Activate Windows

Go to Settings to activate Windows.

GS76 General and Thoracic Surgery Toronto Notes 2023

Common Medications

Types Drugs and Dosing

Antiemetics dimenhydrinate (Gravol- ) 25- 50 mg P0/IV/IMq4-6hprn

prochlorperazine (Stemetil ®) 5-10 mg POT'

/.'IM BID-TID prn

metodopramide [Maxeran - ) 10 mgIV,

'

IM q2-3 h prn.10-15 mg P0 010 (30 min before meals andOHS)

ondansetron (Zofran 5) 4 8 mg P0 q8 h prn

granisetron (Kytril:

)1mg P0 810 (for nausea from chemolherapy/radiation)

acetaminophen t codeine (Tylenol 43/plain)12labsq4-6 h P0/PR pin

hydromoiphonc1-2 tabs P0 q4 h prn.0.5-2 mg IV q3- 4 h prn

ibupiofcn 200 400 mg P0 q4-6 h prn

morphine 2.5 -10 mg IM/SC <|4 6 li pm » 12 mg IVglhprn for breakthrough

ketorolac (loradol ' ) 30 60 mg IM/IV q6 h prn

acclammophcn/oxycodone (Percocet 1325/5mg.12 labs P0 q4 6 h pin

heparin 5000 units SC BID. it cancelpatient thenhepaiin 5000units SC TI0/BID

daltepaim fFiagmin -

) 5000 units SC daily

enoxapann (Lovenox ;

) 40 mg SC daily

loperamide (Imodium!

) 4mg P0initially,then 2mgP0 after each loose stool up to 16 mg/d

diphenoxylate -

'

atropine (Lomotil -

) 2 tabs/10 mLPO 0ID

sennosides (Senokol -

) 12 tabs OHS

docusate sodium (Colace - )100 mg P0 8ID

glycerine suppository 1 tab I

’

ll pin

lactulose 15-30ml P0 010 pin

milk olmagnesia (MOM) 30 - 00 ini P0 010 prn

bisacodylIDulcolax '

110-15 mg P0 pin

zopidone (Imovane '

) 5- 7.5 rng P0 OHS prn

loiaicpam (Alivan '

) 0.5-2 mg P0/SL OHS prn

celatobn (Ancef )1gIV/IM on call to OR or q8 h - CP except Interococcus.GN only f.call , Klebsiello, and Pioteus

cefalexm (Keflex ’) 250-500 mg P0 0ID -listeria.GP except Interococcus, GN only l, cob.Klebsiella,andPioteus

ceftriaxone1-2 g IM/IV q24 h broad coverage includingPseudomonos

ampicillin1-2 g IV q4 -6h-listeria,GP [ Interococcus) except Streptococcusmb 6. coli, oral anaerobes except

gentamicin 3-5 mg/kg/d IM/IV divided q8 h:monitor creatinine,gentamicin levels GN includingPseudomonas

ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV g12 h. 500 mg P0 810 -Gil includingPseudomonas

metronidazole (Flagyl- ) 500 mg PO/IV BIO (500 mg P0 TID lor C.difficile) - anaerobes

clindamycin 600-900 mg IV qS h.150 400 mg PO 0ID - GP except Interococcas.anaerobes

pipcracillin/lazobadam 3.375 g IV qG h - GP.GK.and anaerobes

vancomycin 1g IV q12 h - GP and MRSA

sulfamclhoxazoleftiimdhoprliri OS ISeptra '

) PO 810 - GP. GN including Hocoidia

bismuth subsalicylate (I

’

cplo-Bismol ) 2 tubs or 30mlPO q30 mm 1 h up to 8 doses /d

side effects:black stools,risk of Reye's syndrome in children

ASA •citrate * bicarbonate (Alka -Seltzer '

) 2 labs in 4 oz wafer P0 q4 h prn, max 8 labs

aluminum hydroxide « magnesium hydroxide (Maalox ) 10 20 ml or 1- 4 tabs P0 prn

calcium carbonate (Turns -

)1-3 g P0 q2 h prn

calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide (Rolaids'

-) 2 4 tabsP0 q1h prn. max 12 tabs /d

Analgesics

DVT Prophylaxis

Anlidiarrheals

Laxatives

Sedatives

Antibiotics

Bacteroides

Over-the-Counter

Medications

r “t

c. J

+

Activate Windows

Go to Settings to activate Windows.

GS77 General and Thoracic Surgery Toronto Notes 202.1

Landmark General and Thoracic Surgery Trials

Trial Name Reference Clinical Trial Details

GROIN HERNIAS

Outcomes of

Laparoscopicvs.Open

Repair of Primary

Ventral Hernias

JAMA Surg 2013;148:1043-1048 Title:Outcomes of Laparoscopic vs.Open Repair of Primary VentralHernias

Purpose:To compare outcomes olpatients undergoing laparoscopic ventralhernia repair (LVHR) vs.open ventral hernia repair (OVHR).

Methods:Single centre,retrospective study of S32 consecutive patients who underwent an elective PVH repair.The outcomes of the LVHR

and OVHR were compared in terms of the primary outcomes olinterest SSI.hernia recurrence,and bulging.

Results:T9 patients with LVHR matched lo 79 patients with OVHR with mesh with a median follow-up of 56 mo.LVHR was associated with

fewer SSIs (7.6 o vs.34.1%) but mote cases of bulging (21.5% vs.1.3%) and port

-site hernia (2.5% vs.0.0%).No differences in recurrence

were observed.

Conclusions:LVHR isassociated with fewer SSIs bulmore clinical cases ol bulging and risk of developing a port-site hernia,compared to

OVHR.

ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS

Title:laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus percutaneous catheter drainage for acute cholecystitis inhighrisk patients (CH0C0LA1E):

multicentrc randomised clinicaltrial

Purpose:To assess whether laparoscopic cholecystectomy issuperior to peicutaneous catheter drainage inhigh risk patients with acute

calculous cholecystitis.

Methods:142patients were randomiced to either the laparoscopic cholecystectomy group or to the percutaneous catheter drainage group.

Results:Although rate of death did not differ significantly between the laparoscopic cholecystectomy and percutaneous catheter drainage

group,the complication rate in the laparoscopic cholecystectomy was significantly lower than that of the percutaneous catheter drainage

(12% vs.65%).The drainage group compared to thecholecystectomy group required reintervention ata higher rate,had recurrent biliary

disease more frequently.and had longer lengths of stay.

Conclusions:Laparoscopic cholecystectomy comparedwith percutaneous catheter drainage reduced the rale of ma|or complications in high

risk patients with acutecholecystitis.

CHOCOLATE BMJ 2018:363:1(3965

BREAST CANCER

Title:10 Year Survival aftci Breast-Conserving Surgery Plus Radiotherapy Compared with Mastectomy in Early 8reast Cancer in The

Netherlands: A Population-Based Study

Purpose:To evaluate10 yr overall and bieasl cancer -specific survival after breast conserving surgery plus radiotherapy compared with

mastectomy in Dutch women withearly breast cancer.

Methods:Population study of women from the Netherlands Cancer Regisliy diagnosed with primary,invasive,stage 11-2,NO 1,MO breast

cancer,undergoingeither breast-conserving surgery plus radiotherapy or undergoing mastectomy.

Results:Breast-conserving surgery plus radiotherapy showedimproved10 yr overall and relative survival compared with mastectomy in

early breast cancer,but 10 yr distant metastasis-free survival was improved with breast-conserving surgery plus radiotherapy compared

with mastectomy in theUNO subgroup only,indicating a possible role of confounding by severity.

Conclusions:Breast-conserving surgery plus radiotherapy is al least equivalent to mastectomy with respect to suvrval and may influence

treatment decisions for patients.

10 Year Survival

alter Breast

Conserving Surgery

Plus Radiotherapy

Compared with

Mastectomy in Early

Breast Cancerin

The Netherlands:A

Population-Based

Study

lancet Oncol 2016;17(8):1158

ri

u.J

+

Activate Windows

Go to Settingsto activate Windows.

GS78 General and Thoracic Surgery Toronto Notes 2023

References

Aghighi M. Taherian M, Shaima A. Angiodysplasia. StatPearls, treasure Island|tl):StatPearls Publishing; 2021.

Al -Batr an SE. Homann H. PauligkC. el al. Perioperative chemotherapy with lluorouiacrl plus leucovorin, oxaliplalm. and docelaxel vcrsxisfluorouracil or capectlabine plus crsplalln and epirublcin for locally

advanced,resectable gastric or gastro oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma|tlOI4): a randomised, phase 273 trial,lancet. 2019 May 11:393(10184):1948-1957.

Alexander JW.SolomkiniS. Edwards MJ.Updated recommendations lor control olsurgical site infections. Ann Surg 2001:253:1082-1093.

Amato B.Moja l.Panico S.etal.Shouldice technique versus other open techniqueslor inguinal hernia repair.Cochrane 08 Syst Rev 2012:4X0001543.

Amin M8.Edge SB.Greene Ft.el al. AJCC cancerstaging manual.8th ed.New Yoric:Springer; 2017.

Andren-SandbergA.Diagnosis and managementof gall bladder cancer.N Am J Med Sci 2012:4:293-299.

Andreoli IE.Cecil essentials of medicine, 8lh ed.Philadelphia:W8Saunders, 2010.

Antimicrobial prophylaxisfor surgery.IreatGuidel Med Lett 2009;7:47-52.

Applegate KE.Intussusception in children:evidence- based diagnosis and treatment.Pediatr Radiol 2009;39(Suppl 2):S140-143.

Arnold DI.Reed JB.Burt K.Evaluation and managementof the incidental adrenal mass.Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2003:16:7-12.

ASGE Standards of PracticeCommittee. Maple JT. Ben-Menachem T. et al.the roleof endoscopy in the evaluation of suspected choledocholithiasis.Gastrointest Endorse. 2010:71(1):1.

Attili Af.Carulli H.Roda E.et al.Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis.Am J Epidemiol.1995;141(2):158.

Bach PB.Sihrestri GA. Hanger M.el al.Screening for lung cancer:ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.2nd ed.Chest 2007;132:695-775.

Banks PA. Freeman Ml.Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis.Am J Gastroenterol 2006:101:2379-400.

Baumann MH.treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax.Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000:6:275- 280.

Bararah 8M.Peltekian KM. McAlister VC. et al. Utility of MEID and Child - lurcotle- Pugh scores and the Canadian waitlisting algorithm in predicting short- term survival alter liver transplant.Qm Invest Med

2004:27:162167.

Berry MF.8ograd A J. Approach to the adult patient wr Ih a mediastinal mass. UploOatc 2020 (Updated Feb 12.2020). Available Irom: https:7/www.uptodatc.comfconlcnts/approach to the adult patient with a- mediastinal-mass.

Bhangu A.Singh P. lundy J.etal. Systemic review and me la -analysis ol randomired clinical trialscomparing primary vs. delayed primary skin closure in contaminated and dlrly abdominal incisions.JAMA Surg

2013:148:779 786.

Bland Kl. The practice ol generalsurgery,1st ed. loron to: W8 Saunders.2002.

Blay1 Y. Mehren MV. Blackstein ME. Perspective on updated treatment guidelines for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors.Cancer 2010:116:5126 5137.

Brandi Ml. Pediatric hernias. Surg Clin N Am 2008;88:27-43,vli-viii.

BreastCancer Pathway Map. loron to. ON:Cancer Care Ontario; 2018.

Brink MA.Slots JF.Keulemans VC, et al. Enterohepalic cycling ol bilirubin:a putative mechanism for pigment gallstone formation in ileal Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology.1999;116|6):1420.

Brunicardi FC.Andersen D. Billiar T, et al.Schwartz's principles of surgery.9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2010.

Buxbaum JL.Abbas Fehmi SM, Sultan S, et al.ASGE guideline on the role ol endoscopy in the evaluation and management of choledocholithiasis.Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2019:

Cameron JL,Kieffer RF.Hendrix TR,et al.Selective nonoperative maiagement of contained intrathoracic esophageal disruptions.Ann IhoracSurg.1979;27(S):404-408.

Cameron JL,Cameron Al.Current surgical therapy.13th edition.

Canadian CancerStatistics Advisory Committee.Canadian Cancer Statistics 2017.Toronto.ON:Canadian Cancer Society;2017.

Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.Colorectal cancerscreening.CMAJ 2001:165:206-208.

Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Recommendationson screening for lung cancer.CMAJ 2016:188:425-432.

Cao AM. Eslick GO.Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Gallstones.In:CoxM, EsIickG. Padbury R (eds) The Management of Gallstone Disease.Springer.Cham 2018:53-66.

Carey EJ.Iyer VN. Nelson DR, et al.Outcomes for recipients of liver transplantationfor alpha-1-antitrypsm deficiency-related cirrhosis,liver Itanspl.2013;19|12):1370.

Carmichael JC. Keller OS. Baldini G.etal.Clinical practice guidelinesfor enhanced recovery after colon and rectalsurgery from the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons and Society of American

Gastrointestinal and EndoscopicSurgeons. Dis Colon Rectum 2017:60:761- 784.

Chandler Cf.lane JS. Fergusoan P. et al.Prospective evaluation of early vs.delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for treatment of acute cholecystitis. Am J Surg 2000:66:896-900.

Cholongrtas E.Burroughs AK. The evolution in the prioritization lor liver transplantation. Ann Gastroenterol 2012:25:6-13.

Coccolini F. Nardr M , Mon tori G. et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced gastric and esophagogastric cancer. Me la -analysis of randomized trials. Ini J Surg 2018; 51:120-127.

Co ha M.Ceiulti E.Schellmo MM. el al. Piedmont Intensive Care Units Network (PICUN).Continuous positive airway pressure lor treatment ol postoperative hypoxemia: a randomired controlled trial.JAMA

2005:293:589 595.

ColquittJl, Pickett K.loveman.ct al.Surgery lor weight lossin adults.Cochiane Database Sysl Rev 2014|; 8):C0003641.

Crookc H. Kobayashi M. Mitchell B. et al. Estimating 1 and S- year relative survival trendsin colorectal cancer (CRC) in the United States:2004 to 2014.J Clin Oncol 2018: 36:587 587.

Crowe El.Appleby PN.Alen NE. et al. Diet and risk of diverticular disease in Oxford cohort ol European Prospective Investigation intoCancer and Nutrition (EPIC): prospective study of British vcgelariansand

non- vegetarians.BMJ. 2011 Jul 19:343:d4131.

Dabney A, Thompson J. DiBaise J, el al. Short bowel syndrome alter trauma. Am J Surg 2004 Dec;188(6):792-795.

Dawson SJ.Tsui DW.Murtaza M, et al.Analysis of circulating tumor 0NA to monitor metastatic breast cancer. NEJM 2013:368:1199-1209.

DesaiJ.Elnaggar M, Hanfy AA, el al.Toxic Mega colon:Background.Pathophysiology.Management Challengesand Solutions.CEG 2020:Volume13:203-10.

Dodson MK. Magann EF. Meeks GR.A randomized comparison of secondary closure and secondary intention in patients with superficial wound dehiscence.Obstet Gynecol 1992:80:321-324.

Darouiche R0.Wall MJ Jr.Itam KM,et al.Chlorhexidine-alcohol vs.povidone-iodine for surgical-site antisepsis.NEJM 2010:362:18-26.

de Groen PC.GoresGJ.LaRusso NF,et al.Biliary tract cancers.NEJM1999:341:1368-1378.

Derici H.Kara C.Bozdag AD, et al.Diagnosis and treatment of gallbladder perforation.World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:7832.

Desch CE.Benson AB.Somerfield MR. et al.Colorectal cancersurveillance:2005update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice glideline.J Clin Oncol 2005;23(33):8512-8519.

Doherty GM.Currentsurgical diagnosis and treatment,12th ed. NewYork:McGraw-Hill.2006.

Duncan CB.Riall IS.Evidence- based currentsurgical practice:calculous gallbladder disease.J Gastrointest Surg 2012:16:2011-2025.

Eagon JC.Miedema BW. Kelly KA. Postgastrectomy syndromes.Surg Clin N Am 1992:72:445.

Edell SL Eisen MD.Current imaging modalities for the diagnosis of breast cancer.Delaware Med J 1999;71:377-382.

Engels EA.Epidemiology of thymoma andassociated malignancies.J Ihorac Oncol 2010:5(10 Suppl 4):5260-S265.

Enns RA.Hookey l, Armstrong 0.et al.Clinical Practice Guidelineslor the Use of VideoCapsule Endoscopy.Gastroenterology 2017;152:497-514.

Eskicioqlu C. Forbes SS.Fenech 0, cl al. Preoperative bowel preparation for patients undergoing elective colorectalsurgery:adinical practice guideline endoised by the Canadian Society of Colon and Rectal

Surgeons.Can J Surg 2010.53(6) 385 396

Etlmger DS. Wood DE. Aisner 01, el al. Non Small Cell lung Cancer. Version 5.2017, NCCH Clinical Practice Guidelinesin Oncology.J Natl Compr Cane Ne 2017,15(4) 504 535.

European Association for the Study of the liver (EASl). EASl Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of benign liver tumours.J Hepatol. 2016:65(2):386.

Expert Panel on SINBin Breast Cancer. Sentinel lymph Node Biopsy in Early stage Breast Cancer, lotonlo. ON:Cancer Care Ontario; 2016.

Falkson CB. Bczjak A. Darling G. et al. Ihc management ol thymoma:A systematic review and practice guideline. J Ihorac Oncol 2009;4:911-919.

Fan ST.le Treut YP. Mazzafciro V. cl al.liver transplantation for neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases.HPB (oxford). 2015:1:23-28.

Fashner J. Gitu AC.Diagnosis and treatment ol peptic ukcr disease and H. pylori infection. Am Fam Physician 2015;91|4):236-242.

Ferzoco IB.Raptopoulos V.Silen W. Acute diverticulitis. NEJM 1998:338:1521-1526.

Flum DR. Dellinger EP.Cbeadle A.et al. Intraoperative Cholangiography and Risk of Common Bile Duct Injury during Cholecystectomy.J Am Med Assoc. 2003;

Fournel P.RobinetG.Thomas P, el al.Randomized phase III trial of sequential chemoradiotherapy compared with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer:Groupe lyon-SaintEtienne d'Oncologie Thoracique-Groupe Francaisde Pneumo-Cancerologie NPC 95-01Sludy.J Din Oncol 23:5910-5917.

Gamme G.8itch DW.Karmali S.Minimally invasive splenectomy:an update and review.Can J Surg 2013;56:280-285.

Garcia-Miguel FJ.Serrano-Aguilar PG, Lopez-Bastida J.Preoperative assessment Lancet 2003;362(9397):1749.

Gardner IH.Siddharthan RV.Tsikitis VL.Benign anorectal disease:hemorrhoids,fissures, and fistulas.Ann Gastroenterol 2020;33|1):9-18.

Germani G.Gurusamy K.Garcovich M, et al.Which matters most:number of tumors,size of the largest tumor,or total tumor volume? liver Transplant 2011:Suppl2:S58-66.

Gibril F.ReynoldsJC.Lubensky IA, etal.Ability of somatostabn receptorscintigraphy to identify patients with gastric carcinoids:a prospective study.J Nud Med 2000;41:1646-1656.

Glasgow RE.Mufvihill SJ.Postgastrectomy syndromes. Prohl Gen Surg1997:14:132-152.

Goldhirsh A.Click JH.Gel bet RD.et al.Meeting highlights:International Consensus Panel on the treatmentof primary breast cancer.J Clin Oncol 2001:19:3817-3827.

Goldstein S.Maxwell P.Rectal Prolapse.Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery 2011:24:039-45.

Goodman 20.Neoplasms of the liver. Modern Path 2007:20:49-60.

Graham DJ. McHenry CR.The adrenal incidentaloma: guidelinesfor evaluation and recommendationsfor management.Surg OncClin N Am1998;7:749 764.

Gurusamy KS. Koli R.Fusai G. el al. Early vs. delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for uncomplicated biliary colic.Cochrane DB Syst Rev 2013:6X0007196.

Haugen BR.Alexander EK. Bible KC. cl al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines lor adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: The American thyroid Association

Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2016:26:1-133.

r “r

L J J

+

Activate Windows

Go to Settings to activate Windows.

GS79 General and Thoracic Surgery Toronto Notes 2023

HarlowSP,Weaver. DL. Management of the regional lymph nodes In beast cancer. Uplodate. 2020.Available from: https://www.uptodate.conv

,

contenls/management-of-the-regional-lymph-nodes-in - breast-cancer.

Hawks MK.Svarverud J E. Acute lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding:Evaluation and Management.Am Fam Physician. 2020 Feb1?>:101(4) 206 212.

Heffner JE, Brown IK.8arbieri C.et at.Pleural fluid chemical analysis in parapneumonic effusions. A rneta analysis. Am i Resprr Crit Care Med.1995 Jun:151|6):1700 8.

Hildebrand DR. Ben sassi A, Ross HP. et al. Modern management of splenic trauma. BMJ. 2014:348:g1864.

Hildilch WG. AsburyAJ.Jack E. et al.Validation of a pre-anaesthetic screening questionnaire.Anaesthesia 2003:58:874- 877.

Holland R, Hendriks JH. Microcalcifications associated with ductal carcinoma in situ: mammographic-palhologic correlation.Semin Diagn Pathol 1994:11:181-92.

Hong Z.Wu J,Smart G.etal.Survival analysis of liver transplant patientsin Canada 1997-2002.Transplant Proc 2006:38:2951-2956.

Hope WW. Fanelli R,Walsh DS,et al.SAGES clinical spotlight review:intraoperative cholangiography.Surgical Endoscopy.2017

Hsu WC. Araneta MR. Kanaya AM. etal. BMI cut points to identify at-risk Asian Americans for type 2 diabetesscreening.DiabetesCare. 2015 Jan;38(1):150 3.

Hudrik B. Wilcrek K.Gasior M.Heyde syndrome: gastrointestinal bleeding and aortic stenosis.CMAJ 2016:188:135-8.

Hutson JM. Balic A. Nation I.et al.Cryptorchidism. Semin Pediat Surg 2010;19:215- 224.

Ingraham AM.Cohen ME. Billrnoria KY.el al. Ellect of delay to operation on outcomesin adults with acute appendicitis. Arch Suig 2010:145:886 892.

Ivanovich JL,Read IE,Ciske DJ.el al. A practical approach to familial and hereditary colorectal cancer.Am J Med 1999:107:68-77.

Jackson P.Vigiola Crur M.Intestinal Obstruction: Evaluation and Management.Am Earn Physician. 2018 Sep15;98(6):362-367.

Jaffe T, Thompson W M.Large-Bowel Obstruction in the Adult:Classic Radiographic and CT Findings. Etiology, and Mimics.Radiology 2015 275:3.651-663.

Janne PA, Mayer RJ.Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer.NEJM 2000:342:1960-198.

Jarrell BE.Carabasi RA. NMS Surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincolt Williams t Wilkins.2008.

Johnson CD. Upper abdominal pain:gallbladder.BMJ 2001:323:1170-1173.

Kalfl J. Wchner S. litkouhi B. Postoperative Ileus. Uptodale. 2019. Available from: hltps://www.uplod<ite.com/conlents,poslopura|ive-ilcus.

Kalil AC. Metcrsky Ml. Klompas M. et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and vcnlilatoi- associatcd pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of Arnerica and the

American Thoracic Society.Clin Infect Dis 2016:63:61-111.

Kaoulzanis C.Davies E. Leichtle SW. et aL Is hepato-imino diacetic acid scan a belter imaging modality than abdominal ultrasound for diagnosing acute cholecystitis? Am J Surg. 2015 Sep;210(3):473-82.

Kasper 0L.Harrison's principles of internal medicine,16th ed.2005.

Kasper DL.Braunwald E. Fauci AS. etal (edrtors). Harrison'

s principles of internal medicine.19th ed. USA: McGraw- Hill Professional.2015.

Kehlet H. Holte K.Review of postoperabve ileus.Am J Surg 2001:182(Suppf|:3S-10S.

Kerneny MM.Adak S.Gray B. el al.Combined modality treatment for resectable metaslalic colorectal carcinoma to the livei:surgical resection of hepatic metaslases in combination with continuousinfusion of

chemotherapy an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 2002:20:1499-1505.

Kerkhofs IM.Roumen RM. Demeyere IB. el al. Adrenal tumors with unexpected outcome:a review ol the literature. Ini J Endocrinol 2015:710514.

Kim WR. Mannahlhara A. Heimbach JK.et al. MELD 3.0: The Model for End Stage Liver Oisease Updated lor the Modern Era. Gastroenterology.2021 Dec;161(6):1887-1895.e4. doi:10.10537j.gastro.2021.08.050.

Epub 2021Sep 3. PMID: 34481845: PMCID:PMC8608337

King JE. DozoLs RR.Lind or NM,etal.Care of pabents and their families with familial adenomatous polyposis.Mayo Clin Proc 2000:75:57-67.

Kittaneh M.Montero AJ, GluckS. Molecular profiling for breast cancer:a comprehensive review.Biomark Cancer 2013;5:61-70.

Klein S. Evaluation of palpable breast masses.Am Fam Physician.2005 May1;71(9|:1731-1738.

tatif A. Gastric cancer update on diagnosis,staging and therapy. Postgrad Med 1997:102:231-236.

Lawrence PF. Essentials of general surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincotl Williams 6Wilkins. 2000.

Ic CK, NahirniakP. Anand S. etal. Volvulus.StalPearls, Treasure Island (FI): StatPearlsPublishing; 2021.

Ice PJ.Glycogen storage disease type I: Pathophysiology of liver adenomas. Eur J Pediatr 2002:161|Suppl 1):S46 49.

Lee YN. Moon JH.Optimal predictive criteria for common bile ductstones:The search continues.Clinical Endoscopy.2021.

Leitzmann ME.Grovannuca EL. Rimm E8.etal.The relation of physical activity to risk forsymptomatic gallstone disease in men.Ann Intern Med.1998;128|6):417.

Levine CO.Toxic megacolon:diagnosis and treatment challenges.AACH Clinical Issues1999:10:492-499.

Li Cl. Anderson 80.Daling JR. et al.Trendsin incidence rates of invasive lobular and ductal breast carcinoma.JAMA 2003:289:1421-1424.

Hang MK.Berger RL. Li IT.et al. Oulcomesof laparoscopic vs.open repair of pnmary ventral hernias.JAMA Surg 2013:148:1043-1048.

lickstcln LH. Matthews JB.Elective surgical management of peptic ulcer disease. Probl Gen Surg 1997:14:37-53.

Light RW. Ihe management ol parapneumonic effusions and empyema.Curr Opin Pulm Med 1998:4:227 229.

tim RB, Blackburn Gl.Jones DB. Benchmarking best practicesin weight losssurgery.Curr Probl Surg.2010 Feb;47(2):79-174.

Lin AC.Yeh DY. Hsu YH. et al. Diagnosisof pyogenic liver abscess by abdominal ultrasonography in the emergency department. Emerg Med J.2009:26(4):273.

MacMahon H.Haidich DP,GooJM. etal.Guidelines for management of incidental pulmonary nodulesdetected on CTscans:From the Eleischner Society. Radiology 2017;284(1):228-243.

MadenAK.AIiabadLWahleS. TesiD.etal.How early is early laparoscopic treatment of acute cholecystitis? Am J Surg 2002:183:232-236.

Hand el JS, Bond JH.Church TR, etal. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood.Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. NEJM1993:328:1365-1371.

Mandel JS,Church IR. Bond JH, et al. The effect of fecal occult blood screening on the incrdenccof colorectal cancer. HEJM 2000:343:1603-1607.

Mamounas EP. NSABP breast cancer clinical dials:recent results and future directions.Clin Med Res 2003:1:309-326.

Martin RF. Rossi RL. The acute abdomen: an over wcw and algorithms. Surg Clin N Am 1997:77:1227 1243.

Mavros MH, Economopoulos KP.Alexiou VG.etal. Treatment and prognosisfor patients with inlrahepalic cholangiocatcinoma:systematic reviewand meld analysis. JAMA Surg 2014;149|6):565-574.

McLoud 1C.Swenson SJ.Lung carcinoma.Clin Chest Med 1999:20:697-713.

Metz DC.CadiotG.Poitras Petal. Diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in the era of PPIs.faulty gastrin assays,sensitive imaging and limited accesstoacid secretory testing.IntJ Endocr Oncol 2017:4:167.

MeyerhardtJA. ManguPB, Flynn PJ.etal.Follow-up care,surveillance protocol,and secondary prevention measuresforsurvivors of colorectal cancer:American Society of Clinical Oncology dinical practice

guideline endorsement.J Clin Oncol 2013;31(35):4465-70.

Mills P. Sever A.WeeksJ. et al. Axillary ultrasound assessment in primary breast cancer:an audit ol 653 cases.Breast J 2010:16(5):460.

Moore Kl, Dailey AF. Agur AMR.Clinically oriented anatomy. 6th ed. Philadelphia:lippincolt Williams and Wilkins, 2010.

Momodu II. Wallen JM. Achalasia. Availablefrom: hllps://www.ncbi.nlm.nib,gov/books.lHBK519515/

MoslerP Dia

MoutadMM.

gnosis and management ol acute cholangitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2011 Apt:13(2|:166-72.

Evans RPI. Kalidindi V.et al.Prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis: endless debate.Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2017;99|2|:107-112.

Murken OR.WeisJJ.Hill GC, etal. Radiographic assessment of splenic injury withoutcontrast:is contrast truly needed?Surgery.2012 0ct:152|4):676-82.

Nakazato T,Su 8. Novak S, et at.Improving attainment of the critical view of safety during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Surg Endosc 2019:Epub ahead of print.

Nguyen BN. Flejou JE.Terris B. et al. Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver:a comprehensive pathologic study of 305 lesions and recognition of new histologic forms.Am J Surg Pathol.1999:23|12):1441.

Ost D. Fein AM. Feinsilvcr SH. Ihesolitary pulmonary nodule. NEJM 2003:348:2535-4252.

Patel VK. Apractical algorithmic approach to the diagnosis and management ol solitary pulmonary nodules: part1: radiologic characteristics and imaging modalities.Chest. 2013 Mur ;143(3|:825 839.

Paulson EK. KaladyMF, Pappas IN. Suspected appendicitis. NEJM 2003:348:236 242.

Renner RM. Maiumdar SR. Diagnostic approach to abdominal pain in adults. Rose BO (editor). Waltham: UploDate. 2013.

Polk H.Christmas B. Prophylactic antibioticsin surgery and surgical wound infections.Am Surgeon 2000:66:105-111.

Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis.CDC.Available from:http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod7hip/SSI7SSI.pdf.

Public Health Agency of Canada.Breast Cancer in Canada.Available from:https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer.html.

Rahimian J,Wilson T.Oram V.el al.Pyogenic liver abscess:Recent trends in etiology and mortality.Clin Infect Ois 2004;39(11):1654-1659.

Ransohoff OF, Sandler RS.Screening for colorectal cancer. NEJM 2002;346:40-44.

Ravikumar R.WilliamsJG.The operative management of gallstone ileus. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2010:92:279 281.

Rawla P, Sun kata1. Mur alidharan P,etal.An updated review ol cystic hepatic lesions. Clin Exp Hepatol 2019:5 22-29.

Ray BS. Neill Cl. Abdominal visceral sensabon in man. Ann Surg 1947:126:709-723.

Rocha Garcia AM. Mera Fernandez 0. Breast tomosynthesis:state of the art. Radiologia (Panama). 2019

Rollins KE,Javanmard-Emamghissi H.Lobo DN.Impact of mechanical bowel preparation in elective colorectalsurgery:A meta-analysis.World J Gastroentero 2018;24:519-536.

Ronellenfitsch U.Schwarzbach M. Hofheinz R.et al. Perioperative chemo(radio)therapy vs.primary surgery for resectable adenocarcinoma of Ihestomach.gastroesophageal junction, and lower esophagus.

Cochrane DB Syst Rev 2013;5:CD008107.

Rosen MJ.Krpata DM. Petro CC, et al.Biologic vs Synthetic Mesh for Single-stage Repair of Contaminated Ventral Hernias:A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA Surg. 2022 Apr 1;157(4):293-301. doi:10.10011

jamasurg.2021.6902. PMI0: 35044431; PMCID: PMC8771431.

Roy MA. Inflammatory bowel disease. Surg Clm N Am 1997;77:1419 -1431.

Row 0. Weiser MR. Anorectal Melanoma. Clin Colon Rcdal Surg 2009:22:122-126.

Rubin BP. Heinrich MC, CorlessCL. Gastrointestinal stromal tumour.Lancet 2007:369:1731-1741.

ri

L J

+

Rustgi AK.Hereditary gastrointestinal polyposis and nonpolyposissyndromes. NEJM 1994:331:1694-1702.

Sakorafas GH, Blanchard K,Sarr MG. etal.Paget'sdisease of the breast.Cancer Treatment Reviews 2001;27:9-18.

Sailin en V. Akl EA.You JJ. et al.Meta -analysis of antibiotics versus appendicectomy lor non - perforated acute appendicitis.Br J Surg.2016 May:103(6):656-667.

Safieddine N.Liu G.Cuningham K, et al. Prognostic factorsfor cure,recurrence and long-term survival altersurgical resection of thymoma.J Thorac Oncol 2014;9:1018-1022.

Activate Windows

Go to Settings to activate Windows.

GS80 (iciicr.iland Thoracic Surgery Toronto Notes 2023

Safwan M,Penny SM.Emphysematous Cholecystitis:A Deadly Twist to a Common Disease.JDiagn Med Sonogr 2016:32(3):131-137.

Sandlin L,Sandroussi C.Guba M. elal.Living donorliver transplantation vs.deceased donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:comparable survival and recurrence.Liver Transplant 2012:18:315-

322

Sauerland S,JaschinskiI.Neugebauer EA.Laparoscopicvs.open surgery for suspected appendicitis.Cochrane DB Syst Rev 2010:10:CD001546.

Shabanradeh DM.Sorensen LI. Jorgensen T.A prediction rule for risk stratification ofincidentally discovered gallstones:results froma large cohort study.Gastroenterology 2016:150:156.

Sbcth SG,LaMont JT.Toxic megacolon.lancet 1998:351:509-513.

Shojaiefard A,Esmaeilradeh M.Ghafouri A.ctal.Various techniques for the surgicaltreatment olcommon bile duct stones:A meta review.Gaslroenterol Res Pract 2009:840208.

Short MW.layton MC.leer BN,cl al.Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance. Am fam Physician. 2015:91|2):93-100.

Sigalet 0L. Short bowel syndrome ininfants and children:an overview.Semin Pcdiatr Sutg. 2001May;10(2):49 55.

Simeone DM.Hassan A,Scheiman JM.Giant peptic ulcer:asurgical or medical disease? Surgery 1999:126:4 /4 478.

Silari R,Skierucha M,Mielko J,el al.Gastric cancer:epidemiology,prevention,classification,and treatment. Cancer Manag Res 2018;10:239-248.

Soares KC.et al.Choledochal cysts:presentation,clinical differentiation,and management J Am CollSurg 2014:219:1167-1180.

Soreide K.ThorsenK.Soreide JA.Strategies toimprove the outcome of emergency surgery for perforated peptic ulcer.8r J Surg.2014 Jan;101|1):e51-64.

Styblo TM,Wood WC.The management of ductal andlobular breast cancer.Surg Oncol1999:8:67-75.

The CanadianTask Force onPreventive Health Care.Recommendations on screening for breast cancer inaverage-risk women aged 40-74 years.CMAJ 2011:183:1991-2001.

Tsai CJ.leiUmann ME.Willett WC. et al. The effect of long-term intake of cis unsalurated fats on the risk for gallstone disease in men:a prospective cohort study.Ann Intern Med.2004;141|7|:514.

Tsai JF.Chuang LY. Jeng JE,et al.Betel quid chevring as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma:a case-control study.Br J Cancer.2001;84(5):709.

Tseng JF. Tamm EP.Lee JE,et al.Venous resectionin pancreatic cancer surgery.Best Pract RcsClinGaslroenterol 2006:20:349-364.

Van Agtercn JE.Carson KV. Tiong IU. cl al.lung volume reduction surgery lor diffuse emphysema.Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016:10:CD001001.

Van Beers BE.Diagnosis of cholanglocarcinoma. HP8 (Oxford) 2008;10:87-93.

Hagen P. Hulshof MC.van lanschol JJ.el al.Preoperative chcmoradiotheiupy for esophageal or junctional cancer. NEJM 2012 May 31:366|22):2074- 2084.

Vasei N.Shishegar A.Ghalkham F,clal.Fat necrosis in the Breast:A systematic review ol clinical trials. LipidsHealth Ois 2019:18:139.

Verlcden GM,Raghu G.Meyer KC.et al.Anew classification system for chronic lung allograft dyslunction.J Heart lung Transplant 2014:33:127-133.

Wadsworth CA.Oixon PH.Wong JH,et al.Genetic factors in the pathogenesis of cholangiocatcinoma.Dig Dis 2011:29:93-97.

Waki K.UN0S Liver Registry:ten yearsurvivals.Clin Transplant 2006:29-39.

Way LW.Current surgical diagnosis and treatment.11lhed.2003.

Weill 0.Lung Transplantation:indications and contraindications.J Thorac Dis 2018:10:4574-4587.

WilkinsT.Wheeler B.Carpenter M. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Adults:Evaluation and Management.Am Fam Physician.2020 Mar1;101(5):294-300.

Willems SM. van Deurien CH. van Oiesl PJ.Diagnosis of breast lesions:fine-needle aspiration cytology or core needle biopsy? A review.J Clin Pathol 2012:65:287-292.

William BM.Corana GR.Hyposplenism:a comprehensive review.Part I:basic concepts andcauses. Hematology. 2007Feb;12(1):1-13.

Wilms IM. de Hoog DE.dc Vasei DC. et al. Appendectomy vs.antibiotic treatment for acule appendicitis Cochrane Oatabasc Syst Rev 2011;|11):CD008359.

WinstonI. Livingston R. Johnson D. et al. Vinorclbmo plus Cisplatin vs. Observation inResected Non-Sinall-Cell lung Cancer.NEJM 2005:352:2589 2597.

World Health Organitation. Cancer.Sept 28.Available from:hllps;//www.who.inl/news- room/lact-sheels/detail/cancer.

Yadav 0.Agarwal N.Pitchumonl CS. A critical evaluation of laboratory tests in acute pancreatitis. Am JGaslroenterol 2002:97:1309-1318.

YamamotoI.WalanabeI.Surgery lor luminal Crohn's disease.World J Gaslroenterol.2014 Jan ?:20|1|:78-90.

Yang XY.Chen CX.Zhang BL.et al.Diagnostic effect of capsule endoscopy in 31cases of subacute small bowel obstruction.WorldJGastroenterol.2009 May 21:15|19):2401-5.

Yeo HL,Lee SW.Colorectal emergencies:review andconlroversies in the management of large bowel obstruction.J Gastrointest Surg.2013 Nov;17(11):2007-12.

Zhang H.YangI.Wu M.et al.Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma:Epidemiology,risk factors,diagnosis and surgical management.Cancer Lett 2016;379:198-205.

Zittel TT,Jehle EC.Becker HD.Surgical management of peptic ulcer disease today - indication,technique and outcome.Langenbecks Archives of Surgery 2000:385:84-96.

van

r n

LJ

+

Activate Windows

Go to Settings to activate Windows.

Geriatric Medicine

lmaan Zcra Khcrani aiul Saba Manzoor, chapter editors

Karolina Gacbe and Alyssa Li, associate editors

Wei hang Dai and Camilla Giovino, E8M editors

Dr. Jillian Alston, Dr. Vicky Chau, and Dr.Thiru Yogaparan,stall'

editors

Acronyms

Physiology and Pathology of Aging

Framework for the Approach to the Older Adult

Presentations in Older Adults

Constipation

Delirium

Elder Abuse

Falls

Frailty

Immobility

Incontinence

Malnutrition

Presbycusis

Presbyopia

Pressure Injuries

Driving Competency

Reporting Requirements

Conditions That May Impair Driving

Hazards of Hospitalization

Healthcare Institutions

Geriatric Pharmacology.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics

Polypharmacy

Inappropriate Prescribing inOlder Adults

Common Medications

Landmark Geriatric Medicine Trials

References

GM2

GM2

GM3

GM4

GM13

GM14

GM15

GM15

GM17

GM18

GM19

r T

L L j

+