INDEX

Electrophysiologic studies I-71

cardiac. See Cardiac electrophysiology

electromyography. See Electromyography (EMG)

nerve conduction studies. See Nerve conduction

studies

Elementary body, 1444, 1444f

Elephantiasis, 1779, 1779f. See also Lymphatic

filariasis

Eletriptan, 3362t, 3363, 3363t

Eleuthero, 454t

Elexacaftor, 2178

ELF method, hepatic fibrosis assessment, 2552t

Eliglustat tartrate, 3259

Elimination

of disease, 982

of drugs, 468, 1150

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay),

1459

Elizabethkingia meningoseptica infections, 1248t,

1249

Elliptocytes, 425, 428f

Elliptocytosis, 428f, 780, 780f

El Niño events, 1002–1003, 1004f, 1007–1008,

1008f

Elongin (pVHL), 2991

Elosulfase alfa, 3260

Elotuzumab, 514t, 536f, 874t, 875, 2708t

Elsberg’s syndrome, 3451

Eltrombopag, 797, 907

Eluxadoline, 306

Elvitegravir, 1588t, 1589, 1591f, 1592t

Emapalumab, 865–866, 1655

embB gene, 1375, 1401

Embden-Meyerhof pathway, defects of, 438

Embolectomy, 2100

Embolic stroke. See Ischemic stroke

Embolism

in acute limb ischemia, 2110

cerebral arterial gas, 3629

cutaneous, 392, 399

infectious, 399

in infective endocarditis, 1025f, 1032, A5

pulmonary. See Pulmonary embolism (PE)

Embryologic development

of blood vessels, 1800

of cardiovascular system, 1799–1800, 1800f

of kidney, 2287–2288, 2288f

Embryonal carcinoma, 690, 722t, 2907

Embryonic stem cells, 3797, 3800

Emergency contraception, 3055

Emergent behavior, in biologic systems, 3814

Emergomycosis, 1654t

Emerin proteins, 1955, 1956t

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, 3522, 3524,

3526f, 3649, 3650t

Emesis, 291. See also Nausea and vomiting

Emetine, 224, 1704t, 1708

EMG. See Electromyography (EMG)

Emicizumab, 913–914, 914f

Emmetropia, 216

Emollients, 374, 377

Empagliflozin, 1942, 1948–1949, 1948t, 3110t,

3112, 3262

Emphysema. See also Chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease (COPD)

bullous, A12

centrilobular, 2182, 2182f, A12

chest radiograph in, A12

CT in, A12

cyanosis in, 274

with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, A12

panlobular, 2182, 2182f, A12

paraseptal, A12

pathogenesis of, 2180–2181, 2181f

pathophysiology of, 2136

pulmonary function values in, 2138, 2138f

subcutaneous, A12

Emphysematous cholecystitis, 2647

Employee health service, 1136

Empty sella, 2898

“Empty ventricle syndrome,” 2728

Empyema

abdominal pain in, 111t

actinomycotic, 1341, 1341f

anaerobic bacterial, 1352

in cholecystitis, 2647

definition of, 2198

in pneumococcal pneumonia, 1174

in streptococcal pneumonia, 1193

subdural. See Subdural empyema

tuberculous, 1365

EMS (eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome), 407, 449,

2773, 3787

Emtansine, 543, 621

Emtricitabine (FTC), 1465t, 1466, 1587t, 1589,

1590f, 1592f

Enalapril, 402, 1947–1948, 1948t

Enalaprilat, 2087t, 2106

Enamel hypoplasia, 257

Enamel, mottled, 257

Enasidenib, 550t, 553, 818

Encephalitis, 1094, 1210

amebic, 1096–1097

with antibodies to cell-surface or synaptic

proteins, 731–734, 731f

autoimmune, 187, 733f, 1096

brainstem, 730

in cancer patient, 560, 560t, 599

chronic

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

See Progressive multifocal

leukoencephalopathy (PML)

progressive rubella panencephalitis, 1100

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, 1100, 1611

cortical, 729, 731f

definition of, 1094

delirium in, 180

focal, 731

granulomatous amebic, 1719

hyponatremia in, 342

in influenza, 1519

limbic, 729, 731f, 3377, A16

L. monocytogenes, 1210

measles-associated, 1611

M. pneumoniae, 1442

pinworm, 1097

in rabies, 1019–1620

in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1433

toxoplasmic, 1760, 1760f

viral, 1094, 1635

arthropod-borne, 1635–1636

clinical features of, 1094, 1635–1636

CMV, 1489

diagnosis of, 946t, 1094–1096, 1096f, 1096t,

1635

differential diagnosis of, 1096–1097

enterovirus, 1603t, 1604

epidemiology of, 997

etiology of, 1094, 1094t

flavivirus, 1636–1637

HHV-6, 1491

HSV. See Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

infections, encephalitis

mumps-associated, 1108, 1617

peribunyavirus, 1637

rhabdovirus, 1638

sequelae of, 1098–1099

togavirus, 1638

treatment of, 1097–1098

Encephalitozoon spp., 1708, 1767, S12

Encephalomyelitis

acute demyelinating, 1519

acute disseminated (ADEM), 3476

experimental allergic, 3293, 3294f

paraneoplastic, 731, 2697t

postinfectious, 1611, 3474

with rigidity, 733

Encephalopathy. See also Delirium

chemotherapy-induced, 711, 711t

chronic traumatic, 191, 3298, 3377, 3414,

3461–3462

epileptic, 3275t

Hashimoto’s, 3421, A16

hepatic, 2632

clinical features of, 2273, 2632, 3377

diagnosis of, 2549, 2632

imaging in, A16

pathophysiology of, 184–185

treatment of, 2632–2633

high-altitude, 272, 3617, 3618f, 3618t

HIV. See HIV infection, neurologic disease in

hypertensive, 2076, 2086, 3350

hyponatremic, 343

hypoxic-ischemic, 2271–2272, 2272f, 3324

in Lyme disease, 1428

in malaria, 975t, 979, 1724

metabolic, 184, 197, 2272–2273

necrotizing, 3277

posterior reversible. See Posterior reversible

encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)

sepsis-associated, 180, 2273

Enchondromatosis (Ollier’s disease), 3216

Encorafenib, 513t, 547t, 552, 584, 585

Endarterectomy

aortoiliac, 2110

carotid, 3347

Endarteritis, infective, 1022

Endemic goiter, 2946

Endemic syphilis (bejel), 1415t, 1416, 1416f

Endemic treponematoses. See Treponematoses

Endemic (murine) typhus

clinical features of, 134t, 141, 1432t, 1436

diagnosis of, 1436

epidemiology of, 1432t, 1436

etiology of, 1432t

treatment of, 1436

Endobronchial biopsy, 2141

Endobronchial intratumoral chemotherapy, 2216

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial

needle aspiration, 2141–2142, 2141f,

2214, 2214f

Endocarditis

infective. See Infective endocarditis

Libman-Sacks, 2742, 2743

marantic, 147, 399, 561, 599, 1024

nonbacterial thrombotic, 1024

Endocrine disorders, 2881. See also specific

disorders

cardiomyopathy in, 1964–1965

clinical evaluation of, 2882–2883

fatigue in, 163

hypothermia in, 3632t

infections, in cancer patient, 561

in lung cancer, 599

myopathy in, 3530–3531

obesity in, 3085, 3086

INDEX

I-72 Endocrine disorders (Cont.):

paraneoplastic. See Paraneoplastic syndromes,

endocrinologic

pathologic mechanisms of, 2881–2882

in pregnancy, 3764–3766

prevalence of, 2883–2884t

screening/testing for, 2883–2884, 2883–2884t

types of, 2881, 2882t

Endocrine glands, 2881. See also specific glands

Endocrine tumors. See Neuroendocrine tumors

(NETs)

Endocrinology, 2881

End-of-life care, 72. See also Terminally ill patient

advance care planning in, 75–77, 76t

assessment of patient in, 74–75

for cancer patient, 489–490

care during last hours, 88–89, 88t

communicating bad news to patient in, 74, 75t

continuous goal assessment in, 74–75

epidemiology of, 72–73, 73f

euthanasia in, 87, 87t

futile care in, 86–87

hospice care, 74, 85

in older adults, 3759

palliative care, 85

physician-assisted suicide, 87, 87t

principles of, 5

withdrawing/withholding life-sustaining

treatment during, 5, 85–86, 2225

Endolymphatic hydrops. See Ménière’s disease

Endometrial cancer, 699

back pain in, 124

clinical features of, 700

deaths from, 481t, 483f, 699

epidemiology of, 699

genetic considerations in, 699

incidence of, 481t, 482f

in Lynch syndrome, 638, 699

oral contraceptives and, 3054

pathology of, 699

postmenopausal hormone therapy and, 3045,

3046t, 3048

prognosis of, 696t, 700

risk factors for, 699

staging of, 696t, 700

tamoxifen use and, 620, 740

treatment of, 620

Endometriosis, 124, 271, 3037, 3038, 3053

Endometritis

actinomycotic, 1342

alone, vs. with salpingitis, 1087

clinical features of, 3037

clostridial, 1221t, 1225

C. trachomatis, 1447

Endomyocardial biopsy, 1959–1960, 1960f

Endomyocardial fibrosis, 1969

Endopep-MS assay, 1218

Endophthalmitis

Candida, 1673, 1673f, 1676

clinical features of, 221, 221f

clostridial, 1225

etiology of, 221

Nocardia, 1338

P. aeruginosa, 1287t, 1288

β-Endorphin, 418

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

(ERCP)

in acute biliary obstruction, 2410

in bile duct disease, 2394f, 2396f, 2410, 2651t

of biliary tract, 2646f

in cholangiocarcinoma, 2396f

in cholecystitis, 2647

in cholestasis, 319

in gallstone pancreatitis, 2410

indications for, 2384, 2384t, 2391

in liver disease, 2550

nosocomial infections and, 1135

in pancreatic disease, 2654t, 2656

in pancreatitis, 2662f

pancreatitis after, 2656, 2658

in primary sclerosing cholangitis, 2482, 2628,

2646f

procedure, 2391

risks of, 2396

Endoscopic secretin test, 2654t

Endoscopic sphincterotomy, 2391, 2395f

Endoscopic therapy. See also Gastrointestinal

endoscopy

for achalasia, 2428, V5

for Barrett’s esophagus/metaplasia, V5

for chronic pancreatitis, 2668

for colonic obstruction, V5

for colonic pseudoobstruction, 2414f

for diverticular disease, 2408, 2412f, V5

for esophageal varices, 311, 2403, 2408f, 2630,

V5

full-thickness resection, 2396, 2399f, V5

for gastric outlet obstruction, 2413f, V5

for gastrointestinal bleeding, 311, 312f, 2403,

2406–2408f, V5

for gastrointestinal malignancies, 2395f, 2399f,

2414f, 2416, 2419f, 2420f, V5

for gastrostomy tube complications, 2396, 2404f,

2405f

for ileal stricture, 2394f

indications for, 2386

for intestinal obstruction, 532, 2414f

for Mallory-Weiss tears, 311

mucosal resection, 2396, 2399–2400f, V5

natural orifice transluminal endoscopic

(NOTES) surgery, 2393, 2396

for obesity, 2414, V5

for peptic ulcer disease, 311, 2407–2408f

peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), 2396,

2397f

peroral endoscopic tumorectomy (POET), 2396,

2398f

for poisoning, 3589

sphincterotomy, 2395f

submucosal dissection, 2396, 2398f, 2400–2401f,

2416f, V5

suturing, 2396, 2401–2402f, V5

for vascular ectasia, 2417, 2421f, V5

for Zenker’s diverticulum, V5

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

in bile duct disorders, 2410, 2415f, 2651t

in cholestatic conditions, 319

in chronic pancreatitis, 2667

in esophageal disease, 2424

with fine-needle aspiration, 2393, 2397f,

2419

for gastrointestinal cancer staging, 2384, 2393,

2396f, 2419

indications for, 2384, 2384t, 2393

in pancreatic disease evaluation, 2654t,

2655–2656, 2656t

for pancreatic necrosis, 2393, V5

in ZES, 2454, 2454t

Endoscopy. See Gastrointestinal endoscopy

Endospores, 1661, 1661f

Endostatin, 526f

Endothelial lipase, 3137

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), 233, 322,

3062

Endothelin(s)

in cardiovascular function, 1801, 1802

in edema, 276

in heart failure, 1934

in male sexual function, 3056, 3056f

in thyroid function, 2928

Endothelin receptor antagonists, 2075, 2127–2128,

2129t

Endothelium

antithrombotic effects of, 451

biology of, 1801

clinical assessment of, 1802f

functions of, 1801, 1801t

lymphocyte interactions with, 2698–2699,

2699t

in modulation of vascular tone, 2075

in tumor angiogenesis, 523, 523f, 524, 524f, 525f

Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, 1801

Endotoxin. See Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Endotoxin challenge test, 449

Endotracheal intubation, 272. See also Mechanical

ventilation

Endotracheal suctioning, 1016

Endovascular procedures. See Percutaneous

interventions

End-stage renal disease (ESRD). See Chronic

kidney disease (CKD), stage 5

End-systolic left ventricular pressure-volume

relationship, 1809, 1809f

Enema

barium. See Barium radiography

for constipation, 80, 80t

Energy balance

definition of, 2517

earth, 1001, 1002f

physiologic regulation of, 3081–3082, 3082f

Energy deficiency, 2539

Energy density, of food, 3091

Energy expenditure, 2517, 3082, 3083f

Energy requirements, 2517, 2539

Enfortumab vedotin, 536f, 543, 680

Enfuvirtide

actions of, 1589

adverse effects of, 1588t

for HIV infection, 1588t, 1589

molecular structure of, 1591f

Enhanced external counterpulsation, 1950, 2045

Enolase, 1170f

β-Enolase deficiency, 3263t

Enophthalmos, 227

eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), 233, 322,

3062

Enoxaparin

discontinuation before lumbar puncture, S9

for NSTE-ACS, 2050t, 2051

in PCI, 2066

for VTE, 2099t

for VTE prophylaxis, 2100t, 3773

Entacapone, 3395, 3396t

Entamoeba dispar, 1715

Entamoeba histolytica. See also Amebiasis

epidemiology of, S12

immune response to, 1715

laboratory identification of, 1717, S12

life-cycle hosts of, S12

life cycle of, 1714, 1714f

tissue invasion by, 1698, 1715

virulence factors of, 1715

Entamoeba moshkovskii, 1715

Entecavir

actions of, 1466

adverse effects of, 1465t

INDEX

for chronic HBV infection, 1465t, 2598 I-73

vs. other agents, 2595t, 2599f, 2601t

recurrent after liver transplantation, 2640

treatment recommendations, 2601–2602

for HBV prophylaxis in transplant recipient,

1145

monitoring during treatment with, 1465t

pharmacology of, 1466, 2598

resistance to, 1465t, 1466, 2601t

Enteral nutrition

complications of, 2543

contraindications to, 2542–2543

in critically ill patient, 2543

definition of, 2541

in esophageal cancer, 629

formulas for, 2541–2542

for IBD, 2486

indications for, 2542

initiation, progress, and monitoring of, 2543

Enteric (typhoid) fever, 1292

vs. Brucella infection, 1312

clinical features of, 135t, 1062, 1293–1294, 1293f,

1294f

diagnosis of, 1294

epidemiology of, 141, 1292–1293, 1293f

global considerations in, 1292–1293, 1293f, 1295

multidrug-resistant, 1293, 1294t

pathogenesis of, 1062, 1292

prevention and control of, 1295. See also Typhoid

fever vaccine

skin manifestations of, 393, 1293f, A1

treatment of, 1294t, 1295–1296

Enteric nervous system, 297

Enteritis

drug-induced, 2469t

radiation, 532, 2469t

sexually acquired, 1091–1092

Enteritis necroticans, 1221, 1222

Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), 1266t, 1269. See

also Escherichia coli infections, intestinal

Enterobacteriaceae. See also Gram-negative

bacteria

antibiotic resistance in

to aminoglycosides, 1264t, 1265

to carbapenems, 941, 961t, 966, 970, 1168t,

1264t, 1265

to cephalosporins, 1264t

to fluoroquinolones, 1264t, 1265

to fosfomycin, 1264t

mechanisms of, 1165, 1263–1265, 1264t

multidrug, 1016t, 1135

to polymyxin E, 967, 1165

extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing, 997,

1017, 1264, 1264t

Enterobacteriaceae infections

brain abscess, 1118

endocarditis, 1024, 1030

epidemiology of, 1262

epididymitis, 1082

health care-associated, 1132

in human bite-wounds, 1125

infective endocarditis, 1024, 1030

meningitis, 1101, 1104

osteomyelitis, 1049t, 1050t

peritonitis, 1054

pneumonia, 1011

prevention of, 1265

risk factors for, 1011

in transplant recipient, 1144

urinary tract, 1075, 1076

ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1016t, 1018,

1131

Enterobacter spp. infections, 1262

antibiotic resistance in, 1013, 1165, 1273

in cancer patient, 558t, 563

clinical features of, 1272

diagnosis of, 1272

epidemiology of, 1262, 1272

osteomyelitis, 1050t

treatment of, 1273

Enterobius vermicularis/enterobiasis, 1700t, 1774t,

1777, S12

Enterocele, 308

Enterococcal infections, 1197

antibiotic resistance in, 1167, 1168

bacteremia, 1199, 1201t

bone and joint, 1200

in cancer patient, 558t

endocarditis, 1023t, 1026, 1027t, 1028, 1029t,

1199–1200, 1201t

epidemiology of, 1198–1199

etiology of, 1197, 1197f

global considerations in, 1199

health care–associated, 1198–1199

intraabdominal, 1200

meningitis. See Meningitis, bacterial

neonatal, 1200

osteomyelitis, 1050t

pathogenesis of, 1197–1198

peritonitis, 2632

prostatitis, 1199

soft tissue, 1200

in transplant recipient, 1141, 1145

treatment of, 1028, 1200–1202, 1201t

urinary tract, 1071, 1199, 1201t

vancomycin-resistant. See Vancomycin-resistant

enterococci (VRE)

Enterococci. See also Enterococcal infections

antimicrobial resistance in, 1156t, 1199, 1202–

1203, S11

characteristics of, 1197

genome of, 969, 1199

laboratory identification of, 1199, 1199f

virulence factors of, 1198

Enterocolic fistula, 303

Enterocolitis

necrotizing, 895, 1221–1222

neutropenic, 560, 577, 577f, 1353

radiation, 304

sexually acquired, 1091–1092

Enterocytozoon bieneusi, 1569–1570

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). See also

Escherichia coli infections, intestinal

apoptosis inhibition by, 957

characteristics of, 1061, 1266t, 1268

epidemiology of, 1266t, 1268

as extracellular pathogen, 957

food-borne, 1064t, 1065–1066

Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), 1266t, 1269. See also

Escherichia coli infections, intestinal

Enterokinase, 2657

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), 951, 957, 1061,

1266t, 1269. See also Escherichia coli

infections, intestinal

Enteropathy

gluten-induced. See Celiac disease (gluteninduced enteropathy)

HIV, 1570

protein-losing, 2466

Enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma, 851, 858

Enteroscopy, 2391, 2394f, V5

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). See also Escherichia

coli infections, intestinal

adherence of, 1061

characteristics of, 1266t, 1268–1269

epidemiology of, 1266t, 1268–1269

food-borne, 1064t

toxin production in, 1061

Enterotoxins, 949

Enterovirus(es), 1506, 1507, 1507t, 1602

Enterovirus infections, 1602

acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, 1605, 1605f

acute otitis media, 249

clinical syndromes associated with, 1603t, 1605

coxsackievirus, 1507. See also Coxsackievirus

infections

diagnosis of, 1605–1606

encephalitis, 1604

epidemiology of, 1602–1603

exanthems, 1604, 1605f

generalized disease of the newborn, 1603

global considerations in, 1602

hand-foot-and-mouth disease. See Hand-footand-mouth disease

herpangina, 1605

immunity to, 1602

meningitis, 1097, 1106, 1604

myelitis, 3451

myocarditis, 1604

nonspecific febrile illness (summer grippe), 1603

pathogenesis of, 1602

pericarditis, 1604

pleurodynia, 1604

poliovirus. See Poliovirus infection

rash in, 140t, 143, 1604

in transplant recipient, 1141

treatment of, 1606

upper respiratory, 1605

Enthesitis, 2791, 2792, 2796f, 2848t, 2851f

Entomologic inoculation rate, 1722

Entrainment, 3801t

Entrapment neuropathy, 3767

Entrectinib, 513t, 547t, 552, 607

Entropion, 220, 1451

Entry inhibitors. See Combination antiretroviral

therapy (cART)

Enuresis, sleep, 213

Enveloped viruses, 1453, 1453f

Envelope protein, HIV, 1528, 1531

env gene, 1523, 1523f, 1529, 1531f

Environmental tobacco smoke. See Smoking,

passive exposure to

Enzalutamide, 544, 652f, 686–687, 687f, 688

Enzyme(s). See specific enzymes

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA), 1558, S11

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),

1459

Eosinopenia, 449

Eosinophil(s), 448

in adaptive immunity, 2679t

in asthma, 2154–2155

disorders of, 449

functions of, 448–449

hematopoietic differentiation of, 746f

in inflammation, 2684

in innate immunity, 2679t, 2684

morphology of, 442f

in parasitic infections, 448, S12

in peripheral blood smear, 425, 430f

Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis

(ECFa), 449

Eosinophil granules, 449

Eosinophilia. See also Hypereosinophilic

syndromes (HES)

diseases associated with, 449

drug-induced, 449

INDEX

I-74 Eosinophilia (Cont.):

infectious causes of, 944, 945t

paraneoplastic, 725t, 726

parasites associated with, 1769, S12

primary, 862, 863t

clonal eosinophilic leukemia, 863

FGFR1-mutated eosinophilia, 863–864

PCM1-JAK2 associated myeloid/lymphoid

neoplasm with eosinophilia, 863t, 864

PDGFR-mutated eosinophilia, 863

tropical pulmonary, 449

Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS), 407, 449,

2773, 3787

Eosinophilic bronchitis, 269

Eosinophilic esophagitis, 291, 295, 2413, 2431,

2432f

Eosinophilic fasciitis, 407, 449, 794, 2787

Eosinophilic folliculitis, 386

Eosinophilic gastritis, 2457

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, 295, 304, 2468, 2469t

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

(Churg-Strauss), 2809

ANCAs in, 2164, 2803

clinical features of, 397, 2164, 2196, 2340,

2809–2810, 3508

definition of, 2809

diagnosis of, 2164, 2340, 2810, A14

incidence and prevalence of, 2809

pathology and pathogenesis of, 2803, 2809

pericardial effusion in, A14

prognosis of, 2164–2165

renal involvement in, 2335t, 2336t, 2340

treatment of, 2164–2165, 2810

Eosinophilic leukemia, chronic, 803, 863,

863t

Eosinophilic myocarditis, 1963

Eosinophilic pneumonia. See Pulmonary infiltrates

with eosinophilia

Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, 1575

Eotaxin, 2683t

Epacadostat, 652f

EPB41 gene mutations, 779t

EPB42 gene mutations, 779t

EPEC (enteropathogenic E. coli), 951, 957, 1061,

1266t, 1269. See also Escherichia coli

infections, intestinal

Ependymomas, 705, A16

Ephedra sinica (ma huang), 3311t, 3787

Ephedrine, 348, 3590t

Ephelides, 390

EPH receptors, 524, 526f

Ephrins, 524, 524f

Epicondylitis, 2848t

Epidemic, 1515

Epidemic polyarthritis (Ross River virus infection),

1044, 1633–1634

Epidemic potential, 971–972

Epidemic (louse-borne) typhus

clinical features of, 134t, 977, 1432t, 1436

diagnosis of, 1436

epidemiology of, 134t, 141, 977, 1432t,

1435–1436

global considerations in, 1435–1436

prevention of, 1436

skin manifestations of, 134t

treatment of, 1436

Epidemiologic cutoff value (ECV), S11

Epidemiologic transition, 1810, 1811t

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 2435, 2436f, 2885t,

2928

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), 595,

2458, 2908

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

antibodies, 537

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

inhibitors. See EGFR inhibitors

Epidermoid cysts, 395, 707, A5

Epidermolysis bullosa, 290, 3218, 3647

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, 392, 401t, 404

Epididymitis, 1080, 1082t, 1446, 1449t

Epidural abscess

anaerobic bacterial, 1352

clinical features of, 979

cranial, 1122–1123, 1123f

etiology of, 975t

intracranial, 979

spinal, 123, 975t, 979, 3448–3449, 3449f

treatment of, 947t, 975t, 3449

Epidural anesthesia, 3772

Epidural hematoma, 3449, 3457, 3457f, A16

Epidural metastases, 568, 710, 710f

Epidural spinal cord compression, 3447, 3448f

Epidural spinal hemorrhage, 3351

Epigenetic clock, 3734

Epigenetics

of aging, 3734, 3794–3795

biochemical bases of, 3790–3792, 3791f

of brain and behavior, 3795

in cancer, 516–517, 517f, 3793–3794

definition of, 6, 516

in development and differentiation, 3792–3793

gene expression and, 501–502, 3644–3645,

3646f

in infection, immunity, and inflammation,

3795–3796

of metabolism, 3793

in undiagnosed disease, 3853t

Epigenome, 3644

Epiglottitis, 255, 1242, 1243

Epilatory, 3042

Epilepsia partialis continua, 729, 3306

Epilepsy, 3305. See also Seizure(s)

autonomic, 157

catamenial, 3323

coma in, 185

continuous seizures in. See Status epilepticus

definition of, 3305

employment and, 3323

etiology of, 3308–3311, 3310t, 3311t

genetic testing in, 3314–3315

incidence of, 3305

loss of driving privileges in, 3323

mortality data, 3323

pregnancy and, 3323, 3767

psychiatric disorders associated with, 3323

psychosocial issues in, 3323

refractory, 3321–3322

sudden unexpected death in, 3323

syndromes, 3307

genetic, 3311–3312

juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 3307

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 3307

mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, 3307–3308,

3309f, 3309t

treatment of, 3316

antiepileptic drug therapy. See Antiepileptic

drugs (AEDs); specific drugs

in refractory disease, 3321

surgical, 3321–3322

in women, 3323–3324

Epileptic encephalopathy, 3275t

Epileptic spasms, 3307

Epileptiform activity, 3306, 3314

Epileptogenesis, 3311

Epinephrine

in advanced cardiac life support, 2262f, 2263

adverse effects of, 2241

for anaphylaxis, 2728, 3599, 3614

in cardiovascular regulation, 2073

for drug-induced urticaria/angioedema, 411

in glucose regulation, 3130t

in hypoglycemia, 3130t

in local anesthetics, 262

neutrophil count and, 445

for scombroid poisoning, 3606

for shock, 2241, 2248

in vascular smooth-muscle cells, 1802

Epinephrine challenge test, 449

Epiretinal membrane, 227

Epirubicin, 540t, 621, 625, 678–679

Episcleritis, 220, 2480, 2481t

Episodic ataxia, 3275t, 3425

Epistasis, 3655

Epistaxis

approach to the patient, 453

vs. hemoptysis, 270

in nasopharyngeal cancer, 590

in Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, 910

in von Willebrand disease, 909

Epithelial cells/epithelium

in adaptive immunity, 2679t

airway, in asthma, 2150

bacterial avoidance of, 953

gastric, 2434–2435

high-resistance, 2293

in innate immunity, 953

intestinal, 2462

permeability of, 2289, 2695

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, 519, 520f

Epitopes, 2732

Eplerenone

drug interactions of, 1400

for heart failure, 1947, 1948t

for hypertension, 2083t, 2084

for mineralocorticoid excess, 2967

Epley maneuver, 160, 161f

EPM2A gene mutations, 3308t, 3407

EPOCH regimen, 857

EPOCH-R regimen, 846

Epoprostenol, 2124, 2127, 2129t, 2228, 2229t, 2233,

2786

Epothilones, 543, 625

EPP. See Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP)

Epratuzumab, 833, 833t

Eprodisate, 882

Epsilon-sarcoglycan gene, 3407

Epsilon wave, 1921

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 1483

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections, 1483

cancer and, 491t, 564

diagnosis of, 1485–1486, 1486f, S11

differential diagnosis of, 1486, 1486t

encephalitis, 1094, 1096t

epidemiology of, 1483

gastric adenocarcinoma and, 630, 630f

global considerations in, 1485

hemophagocytic syndrome and, 865

infectious mononucleosis. See Infectious

mononucleosis

lymphoid malignancies and, 842t, 1485

B-cell lymphoproliferative disease, 740, 1140,

1485

brain mass, 560

Burkitt’s lymphoma, 491t, 505, 828, 841, 1485

extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type,

841, 851, 858, 2807

INDEX

Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 1485 I-75

post-solid organ transplant, 2275

primary central nervous system lymphoma,

705

primary effusion lymphoma, 857

in transplant recipient, 1143

ME/CFS and, 1485

meningitis, 1107–1108

myelitis, 3451

nasopharyngeal cancer and, 590, 1485

neuropathy in, 3491

oral hairy leukoplakia, 1485, 1485f

pathogenesis of, 1483

pharyngitis, 253, 1511

reactivation in hypersensitivity syndrome, 407

rheumatoid arthritis and, 2755

skin manifestation of, 393

SLE and, 2739

systems biology applied to, 3818t

in transplant recipient

after HCT, 1138t, 1139t, 1140

after solid organ transplant, 1141t, 1142, 1143,

1144

treatment of, 1144

treatment of, 1486–1487

Epstein’s syndrome, 907

Eptifibatide

actions of, 925f, 927–928

adverse effects of, 905t, 928

discontinuation before lumbar puncture, S9

dosage of, 928

genetic variations in response to, 922t

indications for, 928

for NSTE-ACS, 2050t

for PCI, 2066

pharmacology of, 928t

Eptinezumab, 3364, 3365t

Epulis (gingival hypertrophy), A3

Epulis fissuratum, A3

Epworth sleepiness scale, 2203

Equine antitoxin

botulinum, 1217

tetanus, 1213

Eradication, of disease, 982

Eravacycline

for A. baumannii infections, 1277t, 1278

actions of, 1149, 1159, 1164t

adverse effects of, 1154t

for Citrobacter infections, 1274

for enterococcal infections, 1202

for gram-negative bacterial infections, 1263–1264

indications for, 1157t, 1160

for MRSA infections, 1187

for NTM infections, 1396

for peritonitis, 1056

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

resistance to, 1157t, 1164t, 1166, 1272

ERBB2 gene mutations, 500, 613t, 627, 635, 653, 654

ERBB3 gene mutations, 698

ERCP. See Endoscopic retrograde

cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Erdafitinib, 513t, 544, 545t, 680

Erdheim-Chester disease, 3451

Erectile dysfunction (ED), 3057

after prostatectomy, 685

after radiation therapy, 685, 741

alcohol use and, 3559

androgen deficiency and, 3020

approach to the patient, 3058–3059, 3059f

autonomic dysfunction and, 3429

in diabetes mellitus, 3125

drug-related, 3058, 3058t

epidemiology of, 3057

in MS, 3474

pathophysiology of, 3057–3058

prevalence of, 2884t

screening/testing for, 2884t

in systemic sclerosis, 2783

treatment of, 3059–3060, 3060t

Erection, 3055, 3056f

Erenumab, 3364, 3365t

ERFE (erythroferrone), 749

Ergot alkaloids, 2114, 3584, 3590t

Ergotamine

adverse effects of, 3363

for exercise headache, 3368

for exercise headache prevention, 3368

for migraine, 3362t, 3363, 3363t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3590t

ERG overexpression, 812, 812t

Eribulin, 541t, 543, 714

Erlotinib

actions and targets of, 513t, 544, 545t

adverse effects of, 410, 544, 545t, 575

drug interactions of, 571

for head and neck cancer, 593

for hepatocellular carcinoma, 652f

for lung cancer, 544, 606, 606t

for pancreatic cancer, 662t

resistance to, 544

ermB gene, 1013

Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica, 1672

Ertapenem

for anaerobic bacterial infections, 1356

indications for, 1156t, 1158

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

resistance to, 1156t

Erucism, 3615

Ervebo, S3

Erve virus, 1629t

Erysipelas

etiology of, 1036f, 1192

pathophysiology of, 1034f, 1037

skin manifestations of, 1037, 1192, 1193f, A1, A5

treatment of, 1037, 1191t, 1192–1193

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, cellulitis, 1038

Erythema, 418

Erythema annulare centrifugum, 384

Erythema elevatum diutinum, 397

Erythema gyratum repens, 384

Erythema induratum, 397

Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

clinical features of, 134t, 1496, 1496f

diagnosis of, 1497t

epidemiology of, 134t

etiology of, 134t

skin manifestations of, 134t, 141, 393, 1496f,

A1, A5

Erythema marginatum, 135t, 141, 385, 2768.

See also Rheumatic fever

Erythema migrans, 141, 385, 1427, 1427f, A1, A5

See also Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease)

Erythema multiforme

in cancer patient, 559

classification of, 392

clinical features of, 371, 373f, 385, 391–392, 413,

1442

in coccidioidomycosis, 1662

differential diagnosis of, 136t

epidemiology of, 136t

etiology of, 391, 413

HSV infection and, 1473, 1478t

oral manifestations of, 259t

skin manifestations of, 136t, 142, A1, A5

Erythema nodosum

clinical features of, 144, 397

in coccidioidomycosis, 1662

epidemiology of, 139t

etiology of, 139t

in IBD, 2480, 2481t

skin manifestations of, 139t, 144, A1, A5

Erythema nodosum leprosum, 1387, 1390

Erythrasma, 373, 1208

Erythroblastosis fetalis, 257

Erythrocyte blood groups, 884, 887–888, 887t

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 114, 132,

944, 946t

Erythrocytosis, 438. See also Polycythemia

etiology of, 803, 804t, 2375

in hemoglobinopathy, 765

in myelofibrosis, 806

paraneoplastic, 725–726, 725t

stress (spurious), 804

testosterone therapy and, 3024

Erythroderma, 384

clinical features of, 384, 977

drug-induced, 384

etiology of, 339–340, 384t

in toxic shock syndrome, 975t, 977–978. See also

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

Erythroferrone (ERFE), 749

Erythroid hyperplasia, 436f, 437, 749, A6

Erythroleukemia, A6

Erythromelalgia (erythermalgia), 803, 804, 2113f, 2114

Erythromycin

for acne vulgaris, 382

for actinomycosis, 1343t

actions of, 1149, 1164t

adverse effects of, 293, 319, 1159, 2584

for bacillary angiomatosis/peliosis, 1331t

for bite-wound infections, 1127t

for bronchiectasis prophylaxis, 2176

for cellulitis, 1039t

for chancroid, 1244

for cholera, 1308

for C. pneumoniae infections, 1452

for C. trachomatis infection, 1450

for diphtheria, 1206

for donovanosis, 1335t

drug interactions of, 467t, 1159

azoles, 1703t

cyclosporine, 2328, 2637

PDE-5 inhibitors, 3060

statins, 467t

tacrolimus, 2328, 2637

for endoscopy pretreatment, 313

for gastroparesis, 293, 294t

indications for, 1156t

for Legionella spp. infections, 1256t

for Lyme disease, 1429, 1430f

for pertussis, 1261t

for pertussis prophylaxis, 1261

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

prophylactic, 1162t, 2770

for psittacosis, 1451

for relapsing fever, 1424–1425, 1424f

resistance to, 1156t, 1164t, 1191

for streptococcal pharyngitis, 254, 254t

Erythron, 431

Erythrophagocytosis, in aggressive lymphoma, A6

Erythroplakia, 257, 260t, 590, 591

Erythropoiesis

ineffective, 316, 436–437, 2558

iron-deficient, 749f, 750

megaloblastic, A6

physiology of, 431–432, 431f

INDEX

I-76 Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP)

clinical features of, 394, 421, 423, 3238t, 3240t,

3247, 3247f

diagnosis of, 423, 3240t, 3247

global considerations in, 3239

pathophysiology of, 3238f

treatment of, 423, 3248

Erythropoietin

actions of, 431

in anemia, 431f, 432, 752

deficiency of, 437

ectopic production of, 439, 725–726

elevated, 439

in hematopoietic differentiation, 746f

plasma, 432

regulation of production of, 431, 431f

Erythropoietin therapy

adverse effects of, 554, 798t

for anemia, 438, 2316–2317

for hypoproliferative anemia, 754

for myelodysplasia, 802

for orthostatic hypotension, 156,

3436

ESBL (extended-spectrum β-lactamase), 1135,

1165, 1166, 1264, 1264t

Escape mutants, in HBV, 2566

Eschar

after tick bite, 144f

in anthrax, 140t, 1037, A1, S3

characteristics of, 133, 1034f, 1037

in ecthyma gangrenosum, 139t

in rickettsialpox, 139t, 144

in scrub typhus, 134t, 144

Escharate virus, 1629t

Escherichia coli

adherence of, 951, 1061, 1072

antibiotic resistance in, 1013, 1071, 1135,

1156–1157t, 1168, 1265, 1267

commensal strains, 1265–1266

epidemiology of, 1262

extraintestinal pathogenic strains, 1266

pathogenesis of, 1262, 1262t

uropathogenic, 949–950, 950t

genome of, 969, 1265

in inflammatory bowel disease, 3696

intestinal pathogenic strains, 1266t, 1267–1268

enteroaggregative, 1269

enterohemorrhagic. See Enterohemorrhagic

E. coli (EHEC)

enteroinvasive, 1269

enteropathogenic, 1061, 1269

enterotoxigenic. See Enterotoxigenic E. coli

(ETEC)

Shiga toxin–producing. See Shiga toxin–

producing E. coli (STEC)

laboratory identification of, S11

pili of, 1072

structure and function of, 1262

toxin production by, 1061

virulence factors of, 1072, 1262

Escherichia coli infections, 1265

in cancer patient, 558f, 558t, 559

epidemiology of, 1262

extraintestinal, 1263

abdominal/pelvic, 1055, 1266

bacteremia, 1267

cellulitis, 1267

ecthyma gangrenosum, 399

endovascular, 1267

meningitis, 1267

osteomyelitis, 1047

perinephric abscess, 1060

peritonitis, 2632

pneumonia, 1266–1267

treatment of, 1267

urinary tract, 1071, 1072, 1076, 1266

intestinal. See also Travelers’ diarrhea

clinical features of, 300, 1064, 1064t, 1266t

diagnosis of, 301, 1267

enterohemorrhagic: strain O157:H7, 300,

1065, 1268, 1269, 2364–2365, 3718. See

also Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)

etiology of, 1267–1268

vs. IBD, 2479

Shiga toxin–producing, 2364–2365

transmission of, 1268

treatment of, 1267, 1269–1270

sepsis/septic shock, 2242

in transplant recipient, 1141

treatment of, 1156–1157t

Escitalopram

adverse effects of, 3542t

for depression, 82, 195, 3375, 3542t, 3549

for generalized anxiety disorder, 3544

genetic variations in response to, 476t

Esketamine, 3544

Eslicarbazepine, 3318t

Esmolol

for aortic dissection, 2106

for hypertension in subarachnoid hemorrhage,

3356

for hypertensive emergencies, 2087t

for ischemic heart disease, 2040t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3591t

Esomeprazole, 296, 2443t, 2444, 2455

Esophageal atresia, 2426–2427

Esophageal cancer, 626

adenocarcinoma, 626, 627t, 2390f

Barrett’s esophagus and. See Barrett’s esophagus/

metaplasia

clinical features of, 290, 627, 2426

deaths from, 481t, 626, 2426

dysphagia in, 2414, 2419f

endoscopic appearance of, 2430, 2430f

etiology of, 626–627, 627t

genomic alterations in, 627

global considerations in, 626

H. pylori infection and, 1281

incidence of, 481t, 482, 626, 2426

prevention of, 490

prognosis of, 629

risk factors for, 295, 626, 3559, 3563t

screening for, 627

smokeless tobacco and, 490

squamous cell, 626–627, 627t, 2412, 2416f

staging of, 627, 628f, 628t, 629, 2396f

treatment of, 629

Esophageal disease, 2423

clinical features of

chest pain, 101t, 103, 2424, 2428

dysphagia, 289–290, 2424, 2426

globus sensation, 2424

heartburn, 295, 2383, 2423

indigestion, 295. See also Indigestion

odynophagia, 2424

regurgitation, 2423

water brash, 2424

congenital anomalies, 2426–2427

dermatologic disorders and, 2434

diagnosis of, 2424, 2425f

diverticula, 289, 293, 2425–2426, 2426f

esophagitis. See Esophagitis

GERD. See Gastroesophageal reflux disease

(GERD)

hiatal hernia, 2425, 2425f

iatrogenic injury, 2433

mechanical trauma, 2433

motility disorders, 2427–2429

achalasia. See Achalasia

diffuse esophageal spasm, 289, 2428–2429,

2429f

obstruction, 2408, 2413f

rings, 2425, 2425f

Schatzki’s ring, 289, 290, 2413, 2417f, 2425, 2432f

stricture, 289, 2413–2414, 2417f, 2418f

structural disorders, 2425–2426, 2425f, 2426f

in systemic sclerosis, 2781, 2781t

tumors, 2398f, 2426. See also Esophageal cancer

varices. See Esophageal varices

webs, 2425

Esophageal manometry

in diffuse esophageal spasm, 2429f

in dysphagia, 291

in GERD, 296

indications for, 2385, 2424

normal, 2425f

Esophageal pseudodiverticulosis, 2426, 2426f

Esophageal spasm

chest pain in, 101t, 103

diffuse, 289, 2428–2429, 2428f, 2429f

jackhammer esophagus, 2429f

Esophageal varices

bleeding in, 311–312

diagnosis of, 2403, 2408f, 2629–2630

in portal hypertension, 2629

in superior vena cava syndrome, 565

treatment of, 2403, 2405, 2408f, 2630, 2630f, V5

Esophageal web, 626

Esophagitis, 2415f

in cancer patient, 560

clinical features of, 111t, 289–291, 2432

corrosive, 2433

diagnosis of, 2411

eosinophilic. See Eosinophilic esophagitis

in GERD. See Gastroesophageal reflux disease

(GERD)

in HIV infection, 1568, 1569f, 2432, 2432f

infectious, 2432–2433

Candida. See Candida spp. infections,

esophageal

CMV, 2415f, 2433

HSV, 964, 1478t, 2415f, 2432

peptic, 2430f

pill-induced, 290, 2433

radiation, 2433

treatment of, 296

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 2387, 2389f, 2390f,

2424

Esophagus

anatomy of, 288, 2423

Barrett’s. See Barrett’s esophagus/metaplasia

“corkscrew,” 2428, 2428f

foreign bodies in, 2408, 2413f, 2433

functions of, 2423

gastric juice effects on, 2429

jackhammer, 2429f

scleroderma, 2433–2434

systemic disease effects on, 2433–2434

ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), 114, 132,

944, 946t

ESRD (end-stage renal disease). See Chronic

kidney disease (CKD), stage 5

Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, 2570, 2613. See

also Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis

Essential thrombocytosis (ET), 803, 807, 2367

Essential tremor, 3390t, 3401

INDEX

Estazolam, 3592t I-77

Esthesioneuroblastoma, 715

Estimated average requirement, 2518

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), 2286,

2286t. See also Glomerular filtration rate

(GFR)

Estonia, patient care financing in, 43

Estrogen(s)

actions of, 3029f

asthma symptoms and, 2153

bone remodeling and, 3194f, 3195, 3202–3203

breast cancer and, 612

carcinogenicity of, 491t

cardioprotective actions of, 3065

excess of, 3018

neuroprotective actions of, 3064

in perimenopause, 3043, 3043f

production of, 3009f, 3029, 3029f

Estrogen ablation, for breast cancer, 613t, 620

Estrogen receptors

actions of, 3030, 3202–3203

in breast cancer, 515, 613t

in carcinoma of unknown primary, 718t

Estrogen therapy. See also Postmenopausal

hormone therapy

for adult hypopituitarism, 2899t

adverse effects of, 3202, 3202f

cholestasis, 2584, 2586t

cutaneous, 391, 423

dyslipidemia, 3144

edema, 277t

erectile dysfunction, 3058

hypertension, 2077t

colorectal cancer and, 492, 639

for contraception. See Contraception

endometrial cancer and, 699

for female sexual dysfunction, 3062–3063

forms of, 3049

for gonadotropin deficiency, 2902

for hirsutism, 3042

for hypogonadism, 2902

for migraine treatment, 3363t

for osteoporosis, 3202–3203

for PCOS, 3036

transdermal, 3045, 3049

for Turner syndrome, 3001

vaginal, 1072, 3045, 3050

Eszopiclone, 212, 236

ET (essential thrombocytosis), 803, 807, 2367

Etanercept

actions of, 2701, 2707t

adverse effects of, 379t, 448, 1041, 2762t,

2794

for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases,

2707t

for axial spondyloarthritis, 2794

for granulomatosis with polyangiitis,

2808–2809

monitoring during treatment with, 2762t

for psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis, 379t

for rheumatoid arthritis, 2761, 2762t, 2763

for sarcoidosis, 2836

ETEC. See Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

Etelcalcetide, 2315

Ethacrynic acid, 2083t

Ethambutol

actions of, 1401

adverse effects of, 1401

gout, 2847t

neuropathy, 3494t

optic neuritis, 1398t, 1401

optic neuropathy, 223

thrombocytopenia, 905t

zinc deficiency, 2532

dosage of, 1401

for MAC infection prophylaxis, 1563t

for MDR-TB, 1376–1377, 1376t, 1399t

for NTM infections, 1396, 1402, 1404–1405,

2176

pharmacology of, 1401

resistance to, 1375, 1401

for TB, 1371–1372, 1371t, 1372t, 1398t, 1401

for tuberculous meningitis, 1109

Ethanol

beverage. See Alcohol

for ethylene glycol poisoning, 363

Ethchlorvynol, 223, 3593t

Ethical issues, 67

avoiding deception, 69

beneficence, 68–69

claims of conscience, 70

clinical practice guidelines and, 72

in clinical research, 71

confidentiality, 68

conflicts between patient’s choices and their best

interests, 68–69

conflicts of interest, 70–71

futile care, 86–87

in genetic testing, 3661

in global health field experiences, 72

informed consent, 5, 68

justice, 69

medical errors. See Adverse events

moral distress, 70

new technologies and, 7, 71–72

occupational risks, 70

patient autonomy, 68

patient who lacks decision-making capacity, 68

personal values and, 70

physician impairment, 71

principles in, 68–69

professional oaths and codes and, 70

resource allocation, 69

in social media use, 70

in stem cell therapy, 3800

virtue ethics, 69

Ethinyl estradiol, 3042, 3043, 3049, 3054. See also

Estrogen therapy

Ethionamide, 1372, 1376t, 1377, 1399t, 1404

Ethiopia, 50, 50t

Ethnic groups. See also Racial/ethnic disparities in

health care

drug response in, 475

waist circumference values in, 3088t

Ethosuximide, 3318t, 3592t

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA),

3582

Ethylene glycol poisoning

acidosis in, 363, 3585, S1

AKI in, 2301

clinical features of, 3594t

diagnosis of, 2304, S1

mechanism of, 3594t

optic neuropathy in, 223

treatment of, 188, 363, 3594t

Ethylene oxide, 3495t

Ethynodiol diacetate, 3042

Etidronate, 723, 3184, 3212, 3212t

Etomidate, 724, 2916, 2963, 3593t

Etonogestrel, 3054

Etoposide

actions of, 541

adverse effects of, 540t, 541

hypersensitivity reaction, 577

late, 694

nausea and vomiting, 488, 554

neurologic, 571, 3493t

for breast cancer, 625

for Burkitt’s lymphoma, 846

drug interactions of, 571

for Ewing’s sarcoma, 715

for gestational trophoblastic disease, 701

for hemophagocytic syndrome, 865

interactions and issues, 540t

for lung cancer, 609, 610

for ovarian germ cell tumors, 698

for peripheral T-cell lymphoma, 850

for soft tissue sarcomas, 714

for testicular cancer, 691, 692–693f, 694

Etravirine, 1587t, 1590f

ETV6 gene mutations, 809, 809t

Euchromatin, 3790

Eumelanin, 418

Eumycetoma, 1653t, 1688, 1689

Eunuchoid proportions, 3010

Europe

health system financing in, 42–43, 43t

hospital funding in, 44

long-term care funding in, 46

pharmaceutical expenditures in, 47–48

European bat lyssaviruses, 1623

European fire ants, 3614

EUS. See Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

Eustachian tube dysfunction, 239

Euthanasia, 87, 87t

Euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia, 2929, 2930t

EV1 overexpression, 812, 812t

Evacuation disorders, 307

Evaporative cooling, 3638

Everglades virus, 1625t

Everolimus

actions and targets of, 511, 513t, 550t, 552, 2328t

adverse effects of, 550t, 552

mucositis, 624

pulmonary, 575, 739

in transplant recipients, 2328, 2328t,

2637–2638

for breast cancer, 552, 613t, 622, 624

in drug-eluting stents, 2067

drug interactions of, 571

for hepatocellular carcinoma, 652f

for immunosuppression, 1974t, 2328, 2328t,

2637–2638

for insulinoma, 664t, 665, 3134

for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, 849

for NETs, 671t, 672, 720

for reducing skin cancer risk in transplant

recipients, 421

for renal cell carcinoma, 675, 676t

for small-bowel carcinoid tumors, 636

for subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, 708

Evidence-based medicine, 3–4, 21, 28–29

Evinacumab, 3142t, 3150

EVLP (ex vivo lung perfusion), 2212

Evoked potentials, 3466

Evolocumab, 2049, 3127, 3142t

Ewart’s sign, 2020

Ewingii ehrlichiosis, 1432t, 1437

Ewing’s sarcoma, 715

clinical features of, 257

diagnosis of, 715

genetic considerations in, 500t, 715

lactate dehydrogenase in, 487t

treatment of, 714, 715

Exanthems. See Rash

Exanthem subitum (roseola), 134t, 141, 1491, A1

INDEX

I-78 Exchangers (antiporters), 2290

Exchange transfusion, 1740–1741, 1740t

Excisional biopsy, 529

Excitable gap, 1870

Excitation-contraction coupling, genetic defects

of, 1956t

Executive functions, 203

Exemestane, 492, 543, 613t, 620

Exenatide, 3110t, 3111

Exercise/exertional headache, primary, 113t, 3368

Exercise-induced dyskinesia, 3408

Exercise/physical activity

anaphylaxis due to, 2722

asthmatic bronchoconstriction and, 2153,

2158–2159

in AV conduction block diagnosis, 1883

for back pain, 125–126

benefits of, 38t

for cancer prevention, 490

cardiac response to, 1808, 1808f

cardiovascular disease and, 1813–1814

for diabetes mellitus, 3105

energy required for, 2517

energy requirements for common activities,

2039, 2039t

for fatigue, 164

gonadotropin deficiency due to, 2916

for heart failure, 1950

for hypertension, 2082, 2082t

for intermittent claudication, 2109

for lifespan enhancement, 3738

for metabolic syndrome, 3155

for NALFD, 2622

for older adults, 3738

for osteoarthritis, 2860

for osteoporosis management/prevention, 3201

for PD, 3399

recommendations for, 11, 12t

tissue oxygen requirements in, 273

for type 2 diabetes mellitus prevention/delay,

3102

for weight loss, 3091

Exercise testing, 107, 1844, 1845f. See

also Echocardiography, stress;

Electrocardiography (ECG), stress

Exercise tolerance

in glycolytic defect disorders, 3528

in ischemic heart disease, 2039

preoperative, 3770f

Exertional heatstroke, 3637, 3637t

Exfoliatin, 1035

Exfoliative erythroderma syndrome, 137t, 142, A1

Exhaled breath condensate, 2147

Exocrine, 2881

Exons, 3641

Exophthalmos, 227

Exostoses, multiple, 503t, 3216

Exotoxin A, 1285, 1285t

Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS), 3469t

Expected utility theory, 3776t

Expedited partner therapy, 1093

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, 3293,

3294f

Experimental allergic neuritis, 3502

Exportin 1, 552

Exposomics/exposome, 6, 3853–3854

Expressivity, variable, 3651

Exserohilum rostratum infection, 1044, 1113t

EXT1/2 gene mutations, 503t, 3216

Extended daily dialysis (EDD), 2308

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), 1135,

1165, 1166, 1264, 1264t

Extensive metabolizers, 475, 476f

Extensor plantar response, 3281

External beam radiation therapy, 685, 713, 741

Externalities, in behavior, 3775

External pressure headache, 3369

Extinction (sensory phenomenon), 172, 200

Extracellular adherence protein (EAP), 1180

Extracellular blood volume, 2295f

Extracellular fluid, 338, 2541

Extracellular matrix (ECM), 950–951

Extracellular pathogens, 951

Extracorporeal blood rewarming, 3633, 3633t

Extracorporeal CO2

 removal (ECCO2

 removal),

2235, 2235t

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO),

2211, 2228, 2229t, 2234–2235, 2235t,

2256

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, 2371

Extramammary Paget’s disease, 586, 589f

Extramedullary syndromes, 3446

Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, 841,

851, 858, 2807

Extravascular space, 338

Extremities

arterial diseases of. See Arterial diseases, of

extremities

in cardiovascular examination, 1816, 1818–1819,

1820f

lymphatic disorders of. See Lymphedema

in malnutrition, 2536t

in shock, 2238

venous disorders of, 2115. See also

Chronic venous disease; Venous

thromboembolism (VTE)

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis. See Hypersensitivity

pneumonitis

Extrinsic incubation, 1624

Extrinsic pathway, coagulation, 451, 911f

Extubation, of terminally ill patient, 86

Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP), 2212

Eyach virus, 1625t

Eye(s). See also Ocular disorders

alignment of, 217

“cherry red” spot in, A15

dry. See Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

melanoma of, 227, 227f

movements of. See Ocular movements

nerve agent injury to, S4

painful or red, 218–220

tumors of, 227

vesicant injury to, S4

Eye fields, frontal, 199, 199f

Eye-Hand-Foot score, in leprosy, 1383

Eyelids, disorders of, 220, 228

Ezetimibe, 2049, 3031t, 3126, 3149, 3156, 3531

EZH2, 3793, 3794

EZH2 gene mutations, 800, 806, 848

EZH2 inhibitors, 3794

F

F1C1 gene mutations, 2561

F1 gene mutations, 3002

Fab exchange, in IgG4-related disease, 2839

Fabry disease, 3258

cardiomyopathy in, 1967, 1967f

carriers of, 2345, 3651

cerebrovascular disease in, 3258, 3344

clinical features of, 2335t, 2345–2346, 3256t,

3258, 3486

enzyme deficiency in, 3256t

genetic considerations in, 1956t, 1957, 2345,

3258, 3486

pathogenesis of, 2345

prevalence of, 3258

renal biopsy in, 2345, A4

skin manifestations of, 396, 3258, A15

treatment of, 1967, 2346, 3258, 3486

Face recognition, 201

Facet joint, 117

Facet joint hypertrophy, 122, 122f

Facial flushing, 382

Facial myokymia, 3441, 3463

Facial nerve

anatomy of, 234f, 3439, 3440f

examination of, 3280

injuries of, 241, 3459

in taste sensation, 233

Facial pain/numbness, 3437, 3438f. See also

Trigeminal neuralgia

Facial palsy, 168, 1217, 1427, 1429

Facial transplantation, 1145

Facial weakness/paralysis

anatomic considerations in, 3439, 3440f

in Bell’s palsy. See Bell’s palsy

in facial myokymia, 3441

in hemifacial spasm, 3441

in MS, 3462

Facilitated diffusion, 2290

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD),

3517, 3519f, 3527

F-actin, 2696t

Factitious illness, 147, 225, 304, 3134, 3552

Factor V

deficiency of, 453, 911t, 915

inhibitors, 911, 918–919

screening assays, 455f, 456

Factor V Leiden (factor Va)

early interventions for, 3667t

in fibrin clot formation, 451

genetic testing for, 3667t

protein C resistance and, 452

thrombosis risk in, 455, 455f, 923

Factor VII

in coagulation cascade, 923

deficiency of, 453, 915

screening assays, 455f, 456

Factor VIII

deficiency of, 453, 456, 915. See also Hemophilia

inhibitors, 913, 918–919

in pregnancy, 914

replacement, for hemophilia, 912–913

screening assays, 455f, 456

in von Willebrand disease, 909

Factor IX

deficiency of, 453. See also Hemophilia

inhibitors, 913, 918–919

in pregnancy, 914

replacement, for hemophilia, 912–913

Factor IX Padua, 914

Factor X

deficiency of, 453, 911t, 915

inhibitors, 918–919

screening assays, 455f, 456

Factor Xa, 451, 923, 931

Factor XI

deficiency of, 911t, 914–915

in fibrin clot formation, 451, 451f

inhibitors, 915, 918–919

Factor XII deficiency, 911t

Factor XIII deficiency, 911t, 915

Facultative anaerobes, 1348

FADD (Fas-associated death domain), 518, 518f,

2697f

Faget’s sign (relative bradycardia), 943, 944t

INDEX

Fall(s), 176 I-79

assessment and management of patient with,

177, 3748–3750, 3748f, 3750t

epidemiology of, 173, 176, 3748

hyponatremia and, 344

interventions to reduce, 177

mechanical, 177

in older adults. See Older adults, falls in

patterns of, 177

recurrent, 177

risk factors for, 176, 177t

sensory deficits and, 177

vs. syncope, 157

Fallopian tube cancer, 698

False-negative tests, 24–25

False-positive tests, 24–25

FAM13A, 2184

FAM46A gene mutations, 3222t

FAM111A, 3186

Famciclovir

adverse effects of, 1460

for eosinophilic esophagitis, 2432

for herpes zoster, 1039t, 1460, 1461t, 1482

for HSV infections, 1039t, 1460, 1461t, 1477,

1478t, 1513

for HSV prophylaxis, 1565t

pharmacology of, 1460

resistance to, 1460

for varicella, 1482

for viral meningitis, 1108

Familial adenomatous polyposis (polyposis coli)

colonic polyps in, 2421f

colorectal cancer screening in, 2417, 2422t

early interventions for, 3667t, 3668

genetic testing for, 3666, 3667t

Familial amyloid polyneuropathy, 3487–3488

Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 3412, 3413t

Familial chylomicronemia syndrome, 3138, 3139t

Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS),

2841t, 2843

Familial combined hypolipidemia, 3139t, 3146

Familial defective ApoB-100, 3140–3141

Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia

(FDH), 2929, 2930t

Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, 3139t, 3143

Familial focal epilepsy with variable foci, 3308t

Familial gingival fibromatosis, 257

Familial glucocorticoid deficiency, 2970t

Familial hemiplegic migraine, 3357

Familial Hibernian fever (tumor necrosis factor-α

receptor–associated periodic syndrome),

132, 151, 448, 1115t, 2841t, 2842–2843

Familial hyperaldosteronism, 349. See

also Glucocorticoid-remediable

aldosteronism (GRA)

Familial hypercholesterolemia, 3139t, 3140–3141,

3150, A15

Familial hyperkalemia, 781

Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, 3145, 3149t

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH), 356,

2988, 3178, 3667t

Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP),

2988

Familial Mediterranean fever, 2840

ascites in, 323

clinical features of, 171–172, 2841t

abdominal pain, 110, 111t, 2841

in acute attacks, 2841–2842

amyloidosis, 882, 2345, 2842

arthritis, 2841

cutaneous, 2841–2687

fever pattern/duration, 132, 2841

diagnosis of, 2842

differential diagnosis of, 2842

early interventions for, 3667t

genetic considerations in, 2840–2841, 2841t

genetic testing for, 2842, 3667t

inflammasome molecule mutations in, 2677t

interleukin 1 in, 448

treatment of, 151, 882, 2841t, 2842

Familial partial lipodystrophy, 3138–3140,

3139t