gene mutations, 2472t

Agrammatic primary aphasia, 199

Agrammatism, 197

Agranulocytosis, 257

Agraphesthesia, 172

Agraphia, 196

agr gene, 1179–1180

Agrin, 3509–3510f, 3511

Agrobacterium spp., 559

AgRP (agouti-related peptide), 3082, 3083f

AH amyloidosis. See Amyloidosis

AH interval, 1883, 1885f

AHO (Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy), 2934t,

3084, 3084t, 3188, 3189t, 3645, 3651

aHUS (atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome), 785,

908, 2332

AID, 2704t

AIDP (acute inflammatory demyelinating

polyneuropathy), 3501, 3502t, 3504t

AIDS. See also HIV infection

deaths from, 1536f, 1538f, 1539f

definition of, 1527, 1527t

epidemiology of, 1535–1537, 1536f

AIDS dementia complex (HIV-associated

dementia), 1576, 1577f, 1577t

AIFEC (autoinflammatory infantile fever with

enterocolitis), 2677t

AIM2 gene, 2678–2679t

AIN. See Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)

Ainhum, 3615

AION (anterior ischemic optic neuropathy),

222–223, 222f

AIP. See Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP)

AIP gene mutations, 2908, 2988

Airborne precautions, 1514

Air-conditioner lung, 2160t

Air-conduction threshold, 242

AIRE gene mutations

in APECED syndrome, 1672, 2733, 2970, 2993

in APS-1 syndrome, 2704t, 2718, 3186

global considerations in, 2997

Air flow

in COPD, 2182t

in lung, 2133–2134, 2135f, 2139

Air hunger, 263, 264f

Air plethysmography, 2538t

Air pollution

asthma and, 2153

cardiovascular disease and, 3727–3728, 3728f

health effects of, 2172–2173

interventions to reduce, 3728, 3729f

pregnancy outcomes and, 3728–3729

respiratory illness and, 269, 2184, 3727, 3727f

Air travel, venous thrombosis risk in, 923

Airway

in asthma, 2148, 2149f, 2150

hyperresponsive, 2149, 2154, 2183–2184, 2831

inflammation of, 2150

narrowing, triggers of, 2149t, 2153

rewarming of, 3633

Airway obstruction

in cancer, 572, 572f

dyspnea in, 265t

Airway resistance (Raw), 266, 2138f, 2139

Airway stenting, 2216

AIS. See Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

AIT (amiodarone-induced thyroxicosis), 2945

AIVR (accelerated idioventricular rhythm), 1910f,

1917, 1917f, 2063, A8

AK2 gene mutations, 444

AK2015 virus, 1492t, 1493

Akathisia, 3407, 3549, 3555

AK (adenylate kinase) deficiency, 781t

INDEX

Akhmeta virus, 1492t, 1493 I-7

AKI. See Acute kidney injury (AKI)

Akinetic mutism, 183, 2275

AKR1C2 gene mutations, 3003t

AKT, 3793

AKT gene mutations

cancers associated with, 500t

in Cowden’s syndrome, 2984t, 2992

in lung cancer, 596f

in melanoma, 582–583

ALA (5-aminolevulinic acid), 418

ALA-dehydratase, 3239t, 3240, 3241

ALA-dehydratase deficient porphyria, 3238f, 3238t,

3239, 3239t, 3242–3243

ALAD gene, 3239t

AL amyloidosis, 879. See also Amyloidosis

clinical features of, 878t, 879–880, 880f, 3433

diagnosis of, 395, 879f, 880, 881f, 2345

differential diagnosis of, 2335t, 2336t

etiology and incidence of, 880

pathogenesis of, 2345

pathology of, 879

staging and risk stratification, 880

treatment of, 880–882, 2345

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

in acute viral hepatitis, 2565f, 2568f, 2575

in alcohol-associated liver disease, 2618

in autoimmune hepatitis, 2614

in chronic HBV infection, 2594

in jaundice evaluation, 318, 319

in liver function evaluation, 2554, 2556t

in SLE, 2743

ALARA principle, S5

ALAS gene mutations, 3239t, 3240, 3243–3244

ALA-synthase, 3239t, 3240, 3241, 3246

Albendazole

actions of, 1701

adverse effects of, 1701, 1703t

for ascariasis, 1774

for capillariasis, 1777

for cutaneous larva migrans, 1771t

for cysticercosis, 1792

drug interactions of, 1701, 1703t

for echinococcosis, 1794

for enterobiasis, 1777

for gnathostomiasis, 1771t

for hookworm infections, 1775

indications for, 1703t

for loiasis, 1783

for lymphatic filariasis, 1780

for microsporidiosis, 1570

for neurocysticercosis, 1120

pharmacology of, 1701

in pregnancy and lactation, 1703t

for strongyloidiasis, 1776

for trichinellosis, 1771t

for trichuriasis, 1777

for visceral larva migrans, 1771t

Albers-Schonberg disease, 3212

Albinism, 386–387, 586, 3269t

Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO), 2934t,

3084, 3084t, 3188, 3189t, 3645, 3651

Albumin

infusion, during paracentesis, 324

for peritonitis, 1055

serum

in edema, 278

in hypercalcemia, 357

in hypocalcemia, 358

in jaundice evaluation, 318

in liver function evaluation, 2555

in nutrition assessment, 2537, 2538t, 2541

urinary

in CKD, 336, 2309, 2312

in diabetic nephropathy, 2282, 2344, 3123f

in glomerular disease, 2334t

in HIV infection, 1571

in hypertension, 2076

measurement of, 2311

Albuterol, 355, 2155, 3590t

Alcaligenes xylosoxidans. See Achromobacter

xylosoxidans

Alcohol, 3556. See also Alcohol use; Alcohol use

disorder

absorption of, 2625, 3557

acetaminophen toxicity and, 472

actions of, 3540t

behavioral effects of, 3557–3558, 3558t

drug interactions of, 1155t

metabolism of, 3557, 3557f

pharmacology of, 3557

tolerance of, 3557–3558

withdrawal from. See Alcohol withdrawal

syndrome

Alcohol-associated liver disease, 2617

acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and, A13

cirrhosis, 245f, 2624–2626, 2641

clinical features of, 2618t, 2625, 2625f

diagnosis of, 2556t, 2618, 2625, 3233t

differential diagnosis of, 2618

epidemiology of, 2617

hepatitis, 2579, 2618, 2618t

pathogenesis of, 2617, 2624–2625, 3559

prognosis of, 2618, 2619

risk factors for, 2548, 2548t, 2617–2618, 2617t

treatment of, 2553, 2618–2619, 2619f,

2625–2626, 2634, 2641

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 2625

Alcohol hand rub, 1129

Alcoholic ketoacidosis, 342, 362

Alcohol septal ablation, 1971

Alcohol use

breast cancer and, 613, 3559

cardiovascular effects of, 3559

dyslipidemia and, 3144

esophageal cancer and, 626, 3559

folate deficiency and, 773

genitourinary effects of, 3559

head and neck cancer and, 590, 3559

hematopoietic effects of, 3559

hepatocellular carcinoma and, 643–644, 644f

hypertension and, 2082, 2082t

hyperuricemia and, 3251

liver disease and. See Alcohol-associated liver

disease

nervous system effects of, 3558

pancreatitis and, 2665

porphyria cutanea tarda and, 3245

in pregnancy, 3559

prevalence of, 2624–2625

sexual dysfunction and, 3559

sleep disturbances and, 211, 3558

testicular dysfunction and, 3017

Alcohol use disorder (alcoholism), 3559

acetaminophen toxicity in, 472, 2588

anemia in, 437

cancer risk and, 491t, 3559

cardiovascular disease in, 1963–1964, 3559

chronic diarrhea in, 302

cognitive dysfunction in, 3376, 3558

definition of, 3559, 3560t

dementia in, 3376

dental disease and, 256

diagnosis of, 3559, 3560t

epidemiology of, 3559–3560, 3562

erectile dysfunction in, 3057

gastrointestinal effects of, 311, 3559

genetic considerations in, 3560

global considerations in, 3562

hepatitis in, 318

hormonal disturbances in, 3559

hypoglycemia in, 3132

hypomagnesemia in, 366

hyponatremia in, 343

hypothermia and, 3631

involuntary weight loss in, 310

lifetime risk for, 3556

liver disease in. See Alcohol-associated liver

disease

in military veterans, S7

myopathy in, 3531t, 3559

natural history of, 3560

nausea and vomiting in, 292

nervous system effects of, 3558

neuropathy in, 3433–3434, 3558

ocular involvement in, 230

olfactory/taste dysfunction in, 236

palpitations in, 287

pancreatitis in, 2658, 3559

prevalence of, 2624–2625

psychiatric comorbidity with, 3558

rehabilitation for, 3562

screening for, 13, 39t, 2548, 2548t

testicular defects in, 3017

thiamine deficiency in, 2524

treatment of, 3560–3562

in women, 3068

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

clinical features of, 3558, 3561

delirium in, 178, 180

hypokalemia in, 348, S1

treatment of, 3561–3562

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), 2625, 3560

ALDEN (Algorithm of Drug Causality for

Epidermal Necrolysis), 415

Aldesleukin. See Interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy

ALDH7A1 gene mutations, 3317

Aldolase deficiency, 781t

Aldosterone

actions of, 340, 349, 2291f, 2293

excess of. See Glucocorticoid-remediable

aldosteronism (GRA);

Hyperaldosteronism

in potassium regulation, 349

ratio to plasma renin activity, 2078

in sodium regulation, 2295–2296

synthesis of, 2955f, 2958, 2960f

Aldosterone antagonists, 1948t, 2083t, 2084, 2264

Aldosterone escape, 2296f

Aldosterone-renin-ratio (ARR), 2078,

2965, 2966t

Aldosterone synthase, 3647

Alectinib, 513t, 544, 545t, 606, 607t

Alemtuzumab

actions and targets of, 514t, 536f, 537, 2707t,

3472

adverse effects of, 560, 574, 577, 2938, 3472

for autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 787

for graft-versus-host disease prevention,

1139

for hypereosinophilic syndromes, 864

for immunosuppression, 2327–2328

indications for, 2707t

for MS, 3472

for myelodysplasia, 802

for T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, 857

INDEX

I-8 Alendronate

actions of, 3203

adverse effects of, 3205

for fracture prevention, 3204f

for osteoporosis management/prevention, 3045,

3203, 3204f, 3209

for Paget’s disease of bone, 3212, 3212t

Alenquer virus, 1629t

Alexia, 196, 196t, 198

Alfapump system, 324

Alfentanil, 1703t

Alginic acid, 296

Alglucosidase alfa, 3266

Algorithm of Drug Causality for Epidermal

Necrolysis (ALDEN), 415

ALI (acute lung injury), 2226, 2227f, 2228.

See also Acute respiratory distress

syndrome (ARDS)

Alien hand (limb) syndrome, 198, 3380, 3389

Alirocumab, 2049, 3142t

Aliskiren, 1947, 2083t, 2084

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

in acute viral hepatitis, 2575

in hypophosphatasia, 3214

in jaundice evaluation, 318, 319

in liver abscess, 1059

in liver function evaluation, 2554, 2554f, 2556t

in Paget’s disease of bone, 3209, 3212

tissue nonspecific, 3214

Alkali therapy, 366. See also Bicarbonate therapy

Alkaptonuria, 3161, 3269t

ALK gene mutations

in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, 843, 851

in lung cancer

as driver mutation, 596, 596f, 597t

as therapeutic target, 477t, 479, 507, 544,

606–607, 607t

Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus, 1626t

ALK inhibitors, 606–607, 606t, 607t, 738t. See also

specific drugs

Alkylating agents, 488, 540t. See also specific drugs

actions of, 539

adverse effects of, 539, 540t, 561, 1964

anemia, 437, 793t

in essential thrombocytosis, 808

hair loss, 410, 555

infertility, 741, 3017

late, 799, 808, 810

long-term, 738t, 740

myelosuppression, 554

pulmonary, 739

second malignancy, 740, 810

seizures, 3311t

for breast cancer, 621, 625

carcinogenicity of, 491t, 808, 810

for marginal zone lymphoma, 849

for NETs, 671–672

survivor care, 743

ALL. See Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)

Allele(s), 3649

association of, 3656–3657

exclusion of, 2693, 3654

frequency of, 3657–3658, 3657f

heterogeneity of, 3648f, 3649, 3650t

segregation of, 3652, 3652f

types of, 3649

Allele-sharing methods, 3659t

Allelic loss, 637

Allen’s test, 1818

Allergic angiitis and granulomatosis. See

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with

polyangiitis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

bronchiectasis in, 2174, 2174t, 2175

clinical features of, 1675t, 1679

in cystic fibrosis, 2179

diagnosis of, 2153, 2165

etiology of, 2165

genetic considerations in, 1677

prognosis of, 1681

treatment of, 1681t, 2165

Allergic contact dermatitis. See Contact dermatitis,

allergic

Allergic fungal sinusitis, 252

Allergic interstitial nephritis, 2302, 2357–2358,

2358f. See also Acute interstitial nephritis

(AIN)

Allergic reactions. See Hypersensitivity reactions

Allergic rhinitis, 2724, 2726f

Allergic vasculitis, 449

Allergy, 2719

in asthma, 2153

atopic, 2719

eosinophils in, 447

in international traveler, 999

pathophysiology of, 2719–2721, 2721f

Allergy testing, 2147

Alligator bite-wound, 1125, 1127t

Alloantibodies, 884

Allodynia, 91, 169, 3435

Alloimmunization, 884, 895

Allopurinol

adverse effects of

cutaneous, 384, 391, 411, 2865

fever, 147

genetic considerations in, 409

hypersensitivity, 412. See also Drug-induced

hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS)

racial differences in, 2865

serious, 2865

SJS or TEN, 391, 414, 2865. See also StevensJohnson syndrome (SJS); Toxic epidermal

necrolysis (TEN)

vasculitis, 2816, 2847t

drug interactions of, 471t, 2865

azathioprine, 2329, 3515

6-mercaptopurine, 541t

genetic variations in response to, 477t

for gout, 2865

for hyperuricemia, 804, 807, 3252

pyrimidine metabolism and, 3254

for tumor lysis syndrome, 573

for uric acid nephrolithiasis, 2373

Allostasis, 206

Allotypes, 866

All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). See also Retinoic

acid

actions and targets of, 513t, 517, 551t, 553, 810

for acute promyelocytic leukemia, 513t, 517,

551t, 818, 2889

adverse effects of, 397, 409, 551t, 553, 571, 818

Almotriptan, 3362t, 3363, 3363t

Alopecia, 384

androgenetic, 384

androgenic, 3039

central centrifugal cicatricial, 384

definition of, 370t

drug-induced, 384, 410, 555, 621

etiology of, 384, 386t

in lichen planus, 379

nonscarring, 384

scarring, 384

in secondary syphilis, 384

in tinea capitis, 380

traumatic, 384

treatment of, 387t

Alopecia areata, 384, 387t, A5

Alosetron, 306, 2496t

ALP. See Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Alpelisib, 511, 514t, 550t, 552, 613t, 624, 625, 3838

Alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), 2728

Alpha-4 integrin, 2706, 2708t

α1

-adrenergic agonists, 3590t

α2

-adrenergic agonists, 221, 3571, 3591t, 3772

α-adrenergic antagonists

actions of, 2084

adverse effects of, 156, 261, 277t

aldosterone-renin ratio effects of, 2966t

drug interactions of, 689

for hypertension, 2083t, 2084, 2979

for lower urinary tract symptoms, 688–689,

2376, 3075

overdosage/poisoning with, 3584, 3591t

α-adrenergic receptors, 2073

α chains, 3220

Alpha coma, 187

Alpha diversity, 3695

α fetoprotein (AFP)

in carcinoma of unknown primary, 717, 718t

ectopic production of, 721

in germ cell tumors, 698

in gestational trophoblastic disease, 700–701

in hepatocellular carcinoma, 646

in testicular cancer, 690, 693t

as tumor marker, 487t

Alpha-galactosidase, 297

α-globin genes, 755, 755f, 756, 762, 763

Alpha-granules, 920

α-heavy chain disease (Seligman’s disease), 877

α-hemolytic streptococci, 1189, 1189t, 1196

α-ketoadipic acidemia, 3270t

α-lipoic acid, 237, 261

α motor neurons, 166f

Alpha (α) radiation, S5

α-synuclein, 191t, 3297, 3298, 3299, 3385, 3386,

3422

α thalassemia. See Thalassemia syndromes

α thalassemia trait, 764t

α thalassemia with myelodysplasia (ATMDS), 764t

α-tocopherol transfer protein, 3426

Alphaviruses, 1625t

Alphavirus (togavirus) infections

Barmah Forest virus infection, 1044, 1633–1634

chikungunya virus infection. See Chikungunya

virus infection

clinical syndromes of, 1625t, 1631

encephalitis, 1638

geographic distribution of, 1632–1633t

Ross River virus infection, 1044, 1633–1634

Sindbis virus infection, 1634

Zika virus disease. See Zika virus disease

ALPK3 gene mutations, 1956t

Alport’s syndrome

clinical features of, 242, 2285, 2335t, 2336,

2346–2347

diagnosis of, 2347

genetic considerations in, 244t, 2285, 2332,

2346–2347, 3218

hearing loss in, 242, 244t

renal biopsy in, 2347, A4

treatment of, 2347

Alprazolam

adverse effects of, 83

for anxiety disorders, 3544t

for depression, 83

drug interactions of, 1703t

INDEX

overdosage/poisoning with, 3592t I-9

for panic disorder, 3542

pharmacology of, 3544t

Alprostadil, 3061

ALPS (autoimmune lymphoproliferative

syndrome), 503t, 2718

ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Alsin gene, 3412, 3413t

ALS/parkinsonian/dementia complex of Guam,

3377

Alstrom’s syndrome, 3084t

ALT. See Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

Alteplase (rtPA)

actions of, 938

for acute limb ischemia, 2111

catheter-directed therapy with, 2100

contraindications to, 2059

domain structure of, 938, 938f

for frostbite, 3634

indications for, 938

intrapleural administration of, 2216

for ischemic stroke, 2224, 3337, 3338t

for pulmonary embolism, 2100

for STEMI, 2059

Alternative medicine, 3784. See also

Complementary and integrative therapies

and practices

Altitude illness. See High-altitude illness

Aluminum acetate, 249

Aluminum hydroxide, 2443, S5

Aluminum phospate gel, S5

Aluminum toxicity

erythropoietin therapy response and, 754

hypercalcemia due to, 3182

neurologic effects of, 3377, 3581–3582

pulmonary effects of, 2170

Alveolar collapse, 2228

Alveolar flooding, 2220

Alveolar gas equation, 2136

Alveolar hemorrhage, diffuse, 270

Alveolar hypoventilation, 2221

Alveolar proteinosis, primary, A12, S8

Alvimopan, 96, 2513

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 3370

aluminum and, 3581–3582

clinical features of, 190, 3370

aphasia, 197, 198

Bálint’s syndrome, 201

circadian disorders, 3809

depression, 3547

frontal lobe syndromes, 203

involuntary weight loss, 310

memory loss, 202

olfactory dysfunction, 232, 236

deaths from, 73t

vs. dementia with Lewy bodies and, 3385, 3385t.

See also Dementia with Lewy bodies

diagnosis of, 3370–3371

differential diagnosis of, 190t, 3371

in Down’s syndrome, 3373–3374

early symptomatic, 3370

epidemiology of, 3370, 3372

functional anatomy of, 189, 201f

genetic considerations in, 191t, 3302, 3373–3374,

3795

HSV infection and, 1475

imaging in, 193f, 3370–3371, 3371f

incidence of, 3370

pathology of, 191t, 3372–3373, 3373f

pathophysiology of

Aβ, 878, 3298, 3302, 3371f, 3372, 3373f

Aβ prions, 3298–3299, 3422

circadian rhythms, 3809

genetic factors, 3665

macrophages and microglia, 3295

molecular, 191t

organoids, 3302

prions, 3416, 3422

protein aggregation, 3850

tau prions, 3298–3299

PD and, 3370

treatment of, 194–195, 3374–3375

in women, 3064, 3065f

AMA (antimitochondrial antibodies), 2627

Amalgam tattoo, 260t

AMAN (acute motor axonal neuropathy), 3501,

3502t, 3503f, 3504t

Amanita mushrooms, 301, 319, 2584, 3591t

Amantadine

actions of, 1464

adverse effects of, 1512, 3396

for antidepressant side effect management,

3543t

for fatigue in MS, 3474

for influenza prophylaxis, 1463t, 1564t

for influenza treatment, 1463t, 1512

overdosage/poisoning with, 3590t, 3595t

for PD, 3396, 3398

resistance to, 1463t, 1464, 1512

for SSRI-related sexual dysfunction, 3543t, 3549

Amaurosis, congenital. See Leber’s hereditary optic

neuropathy

Amaurosis fugax, 221–222, 3327

Ambiguous genitalia, 3651

Amblyomma spp. ticks, 1429, 1432, 2728, 3609.

See also Tick-borne diseases

Amblyopia, 229

Ambrisentan, 2127–2128, 2129t

Amebae, free-living. See Acanthamoeba spp.;

Balamuthia spp.; Naegleria

Amebiasis, 1714. See also Entamoeba histolytica

clinical features of, 1698, 1716–1717

cutaneous, 399

diagnosis of, 1717, 1717f, S12

differential diagnosis of, 1717–1718f, 2479

epidemiology of, 1714–1715, S12

extraintestinal, 1717, S6

intestinal, 300t, 301, 1716, 2479

liver abscess in. See Liver abscess, amebic

pathogenesis of, 1715, 1716f

prevention of, 1718

in travelers, 1064t

treatment of, 1708, 1709, 1713, 1718, 1718t

in war veterans, S6

Amebomas, 1716, 1717

Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, 907

Amelogenesis imperfecta, 257

Amenamevir, 1463

Amenorrhea

chemotherapy-related, 555

definition of, 3034

diagnosis of, 3034, 3035f

etiology of, 2468t, 3034–3036

functional hypothalamic, 3035

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in, 3034,

3034f

primary, 3034

secondary, 3034

treatment of, 3036–3037

American Society of Anesthesiologists, physical

status classification, 2500t

American trypanosomiasis. See Chagas disease

Americium exposure, S5

AMH (anti-müllerian hormone), 2999, 3028, 3030

AMH gene, 2999

AMI (acute myocardial infarction). See Myocardial

infarction (MI)

Amifostine, 739

Amikacin

for A. baumannii infections, 1277t

actions of, 1148, 1164t

adverse effects of, 1159, 1377, 1404

for Citrobacter infections, 1274

for community-acquired pneumonia, 947t, 1018t

for Edwardsiella infections, 1275

for Enterobacter infections, 1273

for extraintestinal E. coli infections, 1267

for gram-negative bacterial infection, 1263

for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 947t

indications for, 1156t, 1159

for Klebsiella infections, 1271

liposome inhalation suspension, 1406

for MAC infections, 1404–1405

for MDR-TB, 1376–1377, 1376t

for Morganella and Providencia infections, 1274

for Nocardia infections, 1336t, 1339

for nontuberculous mycobacterial infections,

1405

for P. aeruginosa infections, 1287t

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

for Proteus infections, 1272

resistance to, 1156t, 1164t, 1166, 1201, 1265,

1404

for Serratia infections, 1273

for TB, 1404

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018t

Amiloride

actions of, 2291f, 2294

adverse effects of, 353

for ascites, 324

for hypertension, 2083t, 2084

for Liddle’s syndrome, 350, 2967

for lithium-associated diabetes insipidus, 347

for mineralocorticoid excess, 2967

for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 2922

Amino acid(s)

analysis of, 3268

essential, 2517, 3268

functions of, 3268

hyperkalemia and, 352

metabolism of, disorders of, 3268, 3269–3271t

in parenteral nutrition, 2542

renal transport of, 2290f, 2293

requirement for, 2539

types of, 3268

Aminoacyl-tRNA histidyl synthetase, 2696t

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, 2696t

Aminobenzoic acid esters, 422t

ε-Aminocaproic acid

adverse effects of, 352

for C1INH deficiency, 2724

for DIC, 917

for hemophilia, 913

for platelet dysfunction disorders, 909

for thrombocytosis, 804, 808

for von Willebrand disease, 910

Aminoglutethimide, 2916

Aminoglycosides

actions of, 1148, 1159, 1164t, 1165f

adverse effects of, 1154t

in cirrhosis with ascites, 2631

hearing loss, 240, 1159, 3670, 3678

hypokalemia, 349

interstitial disease, 2282

in myasthenia gravis, 3511

nephrotoxicity, 1028, 1159, 2300

INDEX

I-10 Aminoglycosides (Cont.):

for cystic fibrosis, 2179

for enterococcal infections, 1201–1202, 1201t

indications for, 1159

for infections in cancer patient, 562

for infective endocarditis, 1028

for osteomyelitis, 1049t

for P. aeruginosa infections, 1287t

resistance to

in Eikenella, 1247

in Enterobacteriaceae, 1264t, 1265

in enterococci, 1202, 1203

mechanisms of, 1164t, 1165f, 1166

in mycobacteria, 1375

for TB, 1404

5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), 418

Aminomethylcycline. See Omadacycline

Aminophylline, 287, 368

4-Aminopyridine, 3474

5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) agents, 2482–2483,

2483t

Aminosidine. See Paromomycin

Aminotransferase(s), 318–319, 2554, 2556t

Amiodarone

actions of, 1872t

adverse effects of, 1872t

cutaneous, 391, 409

hepatotoxicity, 2588, 2590

hyperthyroxinemia, 2930t

myopathy, 2847t, 3531t

neuropathy, 3492, 3494t

nonarrhythmic, 1914

optic neuropathy, 224

phototoxicity, 422t

proarrhythmic, 1914

pulmonary, 2192

SA node dysfunction, 1875t

secondary parkinsonism, 3389

thrombocytopenia, 905t

thyrotoxicosis, 1965, 2945

for atrial fibrillation, 1907

contraindications to, 1897

drug interactions of

calcium channel blockers, 467t

dabigatran, 471t

daclatasvir, 2610

digoxin, 471t

protease inhibitors, 467t

quinidine, 1706t

warfarin, 467t, 469, 471t

ECG changes caused by, 1830, 1831f

for focal atrial tachycardia, 1892

monitoring during treatment with, 1914

for multifocal atrial tachycardia, 1901

for recurrent ventricular tachycardia, 1927

for ventricular arrhythmias, 1914, 1916, 1920,

1921, 2262f, 2263

for ventricular tachycardia, 2063

Amiodarone-induced thyroxicosis (AIT), 2945

Amithiozone, 1372

Amitriptyline

adverse effects of, 3542t, 3549

cardiac, 1875t

drowsiness, 3365t

smell and taste distortion, 238

for chronic daily headache, 114

for ciguatera poisoning, 3606

for cough, 270

for depression, 487, 3474, 3542t, 3549

for fibromyalgia, 2870

for functional dyspepsia, 297

for IC/BPS, 329–330

for insomnia, 212

for migraine prevention, 3364, 3365t

for nausea and vomiting, 294t

for new daily persistent headache, 116

for olfactory dysfunction, 238

overdosage/poisoning with, 3591t, 3592t

for pain, 95t, 3474

for tension-type headache, 3365

Amivantanab, 3838

AML. See Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Amlodipine, 1949, 2041–2042, 2041t, 2114, 2784,

3431t

Ammonia/ammonium, 364, 2291, 2555–2556

Ammonia exposure, 2171t

Ammoniagenesis, 366, 2291

Amnesia, 202

after traumatic brain injury, 3456

anterograde, 202

caring for patient with, 204

clinical examination in, 202, V2

etiology of, 202–203

psychogenic, 3378

retrograde, 202

transient global, 202, 3377

Amnestic shellfish poisoning (domoic acid

intoxication), 3311, 3607

Amnestic state, 202

AMN gene mutations, 772

Amniocentesis, 3660

Amnionless, 766

Amniotic fluid embolism, 2095

Amodiaquine

actions of, 1701

adverse effects of, 1701, 1702t, 1732t, 1735

for malaria, 1730t, 1732t

pharmacology of, 1701, 1732t

Amoxapine, 3542t, 3549

Amoxicillin

for actinomycosis, 1343, 1343t

adverse effects of, 408, 2446

for anthrax, S3

for community-acquired pneumonia, 1014t

for C. trachomatis infection, 1450

for endocarditis prophylaxis, 1033t

for enteric fever, 1294t

for gonococcal arthritis, 1042

in H. pylori eradication, 1283t, 2446, 2447, 2447t,

2448t

indications for, 1153, 1156t

for leptospirosis, 1421t

for Lyme disease, 1043, 1429, 1430f

for nontyphoidal Salmonella infections, 997t

for osteomyelitis, 1050t

for otitis media, 250, 250t, 1176

for pneumococcal infections, 1176

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

prophylactic, 1162t

resistance to, 1156t, 1300

for rheumatic fever, 2768

for sinusitis, 252

for streptococcal pharyngitis, 254, 254t

Amoxicillin-clavulanate

adverse effects of, 2584, 2586t, 2589–2590

for bite-wound infections, 1039t, 1126,

1127t

for community-acquired pneumonia, 1014t

for lung abscess, 1022

for MDR-TB, 1403–1404

for Nocardia infections, 1336t, 1339

for osteomyelitis, 1050t

for otitis media, 250, 252

for pelvic inflammatory disease, 1089

prophylactic, 1162t

resistance to, 1336t

AMPA receptor antibodies, 729t, 732, 1096

AmpC β-lactamase, 1165, 1264–1265, 1272, 1273,

1274, 1276

Amphetamines

abuse of, 3574

actions of, 3540t

adverse effects of

alopecia, 384

cardiomyopathy, 1964

myopathy, 3531t

palpitations, 287

vasculitis, 2847t

for fatigue, 164

overdosage/poisoning with, 2087, 3590t, 3595t

Amphigoric amino acid changes, 3646

Amphiphysin, 2696t

Amphiphysin antibodies, 728t, 731, 734, 735f

Amphotericin B

adverse effects of, 1656

frequent, 1702t, 1745

hypokalemia, 349

interstitial disease, 2282

nephrotoxicity, 1571, 2300

occasional, 1702t

rare, 1745

thrombocytopenia, 905t

for Aspergillus infections, 1680, 1681t

for Blastomyces infections, 1667, 1667t

for Candida infections

disseminated, 1675t, 1676, 2330

endocarditis, 1030

esophageal, 1675t

liver abscess, 1059

prophylactic, 1676

resistance to, 1675t

urinary tract, 1078

for chronic meningitis, 1117

for Coccidioides infections, 1109, 1663, 1663t

for Cryptococcus infections, 1109, 1577, 1670

drug interactions of, 1702t

for febrile neutropenia, 564

for Fusarium infections, 1689, 1689t

for Histoplasma infections, 1109, 1660, 1660t

indications for, 1656

for Leishmania infections, 1744–1745

lipid formulations of, 1656

for mucormycosis, 1684–1685, 1685t

for mucosal leishmaniasis, 1748

for paracoccidioidomycosis, 1687t, 1688

for phaeohyphomycoses, 1689t

in pregnancy and lactation, 1702t

prophylactic use, 1144

for Sporothrix infections, 1687t

for talaromycosis, 1687t, 1688

for visceral leishmaniasis, 1744–1745

Ampicillin

adverse effects of, 319, 393, 905t, A1

for clostridial infections, 1221t

drug interactions of, 1702t, 2444

for enterococcal infections, 1201–1202, 1201t

for HACEK infections, 1247t

indications for, 1153, 1156t

for infective endocarditis, 1028, 1029t, 1030,

1033t, 1201t

for leptospirosis, 1421t

for L. monocytogenes infections, 1211

for meningitis, 1103t, 1104, 1104t, 1201t, 1243

for necrotizing fasciitis, 1039t

for nontyphoidal Salmonella infections, 997t

for pneumococcal infections, 1176

INDEX

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t I-11

resistance to, 1156t

in E. coli, 1267

in Enterococcus spp., 1201

in gram-negative bacteria, 1271–1274

in H. influenzae, 1243

in Nocardia spp., 1336t

for urinary tract infections, 1201t

Ampicillin-clavulanate, 1153

Ampicillin-sulbactam

for bite-wound infections, 1039t, 1126, 1127t

for Capnocytophaga infections, 1247t, 1248

for cellulitis, 1039t

for community-acquired pneumonia, 947t,

1014t

for HACEK infections, 1029t, 1247t

for head and neck abscesses, 255

indications for, 1153

for infective endocarditis, 1029t

for osteomyelitis, 1050t

for P. multocida infections, 1247t

for pyelonephritis, 1077

resistance to, 1355t, 1356

for skin and soft tissue infections, 1040

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018t

AMPK (5’ adenosine monophosphate–activated

protein kinase), 522

AMPK (adenosine monophosphate–activated

protein kinase), 522, 3735, 3735f

Amplatzer septal occluder, A11

Amprenavir, 1590f

Ampullary carcinoma, 320, 656

Amputation, 3127, 3634

AMS (acute mountain sickness), 3617–3619, 3618t

AMSAN (acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy),

3501, 3502t, 3503f, 3504t

Amsel criteria, for bacterial vaginosis, 1084

Amur virus, 1628t

Amygdalohippocampectomy, for epilepsy, 3321

Amylase, 323, 2653–2655, 2654t, 2656t, 2669

Amyl/butyl nitrate, 3060

Amylin, 3109, 3734, 3735f

Amylin agonists, 3110t

Amyl nitrite, S4

Amyloid angiopathy, cerebral, 3349t, 3350, 3371

Amyloid beta. See Aβ (amyloid beta)

Amyloidosis, 878

AA. See AA amyloidosis

AF, 878, 882–883

AH, 878t

AL. See AL amyloidosis

amyloid fibril proteins in, 879–880

ATTR, 878t, 882–883

Aβ, 878

Aβ2

M, 878, 878t, 883

cardiac, 1967

clinical features of, 1967

diagnosis of

biopsy, 1968, 1969f

CMR, 1851, 1852f, 1967, A9

echocardiography, 1968f, A9

99mtechnetium pyrophosphate scan, A9

epidemiology of, 1967

SA node dysfunction, 1875

transthyretin-mediated, 1967, A9

classification of, 878, 878t

clinical features of

autonomic neuropathy, 3433

bleeding, 454

cutaneous, 395, 398

diarrhea, 304

gastroparesis, 292

hyperkalemia, 353

neuropathy, 3488

ocular, 217

proteinuria, 336

renal, 2335t, 2336t, 2345, A4

splenomegaly, 461

diagnosis of, 878–879, 879f, 3433

familial, 878t, 882

in familial Mediterranean fever, 882, 2345, 2842

global considerations in, 882

in IBD, 2481t

in leprosy, 1387

lichen, 395

localized, 878t

macular, 395

in monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain

significance, 879, 880

in multiple myeloma, 879, 880, 1968, A9

nodular, 395

pathogenesis of, 879, 3433, 3850

prognosis of, 1968

senile, 1968

small-intestinal mucosal biopsies in, 2469, 2469t

systemic, 878t

treatment of, 1968, 2345

Amyloid plaques, 191t, 194, 3298, 3420

Amyloid polyneuropathy, familial, 3487–3488

Amyloid precursor protein (APP). See also APP

gene mutations

in AD, 3297, 3372, 3373, 3373f, 3422, 3795

in amyloidosis, 878, 878t, 880

in neurodegenerative disease, 3298

Amylolytic enzymes, 2657

Amylopectinosis (Andersen disease, type IV GSD),

3263t, 3265

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 3410

clinical features of, 3410–3411

differential diagnosis of, 3412–3413, 3414

dysphagia in, 289, 291

epidemiology of, 3412

familial, 3412, 3413t, 3651

frontotemporal dementia and, 3414

genetic considerations in, 3413t

imaging in, 3411f

juvenile-onset, 3413t, 3415

parkinsonism and, 3412

pathogenesis of, 3412

pathology of, 3410–3411, 3411f

pathophysiology of, 3296–3297, 3302, 3850

sex differences in, 3064f

treatment of, 3304, 3415, 3798, 3824, 3825f

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/parkinsonian/

dementia complex of Guam, 3377

Amyotrophy, 3410

ANA. See Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)

Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse

adverse effects of, 3025–3026, 3073, 3073t

cardiovascular, 3025–3026, 3073

cholestasis, 319

dyslipidemia, 3147

edema, 277t

hepatotoxicity, 2590

hirsutism, 410

hyperbilirubinemia, 318

long-term, 3026, 3073–3074

diagnosis of, 3026, 3074, 3074t

epidemiology of, 3025, 3073

treatment of, 3026, 3074–3075

withdrawal symptoms, 3026

Anaerobic bacteria, 1347

vs. aerobic bacteria, 1348

antibiotic resistance in, 1355, 1356t

antibiotic susceptibility testing of, 1355

historical perspective of, 1348

human health and, 1349

in normal human microbiota, 1348–1349, 1348t

specimen handling, 1355

virulence factors of, 1350

Anaerobic bacterial infections, mixed

approach to the patient, 1350

clinical features of

bacteremia, 1354

bone and joint, 1354

with clostridial involvement, 1221, 1221t

CNS, 1352

in dog-bite wounds, 1125

endocarditis, 1354

in human bite-wounds, 1125

intraabdominal, 1353

mouth, head, and neck, 1351

pelvic, 1353

pleuropulmonary, 1352, 1353f

skin and soft tissue, 1353–1354

definitions in, 1348

diagnosis of, 1354–1355, S11

epidemiology of, 1350–1351, 1351f

etiology of, 1349, 1349f

pathogenesis of, 1349–1350

treatment of, 1355–1356, 1356t

Anaerobic respiration, 1348

Anagen, 3039

Anagen effluvium, 384, 410

Anagrelide, 805, 808

Anajatuba virus, 1628t

Anakinra

adverse effects of, 2762t

for calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease,

2866

for familial Mediterranean fever, 2842

for fever of unknown origin, 151

for gout, 2864

indications for, 2763

for rheumatoid arthritis, 2762t, 2763

Anal cancer, 643, 1499, 1500, 1584

Anal fissures, 2505

Anal fistula, 1366, 2504f, 2505

Analgesia (sensory abnormality), 169

Analgesics

adverse effects of, 2282, 2362, 2362f

for lumbar puncture, S9

medication-overuse headache and, 114–115, 3364

urinary, 1077

Anal intercourse, HIV infection risk and,

1532–1533

Anal reflex, 3281

Anal sphincter, 299f

Anaphylactic reactions. See also Hypersensitivity

reactions

to dialyzer, 2323

drug-induced, 411

to insect stings, 3614

Anaphylaxis, 2727

clinical features of, 2727

definition of, 2727

diagnosis of, 2728

drug-induced, 408, 411

exercise-induced, 2722

from iron therapy, 752

pathophysiology of, 2684, 2700, 2727

predisposing factors for, 2727–2728

prevention of, 2728–2729

respiratory acidosis in, 367

treatment of, 2728, 3614

vaccine-related, 987

INDEX

I-12 Anaplasma capra, 1438

Anaplasma spp. infections, 1104, 1429, 1438. See

also Human granulocytic anaplasmosis

Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, 618, 843, 844t, 851

Anaplastic thyroid cancer, 2952

Anasarca, 276, 1936

Anastrozole, 543, 613t, 620

Anatomic dead space, 2136

Anatomic reentry, 1870

ANCAs. See Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

(ANCAs)

Anchoring heuristic, 22

Ancylostoma braziliense, 1772, S12. See also Larva

migrans, cutaneous

Ancylostoma caninum, 1775

Ancylostoma duodenale, 1774t, 1775–1776, S12.

See also Hookworm infections

Andersen disease (type IV GSD), 3263t, 3265

Andersen-Tawil syndrome, 3530

Andersson lesions, 1047

Andes virus, 1628t, 1641

Andexanet, 936, 1906, 2099, 3351

Androgen(s)

abuse of. See Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS)

abuse

actions and metabolism of, 3009, 3009f. See also

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

for adrenal insufficiency, 2973

adverse effects of, 409

body fat distribution and, 2967

excess of, 3039

in hair growth and differentiation, 3039

synthesis of

disorders of, 3002, 3003t

pathways of, 2907f, 2955f, 3004f, 3007–3009,

3009f

Androgen blockade. See Androgen deprivation

therapy (ADT)

Androgen deficiency

age-related, 3069–3070

approach to the patient, 3020

diagnosis of, 3020, 3020f

gynecomastia and, 3018

treatment of, 3021. See also Testosterone therapy

Androgen-depletion syndrome, 686

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)

adverse effects of, 686–687, 738t, 3076, 3077f, 3196

approach to the patient, 3076, 3077t

intermittent use of, 687

for prostate cancer, 543–544, 686–687

with radiation therapy, 685

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), 3002

amenorrhea in, 3034

clinical features of, 3002–3003, 3003t, 3034

complete, 3002–3003

genetic considerations in, 2889, 3002–3003,

3018, 3034, 3645t

gynecomastia due to, 3018

partial, 3003–3004

testicular dysfunction due to, 3018

treatment of, 3035

Androgen receptors, 515, 2889, 3003t, 3009

Androgen therapy. See also Testosterone therapy

adverse effects of

carcinogenicity, 491t

cholestasis, 2586t

cutaneous, 382, 409

hirsutism, 410

monitoring of, 3024–3025, 3025t

for aplastic anemia, 797

for breast cancer, 624

contraindications to, 3024, 3024t

for female sexual dysfunction, 3063

indications for, 3023

novel formulations of, 3023

Andropause, 3019

Androstenedione, 3040

Anemia, 431. See also specific types

acute episodes, in sickle cell disease, 759t

after kidney transplantation, 2331

after liver transplantation, 2638

in AKI, 2304, 2308

approach to the patient, 432

from blood loss, 438, 791–792

chemotherapy-related, 554

in CKD. See Chronic kidney disease (CKD),

hematologic abnormalities in

classification of, 436–437, 437f

clinical features of, 432

in colorectal cancer, 640

in critically ill patient, 2224

definition of, 431

diagnosis of, 432–433

bone marrow examination, 436

initial workup, 432–433, 433t

iron supply and storage tests, 436

peripheral blood smear, 433, 433–435f. See

also Peripheral blood smear

reticulocyte count in, 435, 436t

dyspnea in, 265t, 266

in endocrine deficiency states, 753

endoscopic findings in, 2416–2417

erythropoietin in, 431f

in gastrointestinal bleeding, 311

in heart failure, 1938, 1950

hemolytic. See Hemolytic anemia

history in, 432

in HIV infection, 1574–1575

in hypometabolic states, 753–754, 753t

hypoproliferative, 437, 747–748, 752–753. See

also Aplastic anemia; Iron-deficiency

anemia

in hypothermia, 3632

hypoxia in, 273

in inflammatory states, 751, 751t, 752–753, 753f

lactic acidosis in, 361

in liver disease, 753–754

macrocytic, A6

from maturation disorders, 437–438

in multiple myeloma, 870

myelophthisic, 802

normocytic, in rheumatoid arthritis, 2753

in older adults, 754, 3747–3748

pathophysiology of, 431–432

physical examination in, 432

refractory. See Myelodysplasia

sideroblastic, 438, 751t

in SLE, 2743

in starvation, 753

in thalassemia, 762

treatment of, 438

Anergy, 2701, 2705

Anesthesia (sensory abnormality), 169

Anesthetics, 477t, 478, 3772

Aneurysm

aortic. See Aortic aneurysm

coronary artery, 2816, A9

fusiform, 2101

intracranial, 3292, 3353. See also Subarachnoid

hemorrhage

left ventricular, 2064–2065

mycotic. See Mycotic aneurysm

popliteal artery, 2112

renal artery, 2091f

saccular, 2101, 2102, 3353–3355

true, 2101

Ang1/Ang2. See Angiopoietins

Angelman’s syndrome, 3654, 3792, 3795

Angiitis

allergic. See Eosinophilic granulomatosis with

polyangiitis

cutaneous leukocytoclastic, 2815

isolated granulomatous, 1115t

Angina

microvascular, 2031

Prinzmetal’s variant, 1828, 2041, 2052

stable, 2033. See also Ischemic heart disease

in aortic regurgitation, 1988

in aortic stenosis, 1981

atypical, 2033

exertional, 2033

history in, 2033–2034

myocardial infarction probability with, 104f

in myocardial ischemia, 100, 101t, 104, 104f,

1797, 2033

physical examination in, 2034

severity classification of, 2033, 2033t

threshold for development of, 2033

treatment of, 2039, 2039t, 2068. See also

Ischemic heart disease, treatment of

unstable, 100, 101t, 2046. See also Non-STsegment elevation acute coronary

syndrome (NSTE-ACS)

Angina decubitus, 2033

Anginal equivalents, 2033–2034

Angina pectoris, 100. See also Angina

Angiodermatitis, acral, 398

Angioedema

in anaphylaxis, 2727

classification of, 2722, 2722t

clinical features of, 394, 416t, 2722

definition of, 2722

diagnosis of, 2723

drug-induced, 411, 415, 416t, 2084

etiology of, 2722, 2722t

hereditary, 2723

isolated, 2722, 2723

pathophysiology of, 2723

predisposing factors for, 2722

treatment of, 411, 2723–2724

vibratory, 2722

without urticaria, 2722

Angiofibroma, 388, 395, 503t, 2984t, 2988

Angiogenesis

in asthma, 2150

in gastric mucosa, 2435

growth factors in, 1803

inhibition of, 525f, 526–527, 526f, 3689

tumor, 508t, 523–526

Angiogenic switch, 523

Angiography

cerebral

in CNS vasculopathy, 3343f

complications of, 3292

indications for, 3292

in stroke, 3334, 3342f

in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 3355, 3355f

coronary. See Coronary angiography

CT. See Computed tomography (CT)

angiography (CTA)

in lower gastrointestinal bleeding, 314

magnetic resonance. See Magnetic resonance

angiography (MRA)

pulmonary, 2097

renal intraarterial, 2088f

spinal, 3292