topics

11/9/25

Familial polyposis of the colon (familial

adenomatous polyposis)

clinical features of, 637

genetic considerations in, 502–503, 503t, 504f

polyp characteristics in, 638t

screening for, 637

treatment of, 637–638

Family history, 2

Famotidine, 296, 905t, 2443t, 2444, 2723, 3543t

Fam-trastuzumab, 514t, 536f, 542, 613t, 625

FAN1 gene mutations, 2356, 2362

Fanconi-Bickel syndrome (type IX GSD, glucose

transporter 2 deficiency), 2292t, 3134,

3263t, 3265

Fanconi’s anemia, 794, 3647–3648

Fanconi’s syndrome

cancer risk in, 740

clinical features of, 364, 2286

hereditary tubal disease in, 2284t

in multiple myeloma, 870, 2283

tubulointerstitial nephritis in, 2281

in Wilson’s disease, 3235

Farber disease, 3257t

Farmer’s lung, 2160, 2160t, 2161, 2167t, 2170

Farnesoid X receptor, 2562, 2642

Farnesyl transferase inhibitors, 512f

Fas, 2704t, 2718

Fas-associated death domain (FADD), 518, 518f,

2697f

Fasciculations, 165, 165t, 2819–2820, S4

Fasciitis

eosinophilic, 407, 794, 2787

necrotizing. See Necrotizing fasciitis

palmar, 2877

Fasciola/fascioliasis, 1789

clinical features of, 1789, 1789t

diagnosis of, 1789, S12

eosinophilia in, 945t

epidemiology of, 1697, 1784t, 1789, S12

life-cycle hosts of, S12

pathogenesis of, 1789

transmission of, 1784t

treatment of, 1713, 1788t

Fasciolopsis buski, 1784t, 1788t, 1789, 1789t, S12

FAS gene mutations, 503t

FasL, 2704t

FASL gene mutations, 503t

Fas ligand, 518

Fasting, periodic, 3737–3738

Fat(s)

dietary

cancer and, 490, 637

dyslipidemia and, 3144

malabsorption of, 303. See also Steatorrhea

metabolism of, in type 2 diabetes mellitus,

3101

recommended intake of, 2521t

requirement for, 2517

Fatal familial insomnia (FFI), 211, 3417t, 3418t,

3419, 3420

Fat embolism, 399, 2095

Fatigability, 162, 165

Fatigue, 162. See also Myalgic encephalomyelitis/

chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)

in anemia, 432

approach to the patient, 163–164

assessment of, 81

in chronic hepatitis, 2594, 2604

definition of, 162, 3518

differential diagnosis of, 162–163

epidemiology of, 162

etiology of, 81, 162

in fibromyalgia, 2868–2869

global considerations in, 162

health care errors and, 51

in heart failure, 1936

in liver disease, 2548

in MS, 3463, 3474

in myasthenia gravis, 3510

in myopathies, 3518–3519

in primary biliary cholangitis, 2627

prognosis of, 164

radiation-induced, 532

in sarcoidosis, 2833

vs. sleepiness, 208

in terminally ill patient, 81–82, 88t

treatment of, 81–82, 164

vs. weakness, 162, 163

Fat necrosis, 397

Fatty acid(s), 2460, 2468t. See also Free fatty acids

(FFAs); Lipid(s)

Fatty acid diarrhea, 2461t

Fatty acid mediators, 2150–2151

Fatty liver disease

alcoholic, 2617. See also Alcohol-associated liver

disease

drug-induced, 2587t, 2620t

etiology of, 2620t

in IBD, 2481t, 2482

nonalcoholic. See Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

(NAFLD); Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

(NASH)

Favipiravir, 1464

Favism, 784, 786t

Fazio-Londe syndrome, 3415

FBN1 gene mutations, 3229, 3229t

FBX07 gene mutations, 3391t

FCAS (familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome),

2841t, 2843

Fc (Ig Fc) receptors, 2671, 2676, 2679, 2694

FcγRIII/III, 2704t

FDH (familial dysalbuminemic

hyperthyroxinemia), 2929, 2930t

Feather hydroid envenomation, 3605

Febrile neutropenia, 554, 562, 563f, 1289

Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. See Sweet

syndrome

Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction, 894

Febrile seizures, 133, 3309–3310

Febuxostat, 573–574, 2373, 2865, 3252

Fecal DNA testing, 495t, 639

Fecal elastase, 2654t, 2656–2657

Fecal immunochemical testing, 495t, 497

Fecal impaction, 300, 303

Fecal incontinence, 2502

clinical features of, 2502–2503

epidemiology of, 2502

evaluation of, 2502–2503

in MS, 3474

pathophysiology of, 299, 2502, 2502t

rectal prolapse and, 2501

in systemic sclerosis, 2786

treatment of, 2503

Fecalith, appendiceal, 2515, 2515f

INDEX

I-80 Fecal microbiota transplantation, 1069, 1069t,

2386, 3698–3699, 3700–3701

Fecal occult blood

in colorectal cancer screening, 38, 39t, 315, 495t,

497, 639

endoscopic evaluation of, 2416–2417

Fecal patina, 1132, 1135

Feces. See Stool

FECH, 3240, 3247

FECH gene mutations, 3239, 3239t, 3248

Fechtner syndrome, 907

Fecundability, 3050

Fedratinib, 547t, 552, 807

Feedback control, 2890–2891, 2890f

Fee-for-service reimbursement, 24

Felbamate, 3318t, 3592t

Felodipine

adverse effects of, 2041t

for heart failure, 1949l

for ischemic heart disease, 2041t, 2042

for Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2114

Felty’s syndrome, 444, 461, 2753

Female orgasmic disorder, 3062

Female pseudohermaphroditism. See 46,XX

disorders of sex development

Female reproductive system disorders

cancer. See specific organs

delayed puberty, 3032t, 3033, 3033t

infertility. See Infertility

menstrual disorders. See Menstrual disorders

obesity and, 3086

ovarian disorders. See Ovary, disorders of

pelvic inflammatory disease. See Pelvic

inflammatory disease (PID)

precocious puberty, 697, 3032–3033, 3032t

sex chromosome disorders. See Sex chromosome

disorders

sexual dysfunction, 3061–3063, 3125

tubal disease, 3052

46,XX disorders. See 46,XX disorders of sex

development

Female to male (FTM), 3079t

Femoral artery

for PCI access, 2066

percutaneous intervention for occlusion of, 2070,

2071f

pulse, in aortic regurgitation, 1988

Femoral-femoral bypass, 2110

Femoral fracture, 3205

Femoral head, aseptic necrosis of, 2872, 3259

Femoral neuropathy, 3498

Femoral-popliteal artery disease, 2108. See also

Peripheral artery disease

FeNa (fractional excretion of sodium), 2305

Fenfluramine, 669–670, 3543t

FeNO (fraction of exhaled nitric oxide), 2147, 2155

Fenofibrate, 3142t, 3156, 3252

Fenoprofen, 95t

Fentanyl, 78f, 95t, 96, 3431t

Fenugreek, 454t

Fermentation, 1348

FERMT3 gene mutations, 445

Ferric carboxymaltose, 752

Ferric derisomaltose, 752

Ferriman and Gallwey scale for hirsutism, 3039, 3040f

Ferritin

formation of, 749

serum, 432

in alcohol-associated liver disease, 3233t

factors affecting, 436

in hemochromatosis, 3232f, 3233, 3233t

in hypoproliferative anemia, 437, 753t

in iron-deficiency states, 750f, 753t

iron stores and, 753t

in microcytic anemia, 751t

normal, 436, 749–750, 749f, 750t

Ferrochelatase, 3238t, 3239t

Ferroportin, 749, 3231, 3231f, 3232

Ferrous salts, for iron-deficiency anemia, 751–752,

751t

Ferumoxytol, 752

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, 3559

Fetal alcohol syndrome, 3559

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF), 755. See also Hereditary

persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH)

Fetal nigral dopamine cells, 3397

Fetor hepaticus, 2549

FEV1

(forced expiratory volume in 1 s), 2139

age-related changes in, 2184–2185, 2185f

in COPD, 2182

in interstitial lung disease, 2192

in respiratory disorders, 2138f

smoking and, 2183, 2183f

Fever, 130. See also Acute febrile illness; Fever of

unknown origin (FUO)

after transfusion, 891t

approach to the patient, 131–132

in autoimmune/autoinflammatory disease, 132

as cardinal sign, 131, 132t

central, 185

in coma, 185

factitious, 147

fraudulent, 147

heart rate and, 943

vs. hyperthermia, 130

hypothalamic, 130

hypoxia and, 273

with myalgia, 1634t, 1638–1640

in parasitic infections, 1700, 1700t

pathogenesis of, 131, 131f

Pel-Ebstein, 132, 853

quadriplegic, 3455

with rash, 133, 134–140t, 399–400, 1229, A1. See

also Rash

in recipient of anticytokine therapy, 132

recurrent, 132, 149, 149t. See also Hereditary

recurrent fever syndromes

relapsing. See Relapsing fever

in returned traveler, 1293, 1294

in rheumatic fever, 2768–2769

in schistosomiasis, 1786–1787

in splenectomized patient, 463

treatment of, 132–133

water loss in, 2517

Feverfew, 454t

Fever of unknown origin (FUO), 145. See also

Acute febrile illness

approach to the patient, 148f

first-stage diagnostic tests, 147–149

later-stage diagnostic tests, 150–151

PET/CT, 150, 150f

in recurrent fever, 149

scintigraphy, 150

definition of, 145

differential diagnosis of, 146–147, 146t

etiology of, 145–146, 145t, 146t

global considerations in, 145, 145t

prognosis of, 151

recurrent, 149t

treatment of, 151

FEZ1 gene mutations, 3015t

FFAs. See Free fatty acids (FFAs)

FFI (fatal familial insomnia), 211, 3417t, 3418t, 3419

FFR (fractional flow reserve), 1865, 1866f

FGF2, 3302

FGF8 gene mutations, 3014, 3015t

FGF17 gene mutations, 3015t

FGF-19 (fibroblast growth factor-19), 303

FGF19 gene mutations, 645, 645t, 654

FGF-21 (fibroblast growth factor-21), 3735

FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), 725, 2293,

2313, 3216

FGF23 gene mutations, 3161, 3216

FGFR1 gene mutations, 597, 597t, 3014, 3015t

FGFR1-mutated eosinophilia, 863–864, 863t

FGFR2 gene mutations, 653, 654, 680, 3649

FGFR3 gene mutations, 677, 680, 3216, 3228

FH gene mutations, 674t

FHH (familial hypocalciuric 356), 313

FHH (familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia), 2988,

3178, 3667t

FHIT gene mutations, 597

FIB-4 method, hepatic fibrosis assessment, 2552t

Fiber, dietary. See Dietary fiber

Fibric acid derivatives (fibrates)

adverse effects of, 3142t, 3148, 3531t

for hypertriglyceridemia, 3142t, 3148

for metabolic syndrome, 3156

Fibrillarin, 2696t, 2776t

Fibrillary glomerulonephritis, A4

Fibrillary glomerulopathy, 2345

Fibrillary-immunotactoid glomerulopathy, 2335t

Fibrillation potentials, EMG, 166

Fibrillin-1, 2102, 3219t

Fibrillin aggregates, 3221

Fibrin, 452, 903, 924, 925f

Fibrin clot, 451, 451f

Fibrin degradation products, 915

Fibrin(ogen) degradation products, 451f, 452, 456

Fibrinogen, 452, 453, 911t, 925f

Fibrinolysis

in DIC, 915–916, 916f

regulation of, 452, 452f

thrombosis and, 923–924

Fibrinolytic drugs, 937

actions of, 937, 937f

for acute limb ischemia, 2111

adverse effects of, 2059–2060

alteplase. See Alteplase (rtPA)

anistreplase, 938

contraindications to, 2059–2060, 2100

indications for, 937

for pulmonary embolism, 2100

reteplase. See Reteplase

for STEMI, 2058f, 2059–2060

streptokinase, 937, 938f, 2059

tenecteplase. See Tenecteplase

urokinase, 938

Fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF-19), 303, 2459

Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), 3735, 3735f

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), 2293, 2313,

3157, 3161, 3216

Fibroblasts, 510

Fibrocystic disease, of breast, 616

Fibrocystin/polyductin, 2352f, 2353

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, 3217

Fibroelastoma, papillary, 2027

Fibrofolliculomas, 395

Fibrogenesis imperfecta ossium, 3214–3215

Fibroids, uterine (leiomyoma), 636, 699, 3037,

3038, 3052–3053

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, 656

Fibromas

cardiac, 1854, 1856f, 2027

ovarian, 697

paraneoplastic syndromes in, 722t

INDEX

Fibromuscular dysplasia, 2078, 2088, 2110, 2285, I-81

3343

Fibromyalgia, 2868

approach to the patient, 2870

clinical features of, 2846, 2868–2869, 2868f

comorbidities of, 2846–2847, 2869

definition of, 2868

diagnosis of, 2869–2870, 2869t

differential diagnosis of, 1428, 2869, 2869t, 3520

epidemiology of, 2846, 2868

genetic considerations in, 2870

in HIV infection, 1573

IC/BPS and, 326

physiology of, 2870

tender point assessment in, 2868, 2868f

treatment of, 2870, 2870t

Fibronectin, 2696t, 3219t

Fibronectin-binding protein, 1024

Fibrosis

pulmonary. See Pulmonary fibrosis

in systemic sclerosis, 2773, 2775f, 2776, 2777f

Fibro Test method, hepatic fibrosis assessment,

2552t

Fibrous dysplasia, 3215, 3215f. See also McCuneAlbright syndrome

Fibrous histiocytoma, malignant, 513. See also Soft

tissue sarcomas

Fick method, cardiac output measurement,

1861–1862

Fidaxomicin, 1069–1070, 1069t

Fiduciary obligations, 69

Fifth disease. See Erythema infectiosum

Figurate skin lesions, 384–385, 387t

FIHP (familial isolated hyperparathyroidism), 2988

Filaggrin, 374, 420

Filamentous hemagglutinin, 1257, 1260

Filariae/filarial infections. See Nematodes/

nematode infections, filarial

Filarial dance sign, 1780

Fildes, Luke, 1f

Filgotinib, 2796

Filiform warts, 381

Filoviruses

genome of, 1646

global considerations in, 978

phylogeny/evolution of, 1647f

structure of, 1454t, 1455f, 1646, 1647f

taxonomy of, 1646f

Filovirus infections

clinical features of, 1645, 1649–1650

complications of, 1651

control and prevention of, 1652

diagnosis of, 1650–1651

differential diagnosis of, 1650

epidemiology of, 1646, 1648f, 1649f

etiology of, 1645–1646

laboratory safety precautions for, 1645

pathogenesis of, 1646–1649

prognosis of, 1651

structure of, 1646, 1647f

treatment of, 1651

Filovirus vaccine, 1652

Fimbriae. See Pili (fimbriae), bacterial

Financial abuse, 3758t

Financial incentives, 71

Finasteride

for androgenetic alopecia, 387t

for hirsutism, 3042

for lower urinary tract symptoms, 3075

for prostate cancer prevention, 492, 682

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy, 459, 530, 2146,

2954

Finger(s)

clubbing of. See Clubbing, of digits

in gouty arthritis, A15

in psoriatic arthritis, 2799

Finger anomia, 198

Finger-to-nose testing, 3281

Fingolimod, 3470t, 3471

Finkelstein sign/test, 2879

Finkelstein’s sign/test, 2849

Finland, 42–43, 43t, 44

Fire ants, 3614

Fire coral envenomation, 3602

First-pass elimination/effect, 466, 466f,

1150

FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization),

3659

Fisher’s syndrome, 230, V3

Fish eye disease, 3139t, 3146

Fish meal worker’s lung, 2160t

Fish, nematode infections from, 1773, 1777

Fish odor syndrome (trimethylaminuria), 2529

Fish oils. See Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oils)

Fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum), 772,

1796, S12

Fissured (scrotal) tongue, 261t, A3

Fissures, anal, 2505

Fistula(s). See also Arteriovenous fistula

carotid cavernous, 228

gallbladder, 2648

hepatobronchial, 1717

pancreaticopleural, 2662f

Fistula in ano, 1366, 2504f, 2505

Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome (perihepatitis),

1087–1088, 1447

Fitzpatrick skin types, 418, 418t

5-day fever (trench fever), 1331, 1331t

Fixed drug eruption, 412, 412f

FK506. See Tacrolimus

FKBP10 gene mutations, 3221, 3222t, 3223

FKBP14 gene mutations, 3225t, 3227

Flaccidity, 165

Flagella

of bacteria, 950, 950t

of P. aeruginosa, 1285, 1285t

Flagellin, 955

Flail leaflet, 281

FLAIR. See Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery

(FLAIR) MRI

Flatus/flatulence, 321, 2491

Flat warts, 381

Flatworms/flatworm infections. See Cestodes/

cestode infections; Trematodes/

trematode infections

Flaviviruses

global considerations in, 978

replication strategies of, 1455–1456

reservoirs and vectors of, 1624, 1626t

structure of, 1454t, 1455f

Flavivirus infections

clinical syndromes of, 1626t

encephalitis, 1097, 1636–1637

geographic distribution of, 1632–1633t

viral hemorrhagic fever, 1643–1645

Flavoenzymes, 2526

Flavonoids, 2529

Flavopiridol, 512f

Flavor enhancers, 237

FLCN gene mutations, 673, 674t

Flea(s)

bites, 3614–3615

cat, 1328, 3614

dog, 3614

in endemic typhus. See Endemic (murine)

typhus

in plague, S3

Flea-borne spotted fever, 1432t, 1435

Flecainide

actions of, 1872t

adverse effects of, 1872t, 1875t, 1907

for atrial fibrillation, 1907

for AV nodal reentry tachycardia, 1896

for focal atrial tachycardia, 1894

metabolism of, 467t

for ventricular arrhythmias, 1913

Flesh fly, 3611

Flexible sigmoidoscopy. See Sigmoidoscopy

Flibanserin, 3063

FLI-EWSR1 gene mutations, 500t

Flinders Island spotted fever, 1434

FLIP, 519

FLNC gene mutations, 856, 1956t

Floaters, 224

Floppy iris syndrome, 2376

Floppy-valve syndrome. See Mitral valve prolapse

Flow limit, of lung, 2135

Flow-volume loop, 2135f, 2137–2138, 2139

Floxuridine, 2584

FLRT3 gene mutations, 3015t

FLT3 gene mutations, 500t, 810, 817

FLT3 inhibitors, 742

FLT3-ITD gene mutations, 811, 812t

FLT3-KTD mutation, 812t

Flucloxacillin, 475, 478, 1029t, 2584

Fluconazole

advantages of, 1656

adverse effects of, 905t, 1656, 1703t

for Blastomyces infections, 1667, 1667t

for Candida infections

disseminated, 1675t

endocarditis, 1676

esophagitis, 1675t, 2432

liver abscess, 1059

resistance to, 1675t

thrush, 559

tissue-invasive, 2330

urinary tract, 1078

vulvovaginal, 1084t, 1085–1086, 1656, 1675t

for Candida prophylaxis

in HIV infection, 1564t

in transplant recipients, 901, 901t, 1144, 1656,

1676

for Coccidioides infections, 1109, 1663

for Cryptococcus infections, 1109, 1577, 1670

for cutaneous leishmaniasis, 1747

drug interactions of, 467t, 1703t, 2328, 2637,

3111

for febrile neutropenia, 564

indications for, 1656

for Malassezia infections, 1690

in pregnancy and lactation, 1703t

prophylactic use

for Candida infections, 1676

for Cryptococcus infections, 1670

for fungal infections, 1656

susceptibility testing for, S11

Flucytosine

actions of, 1657

adverse effects of, 444, 1657

for Candida endocarditis, 1030

for Candida endophthalmitis, 1676

for Candida urinary tract infections, 1078

for cryptococcal meningitis, 1577, 1670

for Cryptococcus infections, 1109

indications for, 1657

INDEX

I-82 Fludarabine

action and targets of, 542–543

actions of, 542

adverse effects of, 540t, 543, 554, 560

long-term, 738t

neurologic, 711, 711t

pulmonary, 575, 739

for B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, 856

for CLL, 839

in HCT preparation, 898

interactions and issues, 540t

for Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 877

Fludrocortisone

for adrenal insufficiency, 2972

for orthostatic hypotension, 156, 3398, 3436,

3543t

for postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome,

1892

for syncope, 155

Fludrocortisone suppression test, 2965

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI

in Balo’s concentric sclerosis, A16

in Behçet syndrome, A16

in brain abscess, A16

in brain tumors, 701, 703f, A16

in cerebral arteriopathy, A16

characteristics of, 3286

in CNS aspergillosis, A16

in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 3421, 3421f

in Hashimoto’s encephalopathy, A16

in Huntington’s disease, 3405f

in limbic encephalitis, A16

in MELAS, A16

in neurofibromatosis type 1, A16

in viral encephalitis, 1096, 1096f, 1103

Fluid overload, 895

Fluid requirements, 2517

Fluid restriction, 723, 2228

Fluid retention, 2544

Fluid therapy

for alcoholic ketoacidosis, 362

for constipation, 80

for diabetic ketoacidosis, 362

for diarrhea, 302

for DKA, 3115–3116

for HHS, 3117

for hypercalcemia, 357, 3184t

for hypovolemia, 341

for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy,

1860

for sepsis/septic shock, 2247t, 2248–2249

for shock, 2240

Flukes. See Trematodes/trematode infections

Flumazenil, 3571

Flunarizine, 3364, 3365t, 3369, 3389

Flunitrazepam, 3592t

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), 3659

Fluorescent auramine microscopy, S12

Fluorescent treponemal antibody–absorbed

(FTA-ABS) test, 1411

Fluoridation, 256

Fluoride, 352, 2520t, 2533t, 2534

Fluorochrome stains, S11

Fluorocytosine, 3254

Fluorodeoxyuridine, 3254

Fluoroquinolones

absorption of, 1402

actions of, 1149, 1160, 1164t

adverse effects of, 1076, 1076t, 1154t, 1160, 1243,

1402

onycholysis, 410

photosensitivity, 409, 422t

in pregnancy, 1077

vesicles/bullae, 391

for Aeromonas spp. infections, 1248, 1248t

for anaerobic bacterial infections, 1356

for bite-wound infections, 1126

for community-acquired pneumonia, 1014,

1014t

for C. trachomatis infections, 1450

for cystitis, 1076, 1076t

drug interactions of, 1155t

for E. coli infections, 1270

empirical uses of, 947t

for Enterobacter infections, 1273

for gram-negative bacterial infections, 1248t

for H. influenzae infections, 1243

indications for, 1160

for isoniazid-resistant TB, 1376

for Legionella spp. infections, 1255–1256, 1256t

for MDR-TB, 1399t

for M. pneumoniae infections, 1443

for plague, 1324

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

prophylactic, 1162t

for prostatitis, 1077

for pyelonephritis, 1077

resistance to, 1076

in anaerobic bacteria, 1356

in Campylobacter spp., 1304

detection of, 966

in E. coli, 1013, 1267

in Enterobacteriaceae, 1264t, 1265

in Klebsiella spp., 1271

mechanisms of, 1160, 1164t, 1167

in mycobacteria, 1375, 1402

in pneumococci, 1013

in Proteus spp., 1272

in Salmonella, 1295

in Shigella, 1301

in V. cholera, 1308

for Serratia infections, 1273

for TB, 1398t, 1402

Fluoroscopy, in dysphagia, 289

Fluorosis, 2534

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)

for actinic keratoses, 589

actions of, 542

adverse effects of, 422t, 540t, 542

cardiotoxicity, 1964

cutaneous, 391, 410

encephalopathy, 2274t

gastrointestinal, 577

long-term, 738t

nail disorders, 410

nausea and vomiting, 554

neurologic, 711t, 742

for anal cancer, 643

for basal cell carcinoma, 588

for bladder cancer, 679

for breast cancer, 621

for colorectal cancer, 642–643

for gastric cancer, 633

for gastrinoma, 2985

genetic variations in response to, 476t, 478

for head and neck cancer, 593

for insulinoma, 2986

interactions and issues, 540t

for pancreatic cancer, 661, 662t

pyrimidine metabolism and, 3254

for squamous cell carcinoma, 588

timing of administration of, 3811

Fluoxetine

adverse effects of, 3542t, 3549

for cataplexy, 210

for depression, 82–83, 487, 3474, 3542t, 3549

drug interactions of, 467t, 471t, 478

metabolism of, 467t, 478

for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 3546

for pain, 98

for panic disorder, 3542

pharmacology of, 3549

Fluoxymesterone, 543, 3021

Fluphenazine, 3555t

Flurazepam, 3544t, 3592t

Flushing

in acne rosacea, 382

in carcinoid syndrome, 668

nicotinic acid therapy and, 2527

Flutamide, 544, 687, 3036, 3042

Fluvastatin, 3142t. See also Statins

Fluvoxamine, 476t, 3542t, 3546

Fly bites, 3614, 3616f

Fly infestation, 3611

FMR1/2 gene mutations, 3036, 3537, 3795

Foam cells, 395

Focal ataxia, 3423

Focal atrial tachycardia, 1888t, 1893–1894, 1893f,

1894f

Focal nodular hyperplasia, of liver, 657

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

clinical features of, 2335t, 2342

genetic considerations in, 2332

HIV-related, 2282, 2349

pathogenesis of, 2342, 2342t, 2343f

renal biopsy in, 2342, A4

treatment of, 2342–2343

Focal seizures, 3306, 3317–3318, 3352

Focal sensory seizures, 173

FODMAPs, 2494, 2494t, 2496, 2496f

Fogo selvagem, 402

Folate, 766

absorption of, 767

for alcohol-induced acidosis, S1

cobalamin and, 768

deficiency of. See Folate deficiency

dietary sources of, 766–767

functions of, 767, 767t, 768f, 2525f

red cell, 774

requirement/recommended intake of, 767,

2519t

serum, 774

structure of, 2525f

supplements. See Folate supplements

systems analysis of effects of, 3814

transport in blood, 767

Folate deficiency. See also Megaloblastic anemia

anemia in, 437

causes of, 772–773, 773t

clinical features of, 768–770, 2524t

diagnosis of, 774

hematologic findings in, 770

jaundice in, 317

myelopathy in, 3454

neural tube defects and, 769

neutrophil segmentation in, 440

optic neuropathy in, 224

peripheral blood smear in, 427f

in pregnancy, 769, 775, 1800

in premature infants, 775

prophylaxis for, 775

skin manifestations of, 391

small-intestinal mucosal biopsies in,

2469t

treatment of, 775

in tropical sprue, 2464

INDEX

Folate supplements I-83

in infants and children, 775

for methotrexate toxicity prophylaxis, 2805

for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, 789

in pregnancy, 40t, 769, 775, 3767

prophylactic, 775

for pyruvate kinase deficiency, 782

for tropical sprue, 2465

Folate synthesis antagonists, 773, 1149, 1164t, 1165f

FOLFIRINOX regimen, 661, 662t

FOLFIRI regimen, 642

FOLFOX regimen, 556, 633, 642, 655f

Folic acid, 766–767. See also Folate

Folinic acid

for folate deficiency, 773, 775

for methotrexate toxicity prophylaxis, 2805

for pancreatic cancer, 661, 662t

Follicle(s)

Graafian, 3028f

ovarian, 3027–3028, 3027f, 3028f

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

actions of, 2895

deficiency of, 2899t

expression and regulation of, 2892t

in females, age-related changes in levels of,

3028–3029, 3029f

GnRH and, 2891

laboratory evaluation of, 2898t, 3010

in male pubertal development, 3006

in menstrual cycle regulation, 3030–3031, 3031f

in ovarian follicle development, 3027–3028,

3027f

in perimenopause, 3043, 3043f

secretion of, 2895

in spermatogenesis, 3009

synthesis of, 2895

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor,

2888t, 3009, 3651

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) therapy, 3021,

3036

Follicular dendritic cell(s), 1544

Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma, 865

Follicular lymphoma, 847

bone marrow examination in, A6

clinical features of, 848

diagnosis of, 847–848, 848f

differential diagnosis of, 847

frequency of, 842f

genetic considerations in, 500t, 843, 844, 844t,

847–848

histologic transformation of, 848

immunophenotype of, 836t, 856t

lymph node examination in, A6

prognosis of, 845, 848

transformation to DLBCL, 848

treatment of, 848

Follicular plugging, 406, 406f

Follicular thyroid cancer, 2950t, 2951–2952

Folliculitis, 386

Candida, 1672

clinical features of, 370t, 372f

eosinophilic, 386

etiology of, 1035, 1036f

in HIV infection, 1575

hot-tub, 138t, 142, 386, 1035, 1289

Malassezia, 1690

Folliculitis decalvans, 384, 387t

Follistatin, 2889

Fomepizole, 188, 363, S1

Fomites, 1513

Fondaparinux, 932

actions of, 929f, 932

adverse effects of, 932

for anticoagulation in heparin-induced

thrombocytopenia, 906

for DVT/PE treatment, 2098–2099, 2099t

vs. low-molecular-weight heparin, 932t

management before lumbar puncture, S9

for NSTE-ACS, 2051

pharmacology of, 932

for VTE prophylaxis, 2100t, 3773

Fonsecaea, 1688

Fontan procedure, 2016, 2018f

Food-exchange list, 2522

Food-frequency questionnaire, 2522

Food guide, 2522

Food-related illness

bacterial, 1064, 1064t

B. cereus, 1064, 1064t

Campylobacter, 1064t, 1065t, 1302

C. botulinum, 1215, 1216, 1216t, 1219

C. jejuni. See Campylobacter spp. infections

C. perfringens, 1064, 1064t, 1221–1222

E. coli. See Escherichia coli infections,

intestinal

genome sequencing for tracking, 963

L. monocytogenes, 300, 301, 1209–1210, 1209f

non-01/039 V. cholera, 1309, 1309t

Salmonella. See Salmonella spp. infections,

gastroenteritis

S. aureus. See Staphylococcus aureus infections,

food-borne

Shigella. See Shigella spp. infections

V. cholerae. See Cholera

V. parahaemolyticus, 1064t, 1309, 1309t

V. vulnificus, 977, 1035, 1309t, 1310

Yersinia spp., 1326

ciguatera poisoning, 301, 3606, 3606t

diarrhea in, 300, 1064, 1064t. See also Diarrhea,

infectious

diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, 3607

differential diagnosis of, 300, 300t

domoic acid intoxication, 3311, 3607

nematode-borne. See Nematodes/nematode

infections

nonbacterial, 1064

paralytic shellfish poisoning, 3606–3607

scombroid poisoning, 301, 3605–3606

viral, 300t

Food restriction, 3808

Foot drop, 3498

Foot examination, in diabetes mellitus, 3103

Foot, frostbite of, A5

Foot osteomyelitis, 1053, 1053f

Foramen magnum syndrome, 3446

Foraminal herniation, 184, 184f

Foraminal stenosis, 122, 122f

Forbes syndrome (type IIIa GSD), 3263t

Forced desynchrony protocols, 3804

Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1

). See FEV1

Forced vital capacity (FVC), 2138f, 2139, 2192

Forchheimer spots, 141

Fordyce spots, 141, 260t

Forearm exercise test, 3521

Foreign body

in esophagus, 2408, 2413f, 2433

in eye, 218

granuloma, 397

Formaldehyde exposure, 376, 2171t

Formalin-ether sedimentation, S12

Formiminoglutamic aciduria, 3269t

Formoterol, 2156, 2158, 2186

Fortification spectra, 225, 3277

Fort Sherman virus, 1627t

Fosaprepitant, 80

FOSB gene, 3795

Foscarnet

actions of, 1098, 1462

adverse effects of

electrolyte disturbances, 1461t, 1490

hypokalemia, 349

nephrotoxicity, 1098, 1461t, 1462, 1490, 1571,

2301

for CMV infection, 1139, 1461t, 1462, 1490, 3452

for CMV prophylaxis, 1564t

for HHV-6 infections, 1140, 1462

for HSV infections, 1462, 1477, 1478t

for viral encephalitis, 1098

Fosfomycin

for A. baumannii infections, 1277t, 1278

actions of, 1148, 1161, 1164t

adverse effects of, 1154t, 1161

for Citrobacter infections, 1274

indications for, 1157t, 1161

resistance to, 1076, 1157t, 1161, 1164t, 1264,

1264t, 1271

for urinary tract infections, 1075, 1076, 1076t,

1201t, 1267

Fosphenytoin, 2224

Fostemsavir, 1589

Foster Kennedy syndrome, 237

Founder effect, 3649

4Kscore Test, 683

Fournier’s gangrene, 1038, 1354

Fovea, 215

Foveal hypoplasia, 3275t

Foveation, 216

Foville’s syndrome, 230

FOXC3 gene mutations, 2118

Foxglove, 352, 3592t

FOXO transcription factors, 3735, 3735f

FOXP3, 2733, 2758, 2996

FOXP3 gene mutations, 2704t, 2706, 2718, 2996,

3796

Fractalkine, 2684t

Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa), 2239, 2300,

2305

Fractional flow reserve (FFR), 1865, 1866f, 2069,

A11

Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), 2147, 2155

Fracture(s)

atypical femur, 3205

Colles’, 3191f

hip. See Hip(s), fracture of

hyponatremia and, 344

IBD-related, 2482

Lisfranc, 2874

in osteogenesis imperfecta, 3221, 3223

osteoporotic. See Osteoporosis, fractures in

in Paget’s disease of bone, 3211

pelvic, 3191

risk assessment for, 3045, 3196–3197, 3198f, 3200

skull, 3457

temporal bone, 241

vertebral. See Vertebral fractures

wrist, 3191

Fracture Risk Assessment (FRAX) score, 3045,

3196, 3198f

Fragile X pre-mutation, 175, 3036

Fragile X syndrome, 3301, 3535, 3648, 3655t, 3795

Frailty, 3736, 3755, 3757

Framboesia. See Yaws

Frameshift mutation, 3646, 3648f

Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

(WHO), 3712

Framing effects, 3776–3777

INDEX

I-84 France, 45, 46

Francisella tularensis. See also Tularemia

as bioweapon, S3

complement inhibition by, 954f

geographic distribution of, 1315

natural cycles of, 1316

PAMP evasion by, 955

reservoirs and modes of transmission, 1315

secretion systems of, 952–953

species, subspecies, and clades, 1314–1315

virulence factors of, 1316

Franklin’s disease (gamma heavy chain disease), 877

Frasier’s syndrome, 3002

Frataxin gene, 3426

Fraudulent fever, 147

FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment) score, 3045,

3196, 3198f

FRC (functional residual capacity), 2134,

2137–2138, 2138f, 2222

Freckles (ephelides), 390

Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, 3242

Free fatty acids (FFAs)

in cardiac metabolism, 1810

in glucose utilization, 3101

in insulin resistance, 3151, 3153f

Free radical theory of aging, 3735

Free T3

index, 2931

Free T4

index, 2931

Free water deficit, S1

Freezing gait, 175, 177, 3399. See also Parkinson’s

disease

Fremanezumab, 3364, 3365t

Frenzel eyeglasses, 159

Fresh-frozen plasma, 915f, 917, 918, 3351

Friedreich’s ataxia, 3423

clinical features of, 3425–3426

genetic considerations in, 1956t, 3426, 3655t

imaging in, 3426, 3426f

mitochondrial dysfunction in, 3298

treatment of, 3426

Froment sign, 3498

Frontal abulic syndrome, 203

Frontal disinhibition syndrome, 203

Frontal eye fields, 199, 199f, 230

Frontal gait disorder, 175, 176t

Frontal lobe syndromes, 203–204

Frontal network syndrome, 203–204

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 3378

ALS and, 3414

behavioral variant, 202, 203, 3378, 3379f

clinical features of, 190, 191t, 192, 198, 3378

functional anatomy of, 189, 201f

genetic considerations in, 33, 191t, 3295, 3379

imaging in, 3379f

molecular basis of, 191t

nonfluent/agrammatic variant, 3379, 3379f

pathogenesis of, 191t, 201f, 3295, 3298, 3379,

3380f

pathology of, 3379, 3380f, 3381f

prions in, 3416

semantic variant, 3378, 3379f

syndromes

corticobasal syndrome. See Corticobasal

degeneration syndrome

neuropathology of, 3380f

in PD, 3380

Pick’s disease, 3379, 3381f

progressive supranuclear palsy. See Progressive

supranuclear palsy syndrome

treatment of, 3379–3380

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), 198,

3378, 3380f, 3381f

Frostbite, 3633

clinical features of, 2113f, 2114–2115, 3634,

3634f, A5

complications of, 3635

pathophysiology of, 3633

treatment of, 2115, 3634–3635, 3634t

Frovatriptan, 3362t, 3363, 3363t

“Frozen shoulder,” 2879

Fructose, 303, 3261

Fructose 1,6-biphosphate aldolase A deficiency,

3263t

Fructose metabolism disorders, 3262f, 3264t, 3267

FSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

FSHD (facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy),

3517, 3519f, 3527

FSHβ gene mutations, 3009, 3014, 3015t

FS (Functional Status) Score, 3469t

FTA-ABS (fluorescent treponemal antibody–

absorbed) test, 1411

FTC (emtricitabine), 1587t, 1590f

FTD. See Frontotemporal dementia (FTD)

FTLD (frontotemporal lobar degeneration), 198,

3378, 3380f

5-FU. See 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)

Fucosidosis, 3256t

Fugue states, 3378

Fukutin-related protein deficiency (LGMD2I),

3522, 3524t

Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, 3326t

Full liquid diet, 2522

Fulminant diabetes, 3095

Fulvestrant, 624

Fumagillin, 1704t, 1708

Fumarate reductase, 1713

Functional gait disorders, 176

Functional genomics, 3640, 3643–3644

Functional MRI, 93f, 3291, 3822, 3822f

Functional reentry, 1870

Functional residual capacity (FRC), 2134, 2137–

2138, 2138f, 2222

Functional status, 3771t

Functional Status (FS) Score, 3469t

Fundoplication, 297, 2431

Fungal balls, 1679, 1679f, 1681, 1681t

Fungal infections, 1652. See also specific diseases

arthritis, 1044

in asthma, 2153

in cancer patient, 563–564

as cause of fever of unknown origin, 146t, 149t

classification of, 1652

definition of, 1652

diagnosis of, 1656

drug-resistance, 1652

endemic, 1652

in HCT recipient, 901, 901t, 1138, 1138t

health-care associated, 1134

in lung transplant recipient, 2213

mucocutaneous, 1690–1691, 1691t

opportunistic, 1652, 1689–1690

pathogenesis of, 1654–1656, 1655f

septic shock in, 976

sinusitis, 251, 252, 3444

in solid organ transplant recipient, 1143, 1145,

1669f, 2330, 2639

treatment overview. See Antifungal agents

Fungi

classification of, 1652, 1654

susceptibility testing, S11

Funnel chest (pectus excavatum), 1816, 3229

Funnel-web spider, 3613

FUO. See Fever of unknown origin (FUO)

Furazolidone, 1704t, 1708, 2446

Furosemide

adverse effects of

acute interstitial nephritis, 2281

bullous pemphigoid, 402, 409

fever, 147

hearing loss, 240

metabolic alkalosis, 366

phototoxicity, 422t

pseudoporphyria, 392

thrombocytopenia, 905t

for AKI, 2307

for ascites, 323–324, 2631

for dyspnea, 267

for heart failure, 1946t, 2062

for hypercalcemia of malignancy, 723

for hypertension, 2083t

for pulmonary edema, 81, 2256

for SIADH, 345, 723, S1

for uric acid nephropathy, 3252

Furrier’s lung, 2160t

Furuncular myiasis, 3611

Furunculosis, 380

Fusarium spp., 1689

Fusarium spp. infections

in cancer patient, 564

clinical features of, 1653t, 1689, 1689f

diagnosis of, 1653t, 1689

epidemiology of, 1689

risk factors for, 1653t

treatment of, 1689, 1689t

in war veterans, S6

FUS gene mutations, 3297, 3379, 3380f

Fusidic acid, 1049t, 1050t

Fusiform aneurysm, 2101

Fusobacterium spp., 1349

Fusobacterium spp. infections. See also Anaerobic

bacterial infections, mixed

in cancer patient, 560

in dog-bite wound, 1124

in human bite-wounds, 1125

infectious arthritis, 1354

Lemierre’s disease/syndrome. See Lemierre’s

disease/syndrome

in lung abscess, 1020

FUS protein, 191t

FUS/TLS gene, 3413t, 3414

FUT2, 950

Futile care, 86–87, 2225

FVC (forced vital capacity), 2138f, 2139

FXN gene mutations, 1956t

G6PC3 (glucose-6-phosphatase) deficiency, S8

G6PD deficiency. See Glucose-6-phosphate

dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

G20210A, 924

G20210A mutation, 924

GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), 205, 206f, 3269t,

3557

GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) agonists, 296

Gabapentin

for acroparesthesia, 3258

adverse effects of, 79, 3087, 3318t, 3488t

for anxiety disorders, 3544

for cluster headache prevention, 3367t

for cough, 270

for fibromyalgia, 2870

for IC/BPS, 330

for menopausal symptoms, 3045

for nausea and vomiting, 293, 294, 294t

for neuropathy, 78f, 79, 3125, 3488t

for new daily persistent headache, 116

INDEX

overdosage/poisoning with, 3592t I-85

for pain, 95t, 98, 3474

for paroxysmal symptoms in MS, 3474

pharmacology of, 3318t

for restless legs syndrome, 212

for seizures, 3318t, 3320

for SUNCT/SUNA prevention, 3367

GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) receptor antibodies,

729t, 731f, 732–733, 732f, 734, 735f, 1096

GAD1 gene mutations, 3539

GAD65 (glutamate decarboxylase), 1096, 2696t

GAD antibodies, 3423

GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) antibodies,

728t, 733, 734, 735f, 1096

Gadolinium contrast, 409, 1840, 2300, 2318, 3287.

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