INDEX

I-26 Beriberi. See also Thiamine (vitamin B1

) deficiency

cardiac manifestations of, 278, 1965

clinical features of, 2524–2525, 2524t

dry, 2524–2525, 3496

wet, 2524, 3496

Berkelium exposure, S5

Berlin Questionnaire, 2203

Bermejo virus, 1628t

Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 907, 908, 909

Bernoulli effect, 2135

Berry aneurysm, 3353–3355. See also Subarachnoid

hemorrhage

Beryllium, 2167t, 2170

Beryllium disease/toxicity, 397, 2170

Beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test, 2170

β-adrenergic agonists

actions of, 1802, 1805, 1806f, 2084

adverse effects of, 84, 348, 355, 2156

for asthma, 2155–2156, 2158, 2158t

for COPD, 2186, 2187f, 2189

genetic variations in response to, 478

for high-altitude pulmonary edema, 3620

for hyperkalemia, 355

overdosage/poisoning with, 3584, 3590t

β-adrenergic antagonists (beta blockers)

for accessory pathway-mediated tachycardia,

1898

for acute angle-closure glaucoma, 221

adverse effects of, 226, 469, 2041, 2042t

alopecia, 384

arthralgias, 2847t

AV conduction block, 1881, 1885

bronchospasm, 2153

cutaneous, 377, 383, 409

erectile dysfunction, 3058

hair loss, 410

heat-related illness, 3635

hypoglycemia, 3132

Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2114

SA node dysfunction, 1875t

xerostomia, 261

aldosterone-renin ratio effects of, 2966t

for aortic aneurysm, 2103

for aortic dissection, 2106

for aortic regurgitation, 1989

for atrial fibrillation, 1905

for AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, 1896

contraindications to, 2041, 2042t, 2050t, 2057,

2728

for cyclic vomiting syndrome, 294

drug interactions of, 473, 1710, 2042t, 2610,

3543t

genetic variations in response to, 478

for glaucoma, 221, 226

for heart failure, 1946f, 1947, 1948t

for high-altitude pulmonary edema, 2256

for hypertension, 2083t, 2084

for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1971

for inappropriate sinus tachycardia, 1892

for ischemic heart disease, 2040t, 2041

for migraine prevention, 3364, 3365t

for NSTE-ACS, 2048, 2050t, 2052

overdosage/poisoning with, 3591t, 3595t

for palpitations, 287

perioperative, 3771

in peripheral artery disease, 2109

for pheochromocytoma, 2979

for phobic disorders, 3545

for prevention of sudden cardiac death, 2264

for respiratory alkalosis, 368

for STEMI, 2057, 2061, 2065

for syncope, 155

for treatment-induced cardiovascular disease,

739

for variceal bleeding, 311, 2630

for ventricular arrhythmias, 1913

β-adrenergic receptors, 478, 2073

Beta blockers. See β-adrenergic antagonists (beta

blockers)

β-carotene

cancer and, 2530

for erythropoietic protoporphyria, 423

for lung cancer prevention, 492

for macular degeneration, 226, 3786

β-globin gene mutations, 3648f, 3649

β-glucan test, 1656

β-hemolytic streptococcal infections. See Group A

Streptococcus (GAS) infections; Group B

Streptococcus (GBS) infections

β-IV spectrin, 2697t

β-lactam antibiotics

actions of, 1148, 1153, 1164t, 1165f

adverse effects of, 147, 414, 1154t, 1158

for anaerobic bacterial infections, 1355–1356

for community-acquired pneumonia, 947t, 1014,

1014t

cross-sensitivity to, 1158

for cystic fibrosis, 2179

for cystitis, 1076, 1076t

for infective endocarditis, 1187

for P. aeruginosa infections, 1286

for pneumococcal infections, 1175–1176

resistance to

in anaerobic bacteria, 1356

detection of, 1013

in F. tularensis, 1318

mechanisms of, 1163–1166, 1164t, 1165f, 1202

β-lactamase(s), 1164–1166, 1264, 1264t, 1276

β-lactamase inhibitors, 1265

Beta (β) radiation, S5

β-thalassemia. See Thalassemia syndromes

β2

-glycoprotein, 2696t, 2749, 2774

β2

-glycoprotein antibodies, 2745, 2749t

β2

-microglobulin, 844, 878, 878t, 883

β-amyloid. See Aβ amyloid

β-amyloid. See Aβ

Beta diversity, 3695

β-globin genes, 755, 755f, 756, 762

Betaine, 3272

Betamethasone, 377, 3531

Betaxolol, 2040t

Bethanechol, 3474, 3543t, 3549, 3592t

Bethesda assay, 913, 919

Bethesda classification, thyroid cytology, 2954,

2954t

Bethlem myopathy, 3519, 3522t, 3524t

Betibeglogene autotemcel, 3686t

BET inhibitors, 3794

Bevacizumab

actions and targets of, 514t, 525f, 526, 536f, 537,

2707t

adverse effects of, 526, 537, 642, 652

cardiovascular, 739

hemoptysis, 572

hypersensitivity reaction, 577

nephrotoxicity, 2301

neurologic, 711, 711t

thrombotic microangiopathy, 2365

for brain metastases, 570, 709

for colorectal cancer, 642

for endometrial cancer, 700

for glioblastoma, 704, 704f

for hepatocellular carcinoma, 649, 649t, 651,

651f, 652, 652f

indications for, 2707t

for lung cancer, 605t, 609

for macular degeneration, 226

for metastatic cervical cancer, 699

for ovarian cancer, 697

Bexarotene, 850, 3144

Bezlotoxumab, 1069, 1069t

Bezold-Jarisch reflex, 132, 1877, 1882

bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), 524, 524f,

2435, 2908

BFM-like regimen, 831, 831f

Bhanja virus, 1625t

Bias, in screening tests, 494

Bicalutamide, 544, 686, 687

Bicarbonate, 2290f, 2291, 2657

Bicarbonate therapy

for DKA, 3116

for hyperkalemia, 355

for hypovolemia, 341

for internal radionuclide contamination, S5

for lactic acidosis, 362

for metabolic acidosis, 361

for salicylate-induced acidosis, 362

for uremic acidosis, 364

Bicarbonaturia, 342, 349

Bicipital tendinitis and rupture, 2879

Bictegravir, 1588t, 1589, 1591f, 1592t

Bicuspid aortic valve disease, 1979

Bidi, 3564

Bifascicular block, 1886. See also Atrioventricular

(AV) conduction block

Bifidobacterium spp., 2492, 3694, 3697

Bifid pulse, 1818

Bifid uvula, 1816

Bigeminy, 1911, 1917f

Biglycan, 3219t

Biguanides, 361, 3110–3111, 3110t, 3113, 3157. See

also Metformin

Bilateral simultaneous stimulation test, 172

Bilberry, 454t

Bile

composition of, 2641–2642

effects on esophageal epithelium, 2429

functions of, 2381

hepatic, concentration within gallbladder,

2641

leak, from duct of Luschka, 2396f

limey, cholecystitis and, 2648

regulation of flow of, 2641–2642

secretion of, 2641–2642

Bile acid(s), 2461, 2461f, 2461t, 2641, 3700

Bile acid diarrhea, 303, 2461, 2461t

Bile acid malabsorption, 303, 306

Bile acid pool, 2641

Bile acid sequestrants

adverse effects of, 3112, 3142t, 3156

for bile acid diarrhea, 2461, 2461t

for lipoprotein disorders, 3142t, 3149–3150

for metabolic syndrome, 3156

for type 2 diabetes mellitus, 3112

Bile duct(s)

common, 2641

imaging of, 2410, 2415f, V5

obstruction of, 568, 2394f, 2395f, 2410

Bile duct disease, 2649

choledocholithiasis, 320, 2649

congenital anomalies, 2649

diagnosis of, 2651t

extrinsic compression, 2651

hemobilia, 2650–2651

hepatobiliary parasitism, 2651–2652

in HIV infection, 1571

INDEX

primary sclerosing cholangitis. See Primary I-27

sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)

stones, 2393, 2393f, V5

strictures, 2650

trauma-related, 2650

Bile reflux gastropathy, surgery-related, 2452

Bile salt excretory protein, 2561

Bile salt export pump, 2642

Biliary atresia, 2634, 2649

Biliary cirrhosis, 2627. See also Primary biliary

cholangitis (PBC)

coagulation disorders in, 917–918

secondary, choledocholithiasis and, 2650

xanthomas in, 395

Biliary colic

abdominal pain in, 109, 111, 295

differential diagnosis of, 295

in gallbladder disease, 2645

nausea and vomiting in, 292

Biliary dyskinesia, postcholecystectomy, 2649

Biliary ectasia, congenital, 2649

Biliary hypoplasia, 2649

Biliary sludge, 2644

Biliopancreatic diversion, 3093f, 3094

Biliprotein, 316

Bilirubin. See also Jaundice

biliary excretion of, 2557

conjugated, 315–316, 2556t, 2557

delta fraction, 316

extrahepatic disposition of, 2557

in gut, 2557

hepatocellular transport of, 2557, 2557f

metabolism of, 315–316, 2557

production of, 315–316, 2558

renal excretion of, 2557

serum, 316

elevation of. See Hyperbilirubinemia

in liver function evaluation, 318, 2553, 2554f,

2556t

measurement of, 316

normal value, 316

unconjugated, 315–316, 2553

urine, 316, 2553, 2556t, 2557

Bilirubinuria, 315, 316

Biliverdin, 315

Biliverdin reductase, 315

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 3703

Billowing mitral leaflet syndrome. See Mitral valve

prolapse

Billroth procedures, 2451, 2451f

Binge-eating disorder, 3553

Binimetinib, 546t, 552, 584, 585

Binswanger’s disease, 3382

Bioavailability, 466, 466f

Biodegradable vascular scaffold (BVS) stent, 2067

Biodosimetry Assessment Tool, S5

Bioelectrical impedance, 2538t

Biofeedback training, 308, 2503, 3361, 3785t, 3788

Biofilms, 951

Bioinformatics, 3659

Biolimus, 2067

Biologic signal, S11

Biologic systems, 3812–3814, 3813f. See also

Systems biology

Biologic therapy. See also Gene therapy

for cancer. See Cancer biologic therapy

for IBD, 2484–2486, 2487t

for rheumatoid arthritis, 2761, 2762–2763t, 2763

Biomass smoke-induced illness, 2172–2173, 2173f

Biomedical Advanced Research and Development

Authority (BARDA), S3

Bioprosthetic heart valve. See Prosthetic heart valve

Biopsy, 482–483, 529–530, 530t, S11. See also

specific types and sites

Bioterrorism, 1136, S3, S6

Biotin, 2519t, 2528

Bipolar cell antibodies, 728t

Bipolar disorder, 3537, 3550, 3551t, 3809

Bipolaris spp., 564

Birbeck granules, 865

Bird fancier’s lung, 2160, 2160t, 2161f

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, 395, 673, 674t

Bisacodyl, 80t, 302, 308

BISAP (Bedside Index of Severity in Acute

Pancreatitis), 2663

Bisexual, 3079t

Bismuth-containing preparations, 2443t, 2445

Bismuth poisoning, 260t

Bismuth subcitrate, 2447t, 2448t

Bismuth subsalicylate

adverse effects of, 302, 409, 2445

for diarrhea, 302

in H. pylori eradication, 296, 1283t, 2447t, 2448t

for microscopic colitis, 304

for travelers’ diarrhea prophylaxis, 302, 997, 1066

for travelers’ diarrhea treatment, 1065t

Bisoprolol, 1948t, 2040t

Bispecific tumor engaging (BiTe) antibodies, 535,

536f

2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate, 755

Bisphosphonates

actions of, 520, 3202

adverse effects of, 3205

actinomycotic osteomyelitis, 1341, 1341f

atypical femur fracture, 3205

osteonecrosis of jaw, 262, 625, 715, 2847t, 3205

for bone metastases, 625

for bone pain, 79, 716

for fibrous dysplasia, 3215

for fracture prevention, 3204f

for hypercalcemia, 357, 723, 3184, 3184t

for metastatic bone disease, 716

for multiple myeloma, 715

for osteogenesis imperfecta, 3224

for osteoporosis treatment, 3203–3205, 3209

for Paget’s disease of bone, 3212, 3212t

prophylactic

in breast cancer, 622

in osteoporosis, 3045, 3203

in prostate cancer, 688

Bite cells, 784, 784f

Bite-wounds, 1124

antibiotic prophylaxis, 1126–1127

approach to the patient, 1162t

cat. See Cat(s), bite-wounds

dog. See Dog(s), bite-wounds

epidemiology of, 1124–1125

hepatitis B prophylaxis, 1127

human, 1037, 1125, 1127t

infections of, 1125, 1127t

other animals, 1125

rabies and tetanus prophylaxis, 1127

treatment of, 1039t, 1126–1127, 1127t

Bithionol, 422t

Bitot’s spots, 2530

Bitter taste sensation, 233

Bivalirudin

actions of, 933

for anticoagulation in heparin-induced

thrombocytopenia, 906

for DVT/PE, 2098, 2099t

vs. heparin, 933

for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 1861

for NSTE-ACS, 2050t, 2051

in PCI, 2066

pharmacology of, 933t

BK virus infection

in cancer patient, 562

respiratory tract, 1511

in transplant recipient

after HCT, 1138t, 1141

after kidney transplant, 1141t, 1143, 2330

Black Creek Canal virus, 1628t

Black Death, 1320, S3

Black hairy tongue, 260t

Blackhead, 381

Blackout, 3558

Black tar heroin, 1215

Black widow spider bite, 110, 3612

Bladder

dysfunction of, 3455, 3474

obstruction of, 109

pain. See Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain

syndrome (IC/BPS)

Bladder cancer, 676

carcinoma of unknown primary and, 718t

chemotherapy-related, 742

clinical features of, 677

deaths from, 481t, 676

diagnosis of, 677

epidemiology of, 676

genetic considerations in, 676–677

global considerations in, 676

histology of, 677, 678f

incidence of, 481t, 482f, 676

in Lynch syndrome, 677

molecular biology of, 677–678

prognosis of, 679f

recurrence risk in, 678, 679t

risk factors for, 676–677

staging of, 678, 679f

treatment of, 537, 578–680, 680t

Bladder neck obstruction, 2301

“Blade of glass” lesion, 3210

Blastic NK-cell lymphoma, 858

Blastic phase, in CML, 827

Blastocystis hominis infection, 1767

Blastomyces spp., 1664, 1664f

Blastomyces spp. infections, 1664

approach to the patient, 1665–1666

clinical features of, 1035, 1044, 1113t, 1653t,

1666

diagnosis of, 1114, 1653t, 1666–1667

disseminated, 1666

epidemiology of, 1664–1665

global considerations in, 1664

pathogenesis of, 1665

prevention of, 1668

prognosis of, 1667–1668

pulmonary, 1666

risk factors for, 1653t, 1666

in transplant recipient, 1142t

treatment of, 1667, 1667t

Blau’s syndrome, 2843

Bleeding, 450

approach to the patient, 453

in CKD, 2316

in DIC, 916

drug-induced, 454, 454t, 930, 931, 934

in filovirus infections, 1649

gastrointestinal. See Gastrointestinal bleeding

in hemophilia, 912–913

history in, 453–454

laboratory evaluation of, 455–456, 455f

in liver disease, 918t

systemic diseases that cause/exacerbate, 454

INDEX

I-28 Bleeding (Cont.):

variceal

esophageal. See Esophageal varices

gastric, 2403, 2409f, 2664

Bleeding time, 455

Bleomycin

actions of, 542

adverse effects of, 540t, 542

cutaneous, 410, 2847t

hair loss, 410

hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 575

in hyperbaric oxygen therapy, 3624

hyperpigmentation, 391

nausea and vomiting, 554

pulmonary, 561, 575, 691, 739, 2192

pulmonary fibrosis, 542, 738t

Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2114

interactions and issues, 540t

for ovarian germ cell tumors, 698

for pericardial effusion, 489

for pleural effusion, 489

for testicular cancer, 691, 692–693f, 694

Blepharitis, 219–220, 3611

Blepharoptosis, 228

Blepharospasm, 3402, 3441, V3

Blinatumomab, 514t, 536f, 537, 574, 833, 833t

Blind loop syndrome. See Small-bowel bacterial

overgrowth

Blindness. See Visual loss

Blind spot, 218

Blister beetle, 3615

Blister cells, 784

Blistering/vesicant agents, S4

BLM gene mutations, 503t

Blomstrand’s lethal chondrodysplasia, 3179f

Blood

components, 884, 885–886t

laboratory evaluation of, S11, S12. See also

Peripheral blood smear

transfusions. See Transfusion(s)

Blood-brain barrier, 470f

Blood culture, 1012, 1025–1026, S11

Blood flukes. See Schistosoma spp.

Blood gases. See Arterial blood gases

Blood glucose monitoring, 2543, 3106. See also

Glycemic control

Blood groups, 884, 887–888, 887t

Blood pressure. See also Hypertension;

Hypotension

age-related changes in, 2072

circadian variations in, 3810

control of, 1802

goals for, 2076, 2076t, 2085–2086

measurement of, 1818, 2076–2077, 2081

in pregnancy, 3762

regulation of, 2072

arterial pressure in, 2072f

autonomic nervous system in, 2073

intravascular volume in, 2072–2073

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in,

2073–2074, 2074f

vascular mechanisms in, 2074–2075

response to Valsalva maneuver, 3431–3432,

3432t

screening, 39t

Blood products, contamination of

hepatitis viruses, 912, 2573

HIV, 912, 1533t, 1534

malaria, 1726

screening for, 1534

T. cruzi, 948

Yersinia, 1327

Blood substitutes, 792

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

in AKI, 2305, 2306

in hyponatremia, 344

in hypovolemia, 341

in nutrition assessment, 2538t

in prerenal azotemia, 341

Blood vessels

biology of, 1800

origin of vascular cells, 1800

regeneration of, 1803

smooth muscles of, 1801f, 1802

in tumor angiogenesis, 523f, 524–525, 525f

vascular cell biology of, 1802

Blood volume, 2295, 2295f

Bloom’s syndrome, 503t, 740, 3642, S8

“Blueberry muffin syndrome.” See Rubella,

congenital

“Blue bloaters,” 2185

Blue halo effect, 3060

Blue light, 418, 3803

Blue macules, 391

Blue nevus, 397

Blue River virus, 1628t

Blue rubber bleb syndrome, 397

Blue sclera, 1816, 3213, 3221, 3223

“Blue toe” syndrome, 2111, 2111f

Blumer’s shelf, 630

Blunt injury, cardiac, 2029–2030

B lymphocytes. See B cell(s)

BMAL1, 3801

BMAL1 gene mutations, 3805t, 3808, 3811

BMI. See Body mass index (BMI)

Bmi-1, 744f, 745

BMI-1, 3792

BMP1 gene mutations, 3221, 3222t, 3223

BMPR1A gene mutations, 503t

BNP. See B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Bocaviruses, 248, 1497, 1511

Boceprevir

adverse effects of, 2607

for chronic HCV infection, 2606–2607, 2608t

drug interactions of, 2607

Body composition, 2537, 2538t

Body fat, 2967. See also Obesity

Body fluids

composition of, 338–340

detection of parasites in, S12

specimen collection and transport, S11

Body image disorder, 3025, 3073

Body lice (Pediculus humanus), 1422, 1435,

3610–3611

Body mass index (BMI)

calculation of, 3081, 3088

classification of, 3081, 3088t

in malnutrition, 2541

in nutrition assessment, 2535t

visual, 2541

Body plethysmography, 2138–2139

Body temperature, 130

Body weight. See Weight

Boerhaave’s syndrome, 103, 2433

Bohr effect, 368, 432, 756f

Bolivian (Machupo) hemorrhagic fever, 1626t, 1642

Bone

growth of, 3158–3159

metabolism of, 3157–3159, 3158f

remodeling of, 3158–3159, 3159f, 3170,

3192–3193, 3193f

resorption of, 3194f, 3199

structure of, 3157

Bone age, 2899

Bone-anchored hearing aid, 246

Bone biopsy, 3199

Bone-conduction threshold, 244

Bone disease

anaerobic bacterial infections, 1354

in β thalassemia, 763t

in cirrhosis, 2633

in CKD, 2313–2314

with defective mineralization, 3214–3215

dysplasias, 3215–3216

extraskeletal calcification and ossification,

3216–3217

fibrous dysplasia, 3215, 3215f

in Gaucher disease, 3259

in IBD, 2482

metastases from other sites, 520, 598, 715–716

in multiple myeloma. See Multiple myeloma

in osteogenesis imperfecta. See Osteogenesis

imperfecta

Paget’s disease. See Paget’s disease of bone

primary immunodeficiencies with, S8

sarcoma. See Sarcomas

sclerosing, 3212–3214

in TB, 1365

Bone loss. See Osteoporosis

Bone marrow/bone marrow examination

in ALL, 829, 829t

in anemia, 436

in aplastic anemia, 795f, 796, A6

cellularity in, 793t, A6

in CML, 821, 821t

collection for transplantation, 898–899

“dry tap,” 856t

erythroid hyperplasia in, 436f, A6

in hairy cell leukemia, 856

hypocellular, 793t

immune tolerance checkpoints in, 2706t

iron stores, 750–751, 750t, A6

in megaloblastic anemia, 770, 770f

in myelodysplastic syndromes, 799f, 801

in myelofibrosis, 695f, 806

myeloid hyperplasia in, 437f, A6

normal, 435t, A6

in sarcoidosis, 2832

stem cell niche sites in, 745

Bone marrow failure, 792

in aplastic anemia. See Aplastic anemia

bleeding tendencies in, 454

differential diagnosis of, 793t

in eosinophilic fasciitis, 407, 794

in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, 789

pathognomic cells in, 799f

Bone marrow transplantation. See Hematopoietic

cell transplantation (HCT)

Bone mass/strength

in IBD, 2482

measurement of, 3196–3197, 3196f, 3197t

sex differences in, 2967

Bone pain

at end of life, 716

in Gaucher disease, 3259

in metastatic bone disease, 716

treatment of, 79, 688, 716

Bone sarcomas, 714

benign, 714

chondrosarcoma, 715

epidemiology of, 714

Ewing’s sarcoma. See Ewing’s sarcoma

osteosarcoma, 715

staging, 714, 714t

tooth loss in, 257

Bone scan, 683–684, 3211

INDEX

Bone spicules, 227, 227f I-29

Bone spurs, 3196

bont genes, 1215, 1218

BoNTs. See Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs)

Bordetella spp., 1257

Bordetella pertussis, 950, 958, 1257–1258. See also

Pertussis

Bornholm disease (pleurodynia), 1604

Boron, 2533t

Borrelia spp., 841, 1422, 1422t, S11. See also

Relapsing fever

Borrelia burgdorferi, 849, 954, 954f, 1425–1426,

1962. See also Lyme borreliosis

Borrelia miyamotoi infection, 1422, 1422t, 1423,

1425

BOR (branchio-oto-renal) syndrome, 244t, 2356

Bortezomib

actions and targets of, 513t, 515, 549t, 552

adverse effects of, 549t, 552, 554, 711, 711t, 875,

3493t

for amyloidosis, 881, 1968

for cardiac transplant rejection, 1974

for cold agglutinin disease, 788

for kidney transplant rejection, 2330

for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, 849

for multiple myeloma, 515, 552, 873–875, 874t

for primary effusion lymphoma, 857

for Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 876

Bosentan, 2127–2128, 2129t, 2785, 2786

Bosutinib

actions and targets of, 511, 513t, 545t

adverse effects of, 545t, 739, 824t, 825

for CML, 823–825, 824t

resistance to, 544

Botflies, 3611

Botryomycosis, 1339, 1343

Botswana, 50, 50t, 3724

Botulinum antitoxin, 1217, 1218–1219, S3

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs)

as bioterrorism agent, 1216, S3. See also

Botulism

characteristics of, 1215

etiology of, 1215

for gastroparesis, 293

for IC/BPS, 330

for neuropathic pain, 99

therapeutic, 1216

Botulinum toxin

for achalasia, 2427

for anal fissure, 2505

for dystonia, 3404

for essential tremor, 3401

for hemifacial spasm, 3441

for hyperhidrosis, 3434

for ischemic ulcers, 2785

for migraine prevention, 3365t

for Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2785

for tics, 3407

Botulinum toxoid, 1219, S3

Botulism, 1214

adult intestinal, 1216

in bioterrorism, S3

clinical features of, 1217, 2276, 3434, 3513,

S3

diagnosis of, 1217–1218, S3

differential diagnosis of, 1218

diplopia in, 229

epidemiology of, 1216–1217

etiology of, 1215

food-borne, 1215, 1216, 1216t

global considerations in, 1219

iatrogenic, 1216, S3

infant, 1215–1216, 2276

pathogenesis of, 1215, 3513

prevention of, 1219, S3

treatment of, 1218–1219, 3513, S3

weaponized inhalational, 1216

wound, 1215, 1216, 2276

Bouba. See Yaws

Bouchard’s nodes, 2855f

Bound morphemes, 197

Bourbon virus, 1630t, 1640

Bourneville disease. See Tuberous sclerosis

Boutonneuse fever (Mediterranean spotted fever),

134t, 977, 1432t, 1434–1435

Boutonnière deformity, 2752

Bovine papular stomatitis, 1492t

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 3417,

3417t

Bowel obstruction. See Intestinal obstruction

Bowen’s disease, 381, 587, 587f

Bowlegs, 2850, 2857, 2857f

Bowman capsule, 2287

Box jellyfish envenomation, 3603, 3605

BPH. See Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Bpi (bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein),

2696t

Brachial neuritis, 129

Brachial plexitis, 735

Brachial plexopathy, 3498–3500, A16

Brachial plexus, 129, 3498–3500, 3499f

Brachytherapy, 532, 685, 713

Bradyarrhythmias

in AV conduction block. See Atrioventricular

(AV) conduction block

etiology of, 944t

junctional bradycardia, A8

relative bradycardia, 132

in SA node dysfunction. See Sinoatrial (SA) node

disease/dysfunction

syncope in. See Cardiac syncope

Bradykinesia, 165, 3386

Bradykinin, 92f, 408

Bradykinin 2 receptor antagonist, 2723

BRAF gene mutations

in astrocytoma, 703

in colorectal cancer, 499f, 641

in craniopharyngioma, 707

as drug target, 473–474, 480, 507, 511, 552

in ganglioglioma, 705

in hairy cell leukemia, 856

in hepatocellular carcinoma, 654

in Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 865

in lung cancer, 596, 596f, 597t, 607

in melanoma, 420, 582, 585, 586

in multiple myeloma, 872

in ovarian cancer, 695

in thyroid cancer, 2951

tumors associated with, 500t

BRAF inhibitors

actions of, 546–547t, 552

adverse effects of, 397, 409, 410, 546–547t, 738t

for lung cancer, 607

for melanoma, 585

resistance to, 553

Brain

cerebral hemispheres, 195f, 3326–3327f

gray-matter heterotopia, A16

inferior aspect of, 3328f

lymphatic structures of, 3295–3296

metastases to, 570

posterior circulation of, 3328f

ventral view, 3437f

Brain abscess, 1117

anaerobic bacterial, 1352

in cancer patient, 560, 560t

clinical features of, 979, 1118

definition of, 1117

diagnosis of, 1118, 1119f, 3286f, A16

differential diagnosis of, 1119

epidemiology of, 1117

etiology of, 975t, 1117–1118, 1352

histopathology of, 1118

nocardial, 1337, 1337f, 1339t, 1340

pathogenesis of, 1118

prognosis of, 1119

treatment of, 947t, 975t, 1119

Brain biopsy, 194, 1096, A14

Brain branched chain amino acid deficiency, 3275t

Brain death, 188, 2224

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 3084t,

3293, 3295, 3296, 3795

Brain drain, 3709

Brain edema, 188, 2267

Brainerd diarrhea, 301

Brain injury, traumatic. See Traumatic brain injury

(TBI)

Brain-machine interfaces, 3824–3825, 3824f, 3825f

Brain natriuretic peptide. See B-type natriuretic

peptide (BNP)

Brain serine deficiency, 3275t

Brainstem accessory optic system, 216

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs), 245

Brainstem disorders/lesions

clinical features of, 3282t

glioma, 705

ischemia, 3330–3332f, 3331–3333

sensory abnormalities in, 173

weakness in, 167

Brainstem pathways, 3359f

Brainstem reflexes, 186–187, 186f

Brain tumors, 701

amnesia in, 202

approach to the patient, 701–702

clinical features of, 701, 702t

coma in, 184, 184f

epidemiology of, 701

germ cell tumors, 2907

headache in, 113, 113t, 701

imaging in, 701–702, 3290f, A16

intracranial hemorrhage in, 3349t, 3350

metastatic, 708

clinical features of, 702t

diagnosis of, 708, 708f, A16

epidural, 710, 710f. See also Spinal cord

compression, neoplastic

increased intracranial pressure and, 570

leptomeningeal, 709–710, 709f, S2

sources of, 598, 708, 708t

treatment of, 709–710

in neurofibromatosis type 1, 707. See also

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)

in neurofibromatosis type 2, 707. See also

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)

primary, 702

extrinsic “benign,” 706

colloid cysts, 707

craniopharyngiomas. See

Craniopharyngiomas

dermoid cysts, 707

dysembryonic neuroepithelial tumors, 707

epidermoid cysts, 707

meningiomas. See Meningiomas

pituitary tumors. See Pituitary tumors

schwannomas, 707. See also Vestibular

schwannoma

INDEX

I-30 Brain tumors, primary (Cont.):

genetic syndromes associated with, 703t

intrinsic malignant

astrocytomas. See Astrocytomas

brainstem gliomas, 705, A16

diffuse gliomas, 702–703

ependymoma, 705

gangliomas, 705

gliosarcomas, 705

medulloblastomas, 706

oligodendroglioma, 705

pineal region tumors, 706

pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas, 705

primary central nervous system lymphoma.

See Primary central nervous system

lymphoma (PCNSL)

pathogenesis of, 702

treatment of, 702, 710–711, 711t

in tuberous sclerosis, 707–708. See also Tuberous

sclerosis

Branched-chain DNA (bDNA) tests, 1560t, S11

Branching enzyme deficiency (Andersen disease,

type IV GSD), 3263t, 3265, 3528

Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome, 244t, 2356

Branch retinal vein occlusion, 222

Brazil, 3724, 3724f

BRC (benign recurrent cholestasis), 319–320

BRCA gene mutations

in breast cancer, 613t, 614

cancers associated with, 503t, 3663

early interventions in patients with, 3667t

epigenetic silencing of, 516

genetic testing for, 496, 504–505, 614, 3660,

3663, 3663f, 3667t

liquid biopsy for detection of, 3838

in ovarian cancer, 695

in pancreatic cancer, 658, 658t

in prostate cancer, 688

synthetic lethality and, 516

variable expression of, 3662

Breakaway weakness, 164

Break-bone fever. See Dengue virus infection

Breakpoint method, S11

Breast cancer, 611

after Hodgkin’s lymphoma treatment, 854

carcinoma of unknown primary and, 718t, 720

conceptual and biological issues of, 611–612, 612f

deaths from

in 2014, 481t

by racial and ethnic group, 484t

trends in, 483f, 484f

diagnosis of, 615f, 616

epidemiology of, 612

gene expression profiles in, 3664, 3793

genetic considerations in, 3662, 3663f

hereditary, 3663, 3667t

incidence of, 481t, 482, 482f, 484t, 611

infections in, 556t

lifetime risk of, 38t

male, 614, 625–626

metastatic

bone marrow examination in, A6

to CNS, 708t, 709, 709f, 3447, 3448f

diagnostic considerations, 623, 623f

to eye, 227

goals of therapy, 623–624

to heart, 2027

lymphadenopathy in, 458

to skin, 398

treatment of

anti-HER2 therapy, 625

chemotherapy, 625

endocrine therapy, 613t, 624–625

immune checkpoint inhibitors, 613t, 625

PARP inhibitors, 625

sacituzumab govitecan, 625

noninvasive, 616–617

ovarian cancer and, 695

palliative care, 624

paraneoplastic syndromes in, 722t, 725t

pleural effusion in, 489

predictive factors, 620

in pregnancy, 3766t

during pregnancy or lactation, 625

prevention of, 614

lifestyle modifications for, 491

pharmacologic, 492, 614

prophylactic surgery for, 493, 531, 614, 3667t

tamoxifen for, 492

prognostic factors, 617–618, 619

radiation-induced, 532, 740

risk factors for

alcohol use, 3559

genetic, 500, 500t, 503t, 613–614, 613t. See

also BRCA gene mutations

hormone use, 3045, 3046t, 3048f

nongenetic, 491, 612–613

obesity, 2521

screening for, 615–616, 615f

benefits of, 37, 38, 38t, 496, 615

in older adults, 3745t

recommendations for high-risk women, 496

recommendations for normal-risk women,

39t, 495t, 496

second malignancies in survivors of, 740

staging of, 617

survival rates, 619t

survivorship issues, 622–623

synthetic lethality and, 516

treatment of, 617

adjuvant chemotherapy, 618–619, 620–621

ado-trastuzumab, 543

anti-HER2 therapy, 512, 520, 537, 613t, 621–622

axillary lymph node evaluation, 618

general considerations, 617–618

hormone receptor–directed therapy, 515, 613t,

620

local (primary) treatments, 618

lymphedema after, 2119

molecularly targeted chemotherapy, 512, 544,

613t

neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 621

new primary with metastases, 622

novel adjuvant systemic agents, 622

prognostic and predictive variables, 619–620

skeletal strengthening agents, 622

in stage III disease, 622

triple-negative, 614, 618

tumor growth rate measures in, 619

tumor markers in, 487t

Breast-conserving therapy, 616–617, 618

Breast development, 3031, 3031t

Breast-feeding

AED use during, 3324

antibacterial therapy during, 1151, 1152t

breast cancer in, 625

breast mass during, 616

contraception during, 3055

HIV transmission by, 1535

IBD treatment during, 2489

nutrient requirements in, 2519–2521t

during SLE therapy, 2747

TB treatment during, 1378

water requirement during, 2518

Breast mass

benign, 616

evaluation of, 615f, 616

invasive. See Breast cancer

noninvasive neoplasm, 616–617

Breast milk jaundice, 2558

Breast reconstruction, 618

Breast self-examination, 495t, 496, 616

Breath sounds, 2132

Breath testing, 296

Bremelanotide, 3063

Brentuximab vedotin

action and targets of, 514t, 536f, 543

adverse effects of, 574, 738t, 739, 742

for anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, 851

for Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 854

for mycosis fungoides, 850

for peripheral T-cell lymphoma, 850

for primary cutaneous CD30+ T-cell lymphoma,

858

Breslow thickness, 583

Brexanolone, 3544

Brexpiprazole, 3555t

Brexucabtagene autoleucel, 536f, 3686t

BRIC (benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis),

319–320, 2561, 2561t, 2641

Brigatinib, 513t, 547t, 552, 606, 607t

Brill-Zinsser disease, 1431, 1436, S6

Brincidofovir, 1139, 1462–1463, 1494

Bristleworm sting, 3603, 3603f

Brivanib, 652f

Brivaracetam, 3318t, 3320

Broadbent’s sign, 2024

Broad casts, urinary, 337

Broca’s aphasia, 196t, 197

Broca’s area, 196, 199f

Brodalumab, 379t

Brodie-Trendelenburg test, 2116

Brolucizumab, 226

Bromides, 397

Bromocriptine

adverse effects of, 2114, 2910–2911

overdosage/poisoning with, 3590t

for prolactinoma, 2910–2911

for type 2 diabetes mellitus, 3112

Bronchial artery embolization, 272, 571–572

Bronchial hygiene, 2175

Bronchial thermoplasty, 2216

Bronchiectasis, 2173

after TB, 1367

approach to the patient, 2174

breath sounds in, 2132

clinical features of, 2174

clubbing/hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in, 275

complications of, 2175

with COPD, A12

CT in, A12

in cystic fibrosis, A12

definition of, 2173

diagnosis of, 2174, 2174t, 2175f

epidemiology of, 2173–2174

etiology of, 2173, 2174t

hemoptysis in, 270

imaging in, 2174, 2175f

nontuberculous mycobacterial, 1393, 1394, 1404,

2173

pathogenesis of, 2174

pathology of, 2174

prevention of, 2175

prognosis of, 2175–2176

traction, 2174

treatment of, 2175

INDEX

Bronchiolitis obliterans, 402, 1144 I-31

Bronchitis

Aspergillus, 1678

chronic, 268, 270, 2171t, 2180. See also Chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

eosinophilic, 269

hemoptysis in, 270

pathophysiology of, 2135

Bronchoalveolar lavage, 2140

Bronchodilators

anticholinergics. See Anticholinergics

β-adrenergic agonists. See β-adrenergic agonists

theophylline. See Theophylline

Broncholithiasis, 1659

Bronchoplasty, 2216

Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. See Allergic

bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, A12

Bronchoscopic ablation procedures, 2216

Bronchoscopy

bronchoalveolar lavage, 2140

brushing and endobronchial biopsy, 2141

endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial

needle aspiration, 2141–2142, 2141f,

2214, 2214f

fiberoptic, 598

guided peripheral, 2142, 2142f

in hemoptysis, 271

in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 2161

in interstitial lung disease, 2192

in lung cancer diagnosis, 598

peripheral, 2215

in respiratory disease evaluation, 2133, 2140

robotic, 2142

therapeutic. See Interventional pulmonary

medicine

transbronchial biopsy, 2141

transbronchial needle aspiration, 2141

Bronzing, in hemochromatosis, 3233

Brown recluse spider bite, 3612

Brown-Séquard syndrome, 167, 172, 3446

Brown tumor, 2313

Brucella spp., 1310–1311, 1313

Brucella spp. infections, 1310

chronic meningitis, 1113t

clinical features of, 1312, 1312t, S6

diagnosis of, 1114, 1312–1313

epidemiology of, 1311

global considerations in, 1311

immune response to, 1311–1312

incubation period for, 1312, S6

monocytosis in, 448

osteomyelitis, 1047

pathogenesis of, 1311–1312

postexposure prophylaxis for, 1314

prevention of, 1314, S6

prognosis of, 1314

skin manifestations of, 397

vs. TB, 1312, 1312t

treatment of, 1313–1314, S6

in war veterans, S6

Brudzinski’s sign, 1102

Brugada’s sign, 353

Brugada syndrome

clinical features of, 157, 1925

ECG in, 1871, 1916f, 1925

epidemiology of, 1870

genetic considerations in, 157

recurrent VT/VF in, 1929–1930

sudden cardiac death in, 2260, 2260t,

2261t

treatment of, 1925, 2265t

Brugia malayi/timori, 1778, 1778t, S12. See also

Lymphatic filariasis

Bruns-Garland syndrome, 3489

Brush border, 2290

Brushing, bronchial, 2141

Bruxism, 213, 257

BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), 3417, 3417t

BTK gene, 2716

BTK inhibitors, 544, 738t, 739, 839, 1655

BTLA gene mutations, 2755

BTNL2 gene mutations, 2197

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

in amyloidosis, 879

in chest pain evaluation, 79

in edema, 276

in heart failure, 79, 323, 1934, 1939

in pulmonary edema, 2256

in pulmonary hypertension, 2124, 2781

Bubo, 1037, 1322, 1322f, S3. See also Plague

Buccal mucosa, microbiota of, 3693f

Buccofacial apraxia, 198

Bucindolol, 478

Budd-Chiari syndrome (hepatic vein thrombosis)

abdominal pain in, 111t

ascites in, 323

vs. autoimmune hepatitis, 2615

vs. cardiac cirrhosis, 2628

in hepatocellular carcinoma, 2588

liver transplantation for, 2634

in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, 789

in polycythemia, 439, 803

recurrence of, after liver transplantation, 2640

splenomegaly in, 461

Budesonide, 304, 2483

Buerger’s disease (thromboangiitis obliterans),

2110, 2113

Bufadienolide, 352

Bufavirus, 1497

Buffalo hump, 1572, 1572f

Buffalopox, 1494

Bufo marinus (cane toad), 352

Bufonidae spp., 3592t

“Building-associated illness,” 2172

Bulbospinal pathway, 166f

“Bulge sign,” 2848

Bulimia nervosa, 257, 292, 350, 3553

Bullae, 133, 325t, 370f, 1034f, 1035, 1036f. See also

Vesicles/bullae

Bullet ant, 3614

Bullous dermatosis of hemodialysis, 392

Bullous impetigo, 379, 392, 1192. See also Impetigo

Bullous pemphigoid. See Pemphigoid, bullous

Bumetanide, 366, 1946t, 2256, 2281

BUN. See Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Bundibugyo virus disease, 1646, 1649f

Bundle branch reentry ventricular tachycardia, 1922

Bundle of His, 1868, 1880

Bunyamwera virus, 1627t

Bunyaviruses, 1038, 1642–1643

global considerations in, 978

Orthobunyavirus group C serogroup, 1639

Orthobunyavirus Simbu serogroup, 1639

replication strategies of, 1456

reservoirs and vectors of, 1624, 1625t

structure of, 1454t, 1455f

Bunyavirus infections. See also Hantavirus

infections

clinical syndromes of, 1625t, 1634t

encephalitis, 1637

fever and myalgia, 1639–1640

sandfly fever, S6

viral hemorrhagic fever, 1642–1643

Buprenorphine, 95t, 98, 3572

Bupropion

adverse effects of, 83, 595, 3542t, 3549

for depression, 83, 3542t, 3549

with naltrexone, for obesity, 3092, 3092t

for smoking cessation therapy, 595, 2186, 3566

for SSRI-related sexual dysfunction, 3543t, 3549

Buried bumper syndrome, 2396, 2405f

Burkholderia cepacia infections, 559, 1287t, 1290,

2179, 2211

Burkholderia mallei, 1291

Burkholderia pseudomallei, 953, 956, 1287t, 1290, S6

Burkitt’s leukemia, 829, 831, 832t, 833. See also

Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)

Burkitt’s lymphoma, 846

clinical features of, 846

diagnosis of, 846, 846f, A6

EBV infection and, 491t, 505, 1485

epidemiology of, 846

genetic considerations in, 843, 844t, 846

in HIV infection, 1583

malaria and, 1726

oral manifestations of, 257

treatment of, 846

tumor lysis syndrome in, 573

Burnett’s syndrome, 3182

Burning mouth syndrome (glossodynia, glossalgia),

236, 261

Burn patient

AKI in, 2300

hypocalcemia in, 358

hypothermia in, 3631

hypovolemia in, 341

infections in, 1277, 1284

respiratory acidosis in, 367

Burosumab, 3163

Burr cells, 434f

Burrowing asps, 3596. See also Snakebites

Bursitis, 2849–2850, 2851f, 2878

Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome (dermatofibrosis

lenticularis disseminata), 3214

Buspirone

for antidepressant side effect management,

3543t, 3549

for anxiety disorders, 3544, 3544t

for depression, 3544, 3549

drug interactions of, 1703t

for functional dyspepsia, 294t, 296

pharmacology of, 3544t

Busulfan

adverse effects of, 539, 827

hepatic, 2586

hyperpigmentation, 391, 410

nausea and vomiting, 554

neurologic, 571, 711t

pulmonary, 575

for CML, 827

drug interactions of, 1703t

in HCT preparation, 898

Butabarbital, 3592t

Butorphanol, 95t, 96, 98, 3362t

BVS (biodegradable vascular scaffold) stent, 2067

Bwamba virus, 1627t

Byler’s disease, 2561–2562

Byssinosis, 2167t, 2170

Bystander killing, 1557

C

C1 inhibitor (C1INH) deficiency, 2696t, 2722,

2723

C1q, 2696t, 2704t, 2733, 2734, 3295

C1R/S, 2704t, 3226t, 3227

INDEX

I-32 C2, 2704t

C3 glomerulopathy, 2335t, 2340, 2340t, A4

C4, 2704t

C5a, 2803

C9orf72 gene mutations, 3379, 3406, 3412, 3413t

C13orf1 gene mutations, 2472t

C282Y mutation, 3234

Ca2+/calmodulin pathway, 1360

CA19-9, 487t, 654, 659

CA-125

in ovarian cancer, 496t, 497, 695, 696

in pancreatic cancer, 659

as tumor marker, 487t

Cabazitaxel, 543, 688

Cabergoline, 2910–2911, 2911f, 2914

CABG. See Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

Cabotegravir, 1589, 1589t, 1591f

Cabozantinib

actions and targets of, 511, 513t, 526, 547t

adverse effects of, 547t, 653, 739

for hepatocellular carcinoma, 649, 649t, 651f,

652f, 653

for medullary thyroid carcinoma, 2990

for pancreatic NETs, 672

for renal cell carcinoma, 676t

Cachectic myopathy, 2276

Cache valley virus, 1627t

Cachexia, 2540

CACNA1A gene mutations, 3357

CACNA1C gene mutations, 3291, 3301, 3537, 3551

CACNA1 gene mutations, 3425

CAD. See Coronary artery disease (CAD)

CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant

arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts

and leukoencephalopathy), 3343–3344,

3377, A16

Cadherins, 520f

Cadmium exposure/poisoning, 657–658, 2171t,

2363, 3579, 3580t

Ca-DTPA, S5

Caenorhabditis elegans, 1769

Cafe-au-lait macules/spots, 390, 3012, 3215

Caffeine

actions of, 206

adverse effects of, 84, 211, 287, 348, 2362

for hypnic headache, 3369

infertility and, 3052

for low CSF volume headache, 115

for migraine, 3362t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3590t

for post–lumbar puncture headache, S9

for shift-work disorder, 214

CagA protein, 1280

CAGE questionnaire, 2548, 2548t

CAH. See Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Calabar swellings, 1697, 1783

Calcification

of coronary arteries, 1836, 1836f, 1842f, 2037

dystrophic, 3216t, 3217

extraskeletal, 3216–3217, 3216t

metastatic, 3216, 3216t

of solitary pulmonary nodule, 602

Calcific tendinitis, 2879

Calcinosis

in calcium apatite deposition disease, 2866

tumoral, 3216–3217

Calcinosis circumscripta, 3217

Calcinosis cutis

clinical features of, 394, 2780f

metastatic, 394–395

in systemic sclerosis, 406, 2773t, 2779–2780,

2780f

Calcinosis universalis, 3217

Calciphylaxis, 395, 2314, 2314f

Calcipotriene, 378

Calcitonin, 3172

actions of, 3172, 3205

adverse effects of, 3212

for bone pain, 79

circulating level of, 3172

ectopic production of, 722t

for hypercalcemia, 3184t, 3185

hypocalcemic activity of, 3172

in medullary thyroid carcinoma, 2989

in MEN 2 and MEN 3, 2989t

for osteoporosis management/prevention, 3205

for Paget’s disease of bone, 3212, 3212t

sources of, 3172

as tumor marker, 487t

Calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP), 92, 3172

Calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) receptor

antagonists (gepants), 3362t, 3363–3364,

3365t

Calcitriol, 358, 2293, 2314, 3169, 3187

Calcium

absorption of, 3160

bone remodeling and, 3194

in cardiac contraction, 1802, 1804f, 1805, 1965

in CKD, 2314, 2314f

deficiency of. See Hypocalcemia

excess intake, 357

excess of. See Hypercalcemia

extracellular, 356, 356f

food sources of, 3200

homeostasis of, 2293, 3159–3160, 3160f

intake of, 3160

malabsorption of, postgastrectomy, 2452

metabolism of, 2832, 3159–3160, 3160f

nephrolithiasis risk and intake of, 2369, 2372

recommended intake of, 2520t, 3045, 3194, 3200,

3200t

renal transport of, 2291f, 2293

supplements. See Calcium supplements

tolerable upper intake level of, 2533t

toxicity of, 2533t

urinary excretion of, 2369

in vascular smooth-muscle cell function, 1802,

1803f

Calcium apatite deposition disease, 2866–2867,

2866t, 2867f

Calcium carbonate, 2443, 3200, 3200t

Calcium channel(s)

autoantigen, 2697t

cardiac, 1867, 1868f

muscle

characteristics of, 1802, 1803f

disorders of. See Hypokalemic periodic

paralysis (HypoKPP)

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)

adverse effects of, 2042t, 2084, 3058

cutaneous, 414

edema, 277t, 1816, 2116

erythromelalgia, 2114

gingival hyperplasia, 257, A3

heat-related illness, 3635

lupus syndrome, 2847t

peripheral edema, 3087

SA node dysfunction, 1875t

secondary parkinsonism, 3389

xerostomia, 261

aldosterone-renin ratio effects of, 2966t

for aortic dissection, 2106

for arrhythmias in pregnancy, 3764

for atrial fibrillation, 1905

contraindications to, 2042t, 2050t

drug interactions of, 2042t, 3543t

for focal atrial tachycardia, 1892

for heart failure, 1949

for high-altitude pulmonary edema, 2256

for hypertension, 2083t, 2084, 2319

for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1971

for inappropriate sinus tachycardia, 1892

for ischemic heart disease, 2041–2042, 2041t

metabolism of, 467t

for NSTE-ACS, 2048–2049, 2050t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3591t

for Prinzmetal’s variant angina, 2041, 2052

prophylactic, 3772

for Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2114, 2784

for ventricular arrhythmias, 1913

Calcium citrate, 3200, 3200t

Calcium docusate, 80t

Calcium gluconate, 355, 358, 3200t

Calcium infusion study, 2454

Calcium lactate, 3200t

Calcium oxalate crystals/stones

arthropathy from, 2867, 2867f

in ethylene glycol poisoning, 2360

in IBD, 2481t, 2482

renal, 2368, 2370f, 2372, A4. See also

Nephrolithiasis

in short-bowel syndrome, 2466

Calcium phosphate product, elevated, 394

Calcium phosphate stones, 2368, 2372–2373. See

also Nephrolithiasis

Calcium polycarbophil, 2496t

Calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD)

disease, 2865–2866, 2865t

Calcium-sensing receptors, 356, 2696t, 2888t

Calcium signaling defects, 2714

Calcium sparks, 1802

Calcium supplements

absorption of, 3160

adverse effects of, 3201

calcium content of, 3200t

for cancer prevention, 491

for hyperkalemia, 355

for hypocalcemia, 358

for hypoparathyroidism, 3187

for osteoporosis management/prevention, 2531,

3045, 3200–3201

for vitamin D deficiency, 3169

Calcofluor white method, S11

Calculation ability, assessment of, 3279

Calculus, 256, A3

Calicheamicins, 542

Caliciviruses. See also Norovirus (Norwalk virus)

infections

characteristics of, 1597

replication strategies of, 1455–1456

structure of, 1454t, 1455f, 1598f

California encephalitis virus, 1627t, 1637

Californium exposure, S5

Calor, 440f

Caloric irrigation, 230

Caloric needs, 2517

Caloric restriction, aging effects and, 3734–3735,

3737

Caloric testing, 160, 187

Calpainopathy (LGMD2A), 3522, 3523t

Calretinin, 596, 718t, 720

CALR gene mutations, 803, 806, 807, 808

Calsequestrin, 1805, 1956t

Calstabin 2, 1805

Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, 1334. See also

Donovanosis

INDEX

CAMP factor, 1195 I-33

cAMP response-element binding protein (CREB),

3538, 3538f, 3569–3570, 3570f, 3645t

Camptothecins, 541

Campylobacter spp., 1302, 1303t, 3296

Campylobacter spp. infections, 1302

clinical features of, 300t, 1064t, 1303, 1303t

colitis, vs. IBD, 2479

complications of, 1303–1304

diagnosis of, 1065, 1304, S11

differential diagnosis of, 1304

epidemiology of, 1064t, 1302–1303

etiology of, 1302

food-borne, 300, 1064t, 1065t, 1302

Guillain-Barré syndrome and, 3501

in HIV infection, 1568

immunoproliferative small intestinal disease and,

868, 877

MALT lymphoma of small intestine and, 841,

849

pathogenesis of, 1303

prognosis of, 1305

reactive arthritis and, 2797

treatment of, 1065–1066, 1304

Camurati-Engelmann disease (progressive

diaphyseal dysplasia), 3213

Canada

elective specialist access in, 46

patient care financing in, 43, 43t

primary care access in, 45

Canadian Cardiovascular Society, classification of

cardiovascular disease, 2033t

Canagliflozin, 2903t, 3112

Canakinumab, 2708t, 2842, 2843

Canasa suppositories, 2483

c-ANCA (cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic

antibody), 2735, 2803, 3508

Cancer. See also specific types

anemia in, 753

approach to the patient, 481

atherosclerosis and, A10

cell growth/death pathways, 534, 534f

cellular senescence in, 510–511

chromosome abnormalities in, 485. See also

Cancer genetics

chronic meningitis in, 1115t, 1116f

circadian disruption and, 3810

clonal origin of, 498–499, 499f

death and dying issues, 489–490

deaths from

by age, 484f

averted, since early 1990s, 485f

by race and ethnicity, 484t

by sex, 481t, 483f, 484f, 484t, 3064f

by site, 481t, 483f

trends in, 482, 483f, 485f

in United States and Britain, 73t

worldwide, 485f

definition of, 529

depression in, 3547

diagnosis of, 482–483, 529–530, 530t

early detection of, 3838

effusions in, 488–489

emergencies in

adrenal insufficiency, 573

airway obstruction, 572, 572f

biliary obstruction, 568

hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 575

hemoptysis, 571–572

hemorrhagic cystitis, 577

human antibody infusion reactions,

574–575

hypersensitivity reactions to antineoplastic

drugs, 577–578

hypocalcemia. See Hypocalcemia

hypoglycemia, 572–573

increased intracranial pressure, 570

intestinal obstruction, 567

lactic acidosis, 572

neoplastic meningitis, 570–571

neutropenic enterocolitis, 577, 577f

pericardial effusion/tamponade, 489, 566–567

pulmonary and intracerebral leukostasis, 571

pulmonary infiltrates, 575–576

seizures, 571

SIAD. See Syndrome of inappropriate

antidiuresis (SIAD)

spinal cord compression. See Spinal cord

compression, neoplastic

superior vena cava syndrome. See Superior

vena cava syndrome

tumor lysis syndrome. See Tumor lysis syndrome

urinary obstruction, 567–568

extent of disease, 483–484

fatigue in, 163

fever of unknown origin in, 145t, 146t, 147, 149t

genetic considerations in. See Cancer genetics

genetic testing in, 504–505, 505f, 3667t

genome of, 505–506

global considerations in, 482, 562, 3711–3712, 3712f

immunization in, 557t, 565

incidence of, 481–482, 481t, 482f, 484t

infections in, 556

antibacterial therapy for, 562–564

antibiotic prophylaxis for, 565

antifungal therapy for, 563–564

antiviral therapy for, 564

cardiovascular, 561

catheter-related, 559, 559t

central nervous system, 560, 560t

cytokine therapy, 564

endocrine, 561

febrile neutropenia and, 562, 563f

gastrointestinal tract, 559–560, 577

musculoskeletal, 561–562

predisposing factors in, 556–558, 556t, 562

prevention of, 564–565

pulmonary, 560–561, 561t

renal-ureteral, 562

skin, 558–559, 558f, A5

infectious causes of, 941

involuntary weight loss in, 309

in low- and middle-income countries,

3711–3712

lymphatic vessels of, 526

metastasis of, 508t. See also Metastatic disease

microbiome and, 3697

new symptoms in, 487

nutritional issues and support in, 489, 2546

obesity and, 491, 523, 3087

in older adults, 3747

as organ that ignores its niche, 508–509

pain in, 488

pathogenesis of. See Cancer cells; Carcinogenesis

patient management in, 482

physiologic reserve of patient, 485, 486t

in pregnancy, 3766, 3766t

prevention of. See Cancer prevention

prognosis of, 484–485

progressive, 487

recurrent, 488

risk factors for, 481–482, 3559, 3563t, 3564

screening for. See Cancer screening

second malignancy in, 532, 740

chemotherapy-related, 854

radiation therapy-related, 854–855

in transplant recipient, 1146

self-renewing capacity of, 747

signaling pathway alterations in, 505, 505t

stable disease, 487

staging of, 483, 530

stroke in, 3346–3347

survivorship issues, 489, 736–737, 742–743

treatment of

assessing response to, 487–488, 487t, 3839

cancer stem cells as target of, 521

complementary and integrative therapies,

487–488

complete response to, 487

deaths averted by, 485f

gene therapy, 3640t, 3686t, 3688–3690

genetic considerations in, 507

goal of, 530

localized, 532

radiation therapy. See Radiation therapy

surgical. See Cancer surgery

long-term and late effects, 488, 736, 737t, 738t

long-term follow-up, 488, 743

palliative, 487, 531, 555

partial response to, 487

planning, 485–486

principles of, 530

psychosocial support, 489

resistance to, 553

salvage treatment plan, 488

spectrum of, 529t, 530

supportive care, 488

systemic

biologic therapy. See Cancer biologic

therapy

checkpoint inhibitors. See Checkpoint

inhibition therapy

cytotoxic chemotherapy. See Cancer

cytotoxic chemotherapy

gene therapy to enhance, 3689

molecular targeted. See Cancer molecular

targeted therapy

overview, 532–535

strategies, 535, 535t

tumor growth rates in, 530, 531f

tumor heterogeneity in, 506–507

tumor microenvironment in, 522–523

vaccines for, 3689

viruses and, 505

Cancer biologic therapy, 535

actions and targets of, 532, 536f

adverse effects of, 631, 738t, 739, 741, 2591

antibody-mediated, 535–537

antibody conjugates, 512, 514t, 536, 536f

anti-tumor cell antibodies, 535, 536–537, 536f

bispecific tumor engaging (BiTe) antibodies,

535, 536f

immunoregulatory, 527–528, 527f, 535, 536f,

537

stroma-directed (antiangiogenic) antibodies,

525f, 526–527, 526f, 536f, 537

CAR-T cells. See Chimeric antigen receptor

(CAR) T cells

checkpoint inhibitors, 2591, 2702–2704, 2703f,

2705t. See also CTLA-4 antibodies; PD-1

antibodies

cytokines, 537–538

nontargeted immunomodulators, 536f, 537

oncolytic viruses, 536f, 539

principles of, 527–528, 535–536

T cell–mediated, 538, 538t

INDEX

I-34 Cancer cells

apoptosis in, 508t, 518–519, 518f, 534, 534f

autophagy in, 519

biology of, 508

cell cycle in, 509–510

chromatin structure alterations in, 516, 517f

evasion of immune system by, 508t, 527–528,

527f

failure to differentiate, 508t

gene expression in, 508t, 516–517, 517f

Gompertzian growth curve/kinetics in, 509, 530,

531f

induction of differentiation in, 534

loss of replicative senescence in, 508t, 511

metabolism in, 522, 522f

mutations in, 508

necrosis in, 519

oncogene addiction in, 515, 515f

phenotypic characteristics of, 508t

plasticity of, 521–522

resistance of, 521–522

signal transduction pathways in, 511–516, 512f

synthetic lethality in, 515f

telomerase activation in, 510–511

tissue invasion by, 508t, 519

in tumor angiogenesis, 508, 523–526

Cancer cytotoxic chemotherapy, 532, 539. See also

specific drugs and cancers

action and targets of, 534–535

adjuvant, 535, 535t

adverse effects of, 487–488

cardiovascular, 1851

depression, 487

late complications

cardiovascular, 1851, 1964

hematologic, 810

reproductive/endocrine, 3016

second malignancies, 854

long-term, 488, 738t

cardiovascular, 737–739

hepatic and gastrointestinal, 742

immune system dysfunction, 740

neurologic, 741–742

pulmonary, 739

renal/urinary, 742

reproductive/endocrine, 740–741, 3017

second malignancy, 740

neurologic, 711, 711t

neuropathies, 3492, 3493t

antimetabolites, 540–541t, 542–543

antitumor antibiotics, 539, 540t

complete response to, 533

development of, 533, 533f

DNA-interactive agents, 539, 540t, 541

dose-limiting toxicity, 533

high-dose regimens, 535, 535t

intraperitoneal, 596

maximum-tolerated dose, 533

metabolism modulators for, 522

mitotic spindle inhibitors, 541t, 543

nausea and vomiting in. See Nausea and

vomiting, chemotherapy-induced

neoadjuvant, 535

in older adults, 3747

palliative, 535, 535t

partial response to, 533

during pregnancy, 555

principles for use, 532–535

resistance to, 521–522, 553

response to, 533

strategies in, 535, 535t

supportive care during, 553

alopecia, 555

diarrhea, 555

gonadal dysfunction, 555

mucositis, 555

myelosuppression, 553–554, 554t

nausea and vomiting. See Nausea and

vomiting, chemotherapy-induced

timing of, 215

topoisomerase poisons, 539, 540t, 541–542

Cancer field effect, 644

Cancer genetics, 498. See also specific cancers

cancer gene classes, 499. See also Oncogene(s);

Tumor-suppressor genes

chromosomal instability in solid tumors, 501

clonal origin and multistep nature of cancer,

498–499, 499f

CpG islands in, 3644, 3645

DNA methylation in, 3645

epigenetic control mechanisms, 501–502,

3793–3794

epigenetic influences on gene transcription,

516–517, 517f

familial cancer syndromes, 502–504, 503t, 504f

future of, 507

genomic profiling, 33, 34f, 35, 505–506,

3838–3839

historical perspective, 498

somatic mutations in, 3654–3655, 3654f

treatment strategy and, 507, 3639

tumor heterogeneity and, 506–507, 506f

viruses in, 505

Cancer Genome Atlas, 3639, 3794

Cancer molecular targeted therapy, 513–514t, 532, 543

action and targets of, 534–535, 534f

adverse effects of, 738t, 739, 742

apoptosis modulators, 547t

chromatin-modifying agents, 549–550t, 552

combination, 512

cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, 509,

548–549t, 552

development of, 533–534, 533f

diagnostically guided, 507

DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, 516, 517f,

549t, 552

histone deacetylase inhibitors. See Histone

deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors

hormone receptor–directed, 515–516, 532,

543–544

metabolism modifiers, 511, 550t, 552–553

miscellaneous, 551t, 553

multikinase inhibitors, 512f, 547–548t, 552

non-receptor-linked tyrosine kinase antagonists,

544, 545t

PARP inhibitors. See PARP (poly-ADP-ribose

polymerase) inhibitors

principles of, 533

protein homeostasis modulators. See Protein

homeostasis modulators (proteasome

inhibitors)

RAS/RAF/MEK inhibitors, 546–547t, 552

receptor-linked tyrosine kinase antagonists, 544,

545–546t, 552

resistance to, 553

CancerNet, 485

Cancer predisposition syndromes, 502–504, 503t

Cancer prevention, 490, 3712. See also specific

cancers

chemoprevention, 491–493

deaths averted by, 485f

diet modification, 490–491

education and healthful habits, 490–491

energy balance, 491

physical activity, 490

smoking cessation, 490

sun avoidance, 491

surgical methods, 493, 531

vaccines and, 493

Cancer screening, 37, 493. See also specific cancers

accuracy of, 493–494, 494t

assessment of tests for, 494

biases of tests for, 494

in cancer survivors, 743

cell-free DNA methods for, 3838, 3838f

recommendations for asymptomatic normal-risk

subjects, 495–496t

risks from, 494

Cancer stem cells, 521, 521f, 530, 596

Cancer surgery, 493, 531

Cancer syndromes, familial, 3667t

Cancrum oris (noma), 256, 559, 1351

Candesartan, 1941, 1947, 1948t, 2083t, 3364, 3365t

Candida spp., 1653t, 1671, S11

Candida auris

antifungal resistance in, 563, 1675–1676

clinical features of, 1134. See also Candida spp.

infections

diagnosis of, 1673–1674, 1674t

epidemiology of, 1134, 1144, 1671

Candida spp. infections, 1671

in cancer patient, 558, 558t, 559–560, 562, 564

catheter-related bloodstream, 1132

in diabetes mellitus, 3126

diagnosis of, 373, 1673–1674, 1673f, 1674t

disseminated/deeply invasive, 1653t, 1672f

in brain, A16

chronic meningitis, 1113t

endocarditis, 1023t, 1024, 1030

gastrointestinal, 560, 1056

liver abscess, 1059

ocular, 1673, 1673f

osteomyelitis, 1047

renal abscess, 1060

risk factors for, 1653t, 1671, 1672t

skin manifestations of, 143, 1672, 1672f, A1

treatment of, 1674–1676, 1675t, 1676t

epidemiology of, 1671

esophageal

complications of, 2432

diagnosis of, 1569f, 2415f, 2432f

in HIV infection, 1565f, 1568, 2432

treatment of, 1675t, 2432

etiology of, 380t, 381

health-care–associated, 1134

immune response to, 1655

in immunocompromised patient, 381

inflammasome mutations in, 2677t

joint, 1044

mucocutaneous, 381

chronic, 1672, 2716, 2993, 2994t

clinical features of, 263, 370t, 380t, 381,

1653t

intertriginous, 381

perianal, 1672

prevention of, 450

risk factors for, 1653t, 1655

thrush. See Thrush

treatment of, 380t, 381, 1675t

oropharyngeal, 260t, 290, A3. See also Thrush

pathogenesis of, 1671–1672

prophylaxis for, 1565t, 1676

in transplant recipient, 1138, 2330

urinary tract, 1072, 1078, 1130

vulvovaginal, 1084t, 1085–1086, 1572, 1672,

1675t

INDEX

Candidate genes, 474, 475, 3655 I-35

Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, 1438

Candiru virus, 1629t

Cane toad (Bufo marinus), 352

Cangrelor, 927, 2050, 2050t

Cannabidiol (CBD), 3318t, 3569

Cannabinoid(s). See also Marijuana

adverse effects of, 180

for multiple sclerosis, 3569, 3786

for nausea and vomiting, 80, 294, 294t

for pain, 98, 3569, 3786

synthetic, 3577

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, 292, 3568

Cannabis edibles, 3567, 3568

Cannabis use disorder, 3568

Cano Delgadito virus, 1628t

Cantharidin, 3615

CaO2

 (arterial oxygen content), 2236

CAPD (continuous ambulatory peritoneal

dialysis), 1056–1057, 2308, 2323. See also

Peritoneal dialysis

Capecitabine

actions of, 540t

adverse effects of, 540t

for breast cancer, 546t, 621, 625

for cholangiocarcinoma, 655, 655f

for colorectal cancer, 642, 643

for gastric cancer, 633

genetic variations in response to, 476t, 478

interactions and issues, 540t

for pancreatic NETs, 671–672, 671t

Capgras syndrome, 191

Capillaria philippinensis/capillariasis, 945t, 1697,

1777, S12

Capillaries. See Blood vessels

Capillaritis, 398

Capillary leak syndrome, 1801, 2285f

Capillary telangiectasias, 3349t, 3353

Capitation, 24

Caplacizumab, 908

Caplan’s syndrome, 2753

Caplan syndrome, 2170

Capmatinib, 513t, 547t, 607, 652f

Capnocytophaga spp. infections

antibiotic resistance in, 1247

in cancer patient, 556, 556t

clinical features of, 977, 1037, 1247

complications of, 977

in dog-bite wound, 1124, 1247

etiology of, 977

treatment of, 1126, 1127t, 1159, 1247t,

1248

Capreomycin, 1372, 1376, 1404

CAPS (cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes),

151, 1115t, 2677t, 2843

Capsaicin, 294, 294t, 2861t, 3125, 3488t

Capsid, viral, 1453, 1453f

Capsular polysaccharide complex, 1057

Capsule endoscopy

in celiac sprue, 2420f

in Crohn’s disease, 2477, 2477f

in gastrointestinal bleeding, 314

indications for, 2384, 2384t

of jejunal vascular ectasia, 2393f

small-bowel, 2390–2391, 2393f

Capsulitis, adhesive, 2879

Captopril

adverse effects of, 402, 905t

for heart failure, 1947, 1948t

for hypertension, 2083t

for hypertensive emergencies,

2087

Captopril renography, 2089, 2089t

Caput medusa, 318, 321, 2549

Carapito itch, 3615

Carate (pinta), 1414t, 1416, 1416f

Carbamazepine

for acroparesthesia, 3258

adverse effects of, 3438

cholestasis, 2584

common, 3551t

cross-sensitivity and, 416

cutaneous, 384, 391

erythroderma, 384

fever, 147

genetic considerations in, 408, 409

hair loss, 410

hypersensitivity, 412. See also Drug-induced

hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS)

lupus syndrome, 2847t

nail disorders, 410

neurologic, 3318t

in pregnancy, 3323

rare, 3551t

SJS/TEN, 414. See also Stevens-Johnson

syndrome (SJS); Toxic epidermal

necrolysis (TEN)

systemic, 3318t

thrombocytopenia, 905t

weight gain, 3087

for bipolar disorder, 3551, 3551t

for chorea, 2769

contraindications to, 3317

drug interactions of, 471t, 1400, 1703t, 2637,

3318t, 3324

genetic variations in response to, 475, 477t

for neuropathy, 3125, 3488t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3592t, 3595t

for pain, 79, 95t, 98, 3474

for paroxysmal symptoms in MS, 3474

pharmacology of, 3318t, 3551t

for seizures, 3317, 3318t

for SUNCT/SUNA prevention, 3367

for trigeminal neuralgia, 3437–3438

Carbamoylphosphate synthase-1 deficiency, 3270t,

3273

Carbapenem(s)

actions of, 1148, 1164t, 1165f

for anaerobic bacterial infections, 1356, 1356t

for Campylobacter infections, 1304

cross-sensitivity to, 1158

drug interactions of, 1155t

for gram-negative bacterial infections, 1248t,

1263–1264

indications for, 1158

for MDR-TB, 1403–1404

resistance to, 1158

in Acinetobacter spp., 1276, 1277

in anaerobic bacteria, 1356

detection of, 961t, 966

in Enterobacteriaceae, 941, 961t, 966, 1135,

1264–1265, 1264t

mechanisms of, 1164t, 1165, 1165f

urgency of, 1168–1169, 1168t

for staphylococcal infections, 1185

Carbapenemases, 1165, 1264–1265, 1264t

Carbenicillin, 349, 366

Carbenoxolone, 349, S1

Carbidopa/levodopa, 3393, 3396t

Carbidopa/levodopa/entacapone, 3395, 3396t

Carbimazole, 384, 2941

Carbinolamine dehydratase deficiency, 3269t

Carbohydrate(s)

digestion and absorption of, 2460

disorders of metabolism of

fructose metabolism disorders, 3262f, 3264t,

3267–3268

galactose metabolism disorders, 3262f, 3264t,

3267

glycogen storage diseases. See Glycogen

storage diseases (GSD)

high intake of, dyslipidemia and, 3144

malabsorption of, 306

metabolism of, 3261, 3262f

in parenteral nutrition, 2542

recommended intake of, 2521t

requirement for, 2517

Carbohydrate loading, 3244

Carbon dioxide (CO2

), 1001, 1002f, 1002t,

1003f

Carbon disulfide, 3495t

Carbonic anhydrase, 2290f, 2291

Carbonic anhydrase deficiency, 3213

Carbonic anhydrase II, 2696t

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 224, 226, 1706t

Carbon monoxide poisoning

clinical features of, 3627

complications of, 2272

epidemiology of, 3627

hypoxia in, 273

imaging in, A16

lactic acidosis in, 361

optic neuropathy in, 223

pathophysiology of, 765, 3627

polycythemia in, 393

treatment of, 765, 2272, 3627–3628

Carbon tetrachloride, 2584, 2586t

Carboplatin

adverse effects of, 539, 540t, 554, 577, 2301, 2728

for bladder cancer, 679, 680

for breast cancer, 621

for carcinoma of unknown primary, 720

for endometrial cancer, 700

for head and neck cancer, 593

interactions and issues, 540t

for lung cancer, 604, 605t, 606t, 609

for metastatic cervical cancer, 699

for ovarian cancer, 696

as substitute for cisplatin, 742

for testicular cancer, 691, 691f

Carboxyhemoglobin, 439, 765

Carboxypeptidase E, 3084t, 3085

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), 487t, 642, 659

Carcinogen(s), 419, 491

Carcinogenesis

epigenetics in, 3793–3794

field, 492

initiation step in, 491

Knudson two-hit hypothesis of, 3655

multistep nature of, 498–499, 499f, 3654

promotion, 491

radiation in, 532

in skin, 420

Carcinoid syndrome, 668

carcinoid crisis, 669

clinical features of, 304, 668–669, 2527

diagnosis of, 668, 668f

diarrhea in, 304, 668

heart disease in, 669–670, 670f, 1969

pulmonic stenosis/regurgitation in,

2004

skin manifestations of, 385–386, 391,

668

treatment of, 306, 668–669, 669f

Carcinoma, 508

Carcinoma in situ, bladder, 678

INDEX

I-36 Carcinoma of unknown primary, 716

approach to the patient, 716–717

biology of, 716

cervical adenopathy in, 591

cytogenetics in, 717

genetic considerations in, 716

imaging in, 717

immunohistochemical analysis in, 717–718,

718t

incidence of, 716

molecular profiling in, 518–719

occult germ cell tumor, 694

pathology of, 717–719, 717t

prognosis of, 719

treatment of, 719–721, 719f, 720f

tumor markers in, 717, 718f

CARD8 gene, 2678–2679t

CARD9 deficiency, 1654, 1676, 2716

CARD15 gene mutations. See NOD2 gene mutations

carD gene, 1361

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy, 1974–1975, 1975f

Cardiac arrest

coronary artery disease and, 2259

definition of, 2257, 2258t

epidemiology of, 2257–2258, 2260f

etiology of, 2257, 2261t

hypothermic, 3631

precipitating factors for, 2259

sudden, 2257

survival rates after, 2260, 2260f

treatment of, 2260

initial, 2260–2261

long-term, 2263–2264

postresuscitation, 2263

rhythm-based, 2261, 2262f, 2263

ventricular tachycardia and, 1911

Cardiac arrhythmias. See also specific arrhythmias

bradyarrhythmias. See Bradyarrhythmias

diagnosis of, 1871

evaluation of, 1870–1871

in heatstroke, 3637

in hemochromatosis, 3233

in hyperkalemia, 353

hypertension and, 2075

in hypokalemia, 350

in hypomagnesemia, 3165

in hypothermia, 3633

in ischemic heart disease, 2032

mechanisms of, 1868, 1869f, 1869t

in pregnancy, 3764

in respiratory alkalosis, 368

respiratory sinus, A8

in sarcoidosis, 2833

in STEMI, 2062–2063

sudden cardiac death and, 2259, 2260f, 2261t

syncope in. See Cardiac syncope

tachyarrhythmias. See Supraventricular

tachyarrhythmias; Tachycardia

treatment of

antiarrhythmic drugs, 1871–1872, 1872t

catheter-based ablation. See Catheter-based

ablation

implantable devices. See Cardiovascular

implantable electronic devices (CIEDs)

warning arrhythmias, 2062

Cardiac asthma, 1936

Cardiac auscultation

dynamic, 1823, 1823t

in heart murmurs, 1821–1822, 1821f, 1822f. See

also Heart murmurs

heart sounds, 1819–1820, 1821f. See also Heart

sounds

in pericardial disease, 1823

of prosthetic valves, 1823

Cardiac biomarkers. See also Troponins

in chest pain evaluation, 106

in myocardial injury, 2048t

in STEMI, 2047–2048, 2055, 2055f

in VTE, 2096

Cardiac cachexia, 1937, 1937t

Cardiac catheterization, 1859

in aortic regurgitation, 1988

in aortic stenosis, 1982

aortography during, 1863–1864

in cardiogenic shock, 2252

coronary angiography during. See Coronary

angiography

hemodynamic assessment in, 1861

cardiac output, 1861–1862

in constrictive/restrictive conditions, 1861,

1863t

intracardiac shunts, 1862–1863

normal waveforms, 1862f

reference values for, 1861t

valve area, 1862

in valvular disease, 1861, 1862f

vascular resistance, 1862

indications for, 1859–1860, 1860t

in mitral stenosis, 97

postprocedure care, 1865

preprocedure management of, 1859–1860

in pulmonary hypertension, 2781

racial/ethnic disparities in referral for, 60

risks of, 1859

in STEMI, 2060

technique of, 1860–1861

vascular access for, 1860

ventriculography during, 1863–1864, 1863f

Cardiac cirrhosis, 2628

Cardiac conduction system, 1800, 1824, 1824f,

1868

Cardiac contractility modulation, 1951

Cardiac contraction, 1804

cardiac activation in, 1805–1806, 1807f

cardiac ultrastructure and, 1803–1804

contractile process in, 1804–1805, 1804f, 1805f,

1806f

excitation-contraction coupling in, 1806f

sliding filament model for, 1804–1805

Cardiac electrophysiology, 1866. See also Cardiac

arrhythmias

catheter-based ablation. See Catheter-based

ablation

cellular basis of, 1866–1868, 1867f

electrocardiography. See Electrocardiography

(ECG)

implantable rhythm management devices. See

Cardiovascular implantable electronic

devices (CIEDs)

impulse propagation in, 1868

invasive testing in, 1871

Cardiac glycosides, 3592t

Cardiac imaging, 1832

after STEMI, 1848–1850, 1850f, 1858v

in CAD evaluation. See Coronary artery disease

(CAD), diagnosis of

in cardiac mass evaluation, 1854, 1856f

in cardiac structure and function assessment,

1834–1836

in congenital heart disease, 1856–1858, 1857f,

1858f. See also specific defects

contrast agents for, 1840

CT. See Computed tomography (CT), in cardiac

disease

CT angiography. See Computed tomography

(CT) angiography (CTA)

diagnostic accuracy of, 1840t

echocardiography. See Echocardiography

in infectious and inflammatory disease, 1855–

1856, 1856f, 1857f

MRI. See Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

(CMR)

in new-onset heart failure, 1850–1851, 1852f,

1853f, 1859v

nuclear, 1834–1835. See also Myocardial

perfusion imaging

in pericardial disease, 1851–1854, 1853f, 1854f,

1855f, A9

of prosthetic heart valves, 1864, 1864f

radiation exposure in, 1839–1840

in valvular heart disease, 1846–1848. See also

specific conditions

Cardiac jelly, 1800

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR)

after STEMI, 1850, 1850f

in aortic regurgitation, 1848, 1848f, 1859v, 1988

in atrial myxoma, 2026f

in CAD evaluation, 1843, 1844f, 1859v

in cardiac amyloidosis, 1851, 1852f, A9

in cardiac masses, 1854, 1856f

in chest pain evaluation, 108, 1846, 1847f, 1859v

in congenital heart disease, 1858, 1858f

in dilated cardiomyopathy, 1921f

in heart failure, 1938–1939

in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1851, 1852f, A9

in iron overload, 1851, 1859v

in left ventricular dysfunction evaluation, 1837,

1859v

in metastatic lung cancer, A9

in mitral regurgitation, 1848

in myocarditis, 1960f

in patient with pacemaker/defibrillator, 1840

in pericarditis, 1854, 1855f, 1859v, 2021f, A9

principles of, 1837

pulse sequences for, 1837, 1837t

in right ventricular dysfunction, 1838, 1859v

in STEMI evaluation, 2056, A9

stress testing with, 286, 2037, A9

in valvular heart disease, 1837

in ventricular tachycardia, 1912, 1913f

Cardiac mass, 1854, 1856f. See also Cardiac tumors

Cardiac murmurs. See Heart murmurs

Cardiac output

control of, 1806

measurement of, 1861–1862

oxygen delivery and, 2236

in pregnancy, 3762

in shock, 2218–2219

Cardiac resynchronization therapy, 1886, 1951

Cardiac risk assessment, 3769–3770, 3770f, 3771f

Cardiac-specific troponins. See Troponins

Cardiac syncope

in arrhythmias, 157, 1870–1871

ECG in, 158

pattern of, 1797

in structural heart disease, 157

treatment of, 157, 2265t

Cardiac tamponade, 2021

cardiogenic shock in. See Cardiogenic shock

clinical features of, 2021–2022, 2022t

diagnosis of, 2022

differential diagnosis of, 1861, 1863t, 2022t,

2254t

dyspnea in, 264, 265t

ECG in, 1830, 1831f, 2021, 2022t

malignant, 566–567