INDEX

I-174 Plasma exchange/plasmapheresis (Cont.):

for hyperviscosity syndromes, 876

indications for, 889t

for monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined

significance, 873

for MS, 3468

for myasthenia gravis, 3515

for neuromyelitis optica, 3478

for pemphigus vulgaris, 402

for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, 908,

2348, 2365

for Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 876

Plasma protein binding, 468

Plasma protoporphyrin (PROTO), 423

Plasma renin activity, 349

Plasma vasopressin, in diabetes insipidus, 337–338

Plasmin, 452, 452f, 937, 937f

Plasminogen, 452, 452f, 937, 937f

Plasminogen activator, 937, 937f

Plasminogen activator inhibitor I (PAI-1), 923, 937,

937f, 1801

Plasminogen activator inhibitors, 452, 452f

Plasmodium spp. See also Malaria

characteristics of, 1721t, A2

drug resistance in, 1730–1731, 1735–1736

epidemiology of, S12

host response to, 1723

laboratory identification of

blood findings, 1729t

demonstration of parasite, 1727–1728, 1727f,

1728f, 1729f, A2, S12

PCR, S12

life-cycle hosts of, S12

P. falciparum

adherence of, 1698

characteristics of, 1720–1721, 1721t, A2

erythrocyte changes caused by, 1722–1723

G6PD deficiency and, 784

geographic distribution of, 1721–1722

hemoglobin S and, 757

laboratory identification of, 1724, 1727f,

1728f, 1729t, A2

ligand-receptor interactions of, 1723

temperature sensitivity of, 1723

P. knowlesi

characteristics of, 1720–1721

geographic distribution of, 1722

laboratory identification of, 1729t, S12

P. malariae

characteristics of, 1720–1721, 1721t, A2

geographic distribution of, 1722

laboratory identification of, 1729f, 1729t, A2

P. ovale

characteristics of, 1721t, A2

geographic distribution of, 1722

laboratory identification of, 1729f, 1729t, A2

P. vivax

characteristics of, 1721t, A2

geographic distribution of, 1722

inflammasome mutations in, 2677t

laboratory identification of, 1727f, 1728f,

1729t, A2

temperature sensitivity of, 1723

tissue invasion by, 1698

transmission cycle, 1721f

Plasticity, of cancer cells, 521–522

Plateau pressure, 2222

Platelet(s), 903

abnormal function of, 398

activation of, 450, 903–904, 920–921, 920f, 925f

adhesion of, 450, 903–904, 920, 925, 925f

aggregation of, 903–904, 921, 925f

in AML, 813

in arterial thrombosis, 920–921

characteristics of, 903–904, 920–921

collection and manufacturing processes, 885t

disorders of, 453t, 904

acquired, 909

hemolytic-uremic syndrome. See Hemolyticuremic syndrome (HUS)

inherited, 908–909

thrombocytopenia. See Thrombocytopenia

thrombocytosis. See Thrombocytosis

von Willebrand disease. See von Willebrand

disease

elevated levels of, 808

giant, 429f

hematopoietic differentiation of, 746f

in hemostasis, 450–451, 903

in inflammation, 921

in peripheral blood smear, 424

transfusion of. See Platelet transfusion

Platelet-activating factor, 408, 2727

Platelet aggregometry, 457

Platelet count

in DIC, 916, 917t

normal, 454, 903

in preoperative evaluation, 454

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), 524f, 2687

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors,

524f, 544

Platelet factor 4 (PF-4), 906, 929, 2684t

Platelet function tests, 457

Platelet inhibitors. See Antiplatelet drugs

Platelet plug, 450–451, 904

Platelet refractoriness, 895

Platelet storage pool disorder, 908

Platelet transfusion

for AML, 817

for aplastic anemia, 797–798

for coagulation disorders in liver disease, 918

for DIC, 917

in intracerebral hemorrhage, 3351

of platelet concentrates, 889t

for thrombocytopenia, 554

Platypnea, 266, 2549

Platypus, 3604

Plazomicin

actions of, 1148, 1164t

for Citrobacter infections, 1274

indications for, 1157t, 1159

in pregnancy and lactation, 1153t

resistance to, 1164t, 1166

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018

for XDR-resistant gram-negative bacterial

infections, 1265

PLCγ-associated antibody deficiency and immune

dysregulation (PLAID, APLAID), 2718

Plecanatide, 308, 2495

Pleconaril, 1513

Pleistophora spp., 1767

Pleomorphic adenoma, 262

Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas, 705

Plerixafor, 744, 898

Pleural biopsy, 2140

Pleural catheter, indwelling, 2216

Pleural effusion, 2197

in chylothorax, 2199

in cirrhosis, 318, 2198

diagnosis of, 2197–2198, 2197f, A12

differential diagnosis of, 2199, 2199t

dyspnea in, 266

etiology of, 2197

exudative, 2198

in heart failure, 1937, 2198

in hemothorax, 2199

malignant, 489, 598, 599, 2198

in mesothelioma, 2198

in pancreatitis, 2659, 2662f

parapneumonic, 2198

in pneumonia, 1015

in pulmonary embolism, 2198–2199

transudative, 2197–2198

tuberculous, 1364, 2199

in viral infection, 2199

Pleural (primary) effusion lymphoma, 1491

Pleuritis

abdominal pain in, 110

chest pain in, 101t, 103, 104

in rheumatoid arthritis, 2753

in SLE, 2742–2743

tuberculous, 2199

Pleurodynia (Bornholm disease), 1604

Pleuromutilin. See Lefamulin

Pleuroscopy, 2140

Plexogenic remodeling, pulmonary, 2121, 2121f

Plexopathies

brachial, 3498–3500

lumbosacral, 3500, 3500t

perioperative, 3499

radiation-induced, 3500–3501

Plicamycin, 3185

PLOD1 gene mutations, 3225t, 3227

PLOD2 gene mutations, 3222t

PLP (pyridoxal 5’-phosphate), 3214

PLTP (phospholipid transfer protein), 3137

Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 257, 626

Plutonium exposure, S5

PM. See Polymyositis (PM)

PML. See Progressive multifocal

leukoencephalopathy (PML)

PML gene, 810

PML-RARA, 810–811, 817, 818

PML-RARα, 516, 553

PML-RAR gene mutations, 3645t

PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes), 1086,

2056, 2243, A10, S11

PMP22 gene mutations, 3647

PMS1 gene mutations, 695, 699, 3648

PMS2 gene mutations, 503, 503t, 658, 658t, 695,

699, 3648

PNad (peripheral node addressin), 2699

pncA gene, 1375

pNETs. See Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs),

pancreatic

PNETs (primitive neuroectodermal tumors), 714

Pneumatic compression device, for VTE

prophylaxis, 3773

Pneumatocele, A12

Pneumatosis intestinalis, 577, 2782

Pneumococcal H inhibitor (hic), 1170

Pneumococcal infections, 1169

approach to the patient, 1174

in cancer patient, 556, 556t, 558t

case-fatality ratios for, 1172

clinical features of

endocarditis, 1023t, 1030. See also Infective

endocarditis

meningitis, bacterial. See Meningitis

otitis media. See Otitis media

pneumonia. See Pneumonia, bacterial

sepsis/septic shock, 1176, 2242

in COPD, 2189

epidemiology of, 1171–1173, 1171f, 1172f

etiology of, 1169–1170. See also Streptococcus

pneumoniae

INDEX

global considerations in, 977 I-175

in HIV infection, 1565–1566

host defense mechanisms, 1173

incidence pre- and postvaccine, U.S., 981t, 1172f,

1177

inflammasome mutations in, 2677t

pathogenesis of, 1173

post-splenectomy, 463

prevention of, 1177. See also Pneumococcal

vaccine

risk factors for, 1172, 1172t

sinusitis, 1175

treatment of, 1156–1157t, 1175–1176

in ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1131

Pneumococcal surface adhesion A, 1170

Pneumococcal surface antigen A, 1170f

Pneumococcal surface protein A, 1170f

Pneumococcal surface protein C, 1170, 1170f

Pneumococcal vaccines

capsular polysaccharide, 1177

effectiveness of, 1172f, 1177

genomics and, 969, 972

global considerations in, 1177

polysaccharide–protein conjugate, 1172f, 1177

recommended administration of

in adults, 40t, 984f, 1015

after splenectomy, 463

in cancer patients, 557t, 565

contraindications to, 986t

in HIV infection, 1564t

in liver disease, 2553

in multiple myeloma, 876

in transplant recipients, 1146, 1147t

Pneumocystis jiroveci, 945t, 1691, 2698. See also

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

in cancer patient, 557, 561, 561t

clinical features of, 1692

diagnosis of, 561, 1654t, 1692–1693, 1694f

epidemiology of, 1691

in HIV infection, 1555, 1565f, 1566, 1691–1692,

1695

pathogenesis of, 1692, 1693f

prevention of, 565, 2805–2806

prognosis of, 1693–1694

prophylaxis for, 1695, 1695t

in HIV infection, 1563t

pentamidine, 1696

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 450, 901,

901t, 1695

risk factors for, 1654t

in transplant recipient

after HCT, 1138, 1692

after lung transplant, 2213

after solid organ transplant, 1141t, 1143, 1144,

1692

prophylaxis for, 901, 901t, 1695, 2330

treatment of, 1694–1695, 1695t

Pneumocystosis, 1654t

Pneumolysin, 1170, 1170f

Pneumomediastinum, 2201

Pneumonectomy, for lung cancer, 603

Pneumonia, 1009

abdominal pain in, 110, 111t

acute interstitial (Hamman-Rich syndrome),

2195

aspiration, foreign body, 1352

atypical, 1010

bacterial. See also Pneumonia,

community-acquired

A. baumannii, 1276–1277

actinomycotic, 1341

after influenza, 1182, 1518–1519

aspiration, 1352

case-fatality ratios for, 1172

clinical features of, 1174, 1193

complications of, 1175, 1193

C. pneumoniae, 1452

C. psittaci, 1451

diagnosis of, 1174–1175, 1175f

differential diagnosis of, 1174

E. coli, 1266–1267

Enterobacter, 1272

in granulomatosis with polyangiitis,

A14

H. influenzae, 1242

in HIV infection, 1565–1566. See also

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

incidence pre- and postvaccine, U.S., 981t,

1172f, 1177

K. pneumoniae, 1271

Legionella, 1253, 1253t. See also Legionella spp.

infections

M. catarrhalis, 1245

M. pneumoniae, 1442

Nocardia, 1337, 1337f, 1339, 1339t

nontyphoidal Salmonella, 1297

P. aeruginosa, 1286–1287, 1287t

parapneumonic effusion in, 2198

R. equi, 1208

treatment of, 1175–1176, 1191t

T. whipplei, 1346

Blastomyces, 1665

in cancer patient, 560–561, 561t

Coccidioides, 1662

community-acquired

clinical features of, 1011

complications of, 1015

diagnosis of, 1011–1012

epidemiology of, 1010–1011, 1011t

etiology of, 1010, 1010t, 1011

follow-up, 1015

PPIs and, 2444

prevention of, 1015

prognosis of, 1015

risk factors for, 1010–1011, 1011t

severity indicators, 1012, 1012t

treatment of

antibiotic resistance in, 1013

empirical antibiotics, 947t, 1013–1015,

1014t

failure to respond to, 1015

racial/ethnic disparities in, 60

site of care, 1012–1013, 1012t

in COVID-19 disease, 980

cryptogenic organizing, 2193f, 2194f,

2195

definition of, 1009

eosinophilic. See Pulmonary infiltrates with

eosinophilia

global impact of, 1019

health care–associated, 1009, 1130–1131, 1182

hospital-acquired, 947t, 1019, 1267

incidence of, 1010

infant (C. trachomatis), 1449t, 1450

interstitial. See Interstitial pneumonia

in transplant recipient, 1140–1141, 1144

mixed viral and bacterial, 1519

mortality rates, 1518f

necrotizing, 270, 1010, 1011, 1019

pathology of, 1010

pathophysiology of, 1009–1010, 2136, 3850

Q fever, 1439

typical, 1010

ventilator-associated. See Ventilator-associated

pneumonia (VAP)

viral

CMV, 1489

enterovirus, 1605

influenza, 1518–1519

varicella, 1480

Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), 1012

Pneumonic plague, 1322, 1323f, S3. See also Plague

Pneumonic tularemia, 1316, 1317

Pneumonitis

in cancer patient, 561, 561t, 576, 739

chemical, 1352

in COVID-19 disease, 576, 576f

giant cell, 1611

HSV, 1475

hypersensitivity. See Hypersensitivity

pneumonitis

radiation-induced, 576, 739

in transplant recipient, 1144

VZV, 1479

Pneumoperitoneum, 1055, 1055f

Pneumothorax

chest pain in, 101t, 103

as contraindication to hyperbaric oxygen

therapy, 3624

imaging of, A12

secondary, 2200

spontaneous, 103, 2200

tension, 103, 2200

traumatic, 2200

treatment of, 2216

Pneumoviridae, 1506t

human metapneumovirus, 248, 249, 1506, 1506t

respiratory syncytial virus. See Respiratory

syncytial virus (RSV) infections

PNKD (paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia),

3408

PNPLA3 gene mutations, 644, 2621

PNPLA6 gene mutations, 3015t, 3414t

Pocapavir, 1464

Podagra, with gouty inflammation, A15

Podoconiosis, 2119

Podophyllotoxin, 381, 1503, 3494t

POEM (peroral endoscopic myotomy), 2396, 2397f

POEMS syndrome (Crow-Fukase syndrome),

877

clinical features of, 391, 871t, 877, 2367, 2996,

3507

diagnosis of, 871t

differential diagnosis of, 391

pathogenesis of, 877, 2996

renal involvement in, 2367

treatment of, 877, 2996

POET (peroral endoscopic tumorectomy), 2396,

2398f

Poikilocytes, 425, 750

Poikilocytosis, 425, 433, 433f, 463, 762, 785

Poikiloderma, 370t, 386, 405

Poikilothermia, 3633

Point mutation, 500, 501, 3646, 3648f

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS),

2239–2240

Poisoning/drug overdose, 3582. See also specific

substances

epidemiology of, 3582–3583

global considerations in, 3596

history in, 3583

hypothermia in, 3631

laboratory evaluation in, 3585–3586

pattern recognition in, 3583, 3584t

physical examination in, 3583–3585

INDEX

I-176 Poisoning/drug overdose (Cont.):

severity assessment in, 3583–3585, 3585t

treatment of

antidote administration, 3589

cardiovascular therapy, 3587

CNS therapy, 3587–3588

decontamination at other sites, 3589

enhancement of poison elimination, 3589

gastrointestinal decontamination, 3588–3589

general principles, 3586–3587, 3586t

prevention of reexposure, 3589–3590

respiratory care, 3587

supportive care, 3587

Poison ivy, 375

Poison oak, 375

Poison sumac, 375

Poisson distribution, 3813, 3813f

Poland, 43t

Polar bear bite-wound, 1125

Polarized cells, 2289

Polatuzumab vedotin, 536f, 847

pol gene, 1523, 1523f, 1529, 1531f

POLG gene mutations, 3529, 3669, 3678

Poliomyelitis. See Poliovirus infection

Poliovirus, 3717

Poliovirus infection

clinical features of, 1603

elimination and eradication of, 982

global considerations in, 982, 1606–1607, 1606t,

3717

incidence pre- and postvaccine, U.S., 981t

paralytic poliomyelitis, 1603

pathogenesis of, 1602

postpolio syndrome, 1603, 3412

prevention and eradication of, 1606–1607, 1607t,

3717

reemergence of, 3717

vaccine-associated, 1603

weakness in, 167

Poliovirus vaccine

effectiveness of, 1607, 3717

poliomyelitis associated with, 1603, 1606–1607

recommended administration of

in adults, 1607, 1607t

in cancer patient, 557t

in international travelers, 992t, 993–994

in transplant recipient, 1146, 1147t

types of, 1606–1607, 3717

Polonium-210 exposure, S5

POLR3B gene mutations, 3015t

POLST (Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining

Treatment ), 77

Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase. See PARP

Polyangiitis

with granulomatosis. See Granulomatosis with

polyangiitis

microscopic. See Microscopic polyangiitis

Polyangiitis overlap syndromes, 137t

Polyarteritis nodosa, 2810

clinical features of, 2023, 2810–2811, 2811t

definition of, 2810

diagnosis of, 2811, A14

drug-induced, 415

HBsAg antigens in, 2570

incidence and prevalence of, 2810

neuropathy in, 3508

pathology and pathogenesis of, 2803, 2810

skin manifestations of, 397

treatment of, 2811

Polyarthropathy syndrome, 1496, 1497t

Polychondritis, relapsing, 249, 1816, 2102, 2826

Polychromasia, 433

Polychromatophilia, 425, 426f

Polycomb family, 747

Polycyclic hydrocarbons, 491t, 712

Polycyclic lesions, 370t

Polycystic kidney disease

autosomal dominant, 2350

clinical features of, 2080t, 2102, 2285,

2350–2351

diagnosis of, 2352

early interventions for, 3667t

genetic considerations in, 2080t, 2350, 2351t,

3650t

genetic testing for, 3667t

pathogenesis of, 2350, 2352f, 2353f

treatment of, 2353

autosomal recessive, 2351t, 2353

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

in CAH, 3005

comorbid conditions, 3036

hirsutism in, 3039, 3041

infertility in, 3052

insulin resistance in, 3102

menstrual disorders in, 3036

metabolic syndrome and, 3155

obesity and, 3036, 3086

prevalence of, 2884t

screening/testing for, 2884t, 3041

skin manifestations of, 382, 390

treatment of, 3036–3037

Polycystin-1/2, 2350, 2352f

Polycythemia, 438

as adaptation to hypoxia, 273

approach to, 439, 439f

clinical features of, 438–439

erythromelalgia in, 2114

secondary, 274

smoker’s, 439

spurious, 439

Polycythemia vera, 803

classification of, 802–803

clinical features of, 438–439, 803

complications of, 804

vs. cyanosis, 273

diagnosis of, 439, 803–804

epidemiology of, 803

etiology of, 803, 804t

genetic considerations in, 803

glomerulonephropathy in, 2367

splenomegaly in, 461, 804

treatment of, 804–805

Polydipsia

dipsogenic, 2920, 2922

etiology of, 337–338

hyponatremia in, 344

iatrogenic, 2920, 2922

primary, 2920, 2922, 2922f

psychogenic, 2920, 2922

Polydrug abuse, 3573. See also Substance use

disorders

Polyethylene glycol, 308, 2495, 2496t

Polygenic disorders, 3639, 3655, 3656t, 3657f, 3815f

Polyglandular autoimmune insufficiency.

See Autoimmune polyendocrine

(polyglandular) syndrome-1 (APS-1)

Polyglucosan disease (Andersen disease, type IV

GSD), 3263t, 3265

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

definition of, 960t

for genetic testing, 3659, 3663–3664

in infectious disease diagnosis, 961t

in leprosy diagnosis, 1388

in pneumonia diagnosis, 1012

reverse transcriptase, 1560, 1560t

in viral encephalitis diagnosis, 1095

in viral meningitis diagnosis, 1106

Polymerase gamma, 3669

Polymer fume fever, 2171

Polymeric formulas, for enteral nutrition, 2542

Polymorphic microsatellite markers, 3656

Polymorphic reticulosis. See Extranodal NK/T-cell

lymphoma, nasal type

Polymorphism, 3646. See also Single-nucleotide

polymorphisms (SNPs)

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), 1086,

2056, 2243, A10, S11

Polymorphous light eruption, 396, 421

Polymyalgia rheumatica, 147, 151, 223, 2759, 2809,

3520

Polymyositis (PM)

clinical features of, 168, 2821

diagnosis of, 2821, 2821f

dysphagia in, 291

histopathology of, 2821, 2822f

immunopathology of, 2696t

interstitial lung disease in, 2196

myocarditis in, 1963

prognosis of, 2821

Raynaud’s phenomenon in, 2113

treatment of, 2824–2825, 2825t

Polymyxin B

for A. baumannii infections, 1277, 1277t

actions of, 1149, 1161, 1164t, 1165f

adverse effects of, 412, 1154t, 1161

for gram-negative bacterial infections, 1248t,

1265

indications for, 1161

for otitis externa, 249

for P. aeruginosa infections, 1290

resistance to, 1164t, 1165f, 1168, 1263

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018t

Polymyxin-bacitracin, 220

Polymyxin E (colistin)

for A. baumannii infections, 1277–1278, 1277t

actions of, 1149, 1161, 1164t, 1165f

adverse effects of, 1154t, 1161, 1265

for gram-negative bacterial infections, 1135,

1265

indications for, 1157t, 1161

for Klebsiella infections, 1271

for P. aeruginosa infection, 1287t, 1290

resistance to, 1135, 1157t, 1164t, 1165f, 1168

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018t

Polyneuropathy. See also Peripheral neuropathy

acute inflammatory demyelinating, 3502, 3502t,

3504t

acute toxic, 168

autoantibodies in, 2696t

chemotherapy-related, 741

chronic inflammatory demyelinating, 3504,

3504t

critical illness, 2276, 3490

cryptogenic sensory and sensorimotor, 3497

diabetic. See Diabetic neuropathy

in diphtheria, 1205

familial amyloid, 3487–3488

in Guillain-Barré syndrome. See Guillain-Barré

syndrome (GBS)

hereditary sensory and autonomic, 3486

in HIV infection. See HIV infection, neurologic

disease in

large-fiber, 172

in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined

significance, 3507–3508

in multiple myeloma, 3507

INDEX

in POEMS syndrome, 877 I-177

sensory deficits in, 172

small-fiber, 172

weakness in, 168

Polyomavirus(es). See also BK virus infection; JC

virus infection

Merkel cell, 420, 1143

structure of, 1454t, 1456f, 1511

Polyp(s)

colorectal

bleeding from, 313

endoscopic findings in, 2390, 2392f, 2393f

endoscopic treatment of, 2401f, V5

in familial adenomatous polyposis, 2421f. See

also Familial adenomatous polyposis

flat serrated, 2390, 2393f

pathogenesis of cancer in, 637. See also

Colorectal cancer

gallbladder, 2649

Polypharmacy, in older adults, 3750–3751, 3751t

Polypill, 1815

Polyploidy, of mtDNA, 3670–3671

Polyposis coli. See Familial polyposis of the colon

Polyposis, juvenile, 503t, 638t

Polyradiculopathy

diabetic. See Diabetic neuropathy

in HIV infection. See HIV infection, neurologic

disease in

Polyreactive natural antibodies, 2672

Polysaccharide A, 1057, 3700

Polysaccharide antigens, 2717

Polysaccharide capsule, pneumococcal, 1170, 1170f

Polysaccharide iron, 751t

Polysomnography, 204–205, 209f

Poly-ubiquination, histone, 3792

Polyuria

in AKI recovery, 2307

approach to the patient, 337–338, 337f

hypokalemic, 350

pathophysiology of, 337–338

treatment of, 347

in urinary tract obstruction, 2374

in water diuresis, S1

Pomalidomide, 536f, 537, 870, 874t, 875

POMC (proopiomelanocortin), 2971t, 3081, 3083f,

3084t

POMC gene, 724, 2892, 2895

POMC gene mutations, 2971t, 3085

Pompe disease (acid α-1,4 glucosidase deficiency,

type II GSD), 3257t, 3260, 3264t, 3266,

3528

Ponatinib

actions and targets of, 511, 513t, 544, 545t

adverse effects of, 544, 545t, 739, 824, 824t

for ALL, 833, 833t

for CML, 823–825, 824t

Poncet’s disease, 1043

Ponesimod, 3471, 3473

Pongola virus, 1627t

Pons. See Brainstem

Pontiac fever, 1253, 1253t. See also Legionella spp.

infections

Pontine hemorrhage, 187, 3350. See also

Intracranial hemorrhage

Pontine stroke syndromes, 3330–3332f, A16

Poor metabolizers, 475, 476f

Popliteal artery

aneurysm, 2112

entrapment, 2112

pulse, 1820f

Popliteal (Baker’s) cyst, 2095, 2850

Population genetics, 3657

Population migration, climate change and, 1003

Porcelain gallbladder, 2648

Pore-forming toxins, 959

POR gene mutations, 2974t, 3002, 3003t, 3005t

Porins, 1148, 1235, 1276

Pork tapeworm infection. See Taenia solium (pork

tapeworm) infection

Porphyria(s), 3237

acute, 3240t, 3242

classification of, 3238t, 3239, 3242

clinical features of, 3238t, 3239, 3240t, 3242

abdominal pain, 110, 3487

autonomic dysfunction, 3433–3434

cutaneous, 392

neurologic, 3487

oral, 257

photosensitivity, 418, 422–423

cutaneous (chronic), 3240t, 3242

diagnosis of, 3239, 3240t, 3242

differential diagnosis of, 3242

erythropoietic

clinical features of, 3238t, 3239, 3242

congenital, 3239, 3246

diagnosis of, 3238t, 3240t

pathophysiology of, 3238f

protoporphyria. See Erythropoietic

protoporphyria (EPP)

X-linked protoporphyria. See X-linked

protoporphyria (XLP)

X-linked sideroblastic anemia, 3246

global considerations in, 3239

hepatic

acute intermittent porphyria. See Acute

intermittent porphyria (AIP)

ALA-dehydratase deficient, 3238f, 3238t,

3239, 3239t, 3242–3243

clinical features of, 3238t, 3239, 3242–3243

diagnosis of, 3238t, 3242

hereditary coproporphyria. See Hereditary

coproporphyria (HCP)

pathophysiology of, 3238f

porphyria cutanea tarda. See Porphyria

cutanea tarda (PCT)

unsafe drugs in, 3243

variegate porphyria. See Variegate porphyria (VP)

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), 3244

clinical features of, 421, 3240t, 3244–3245, A15

diagnosis of, 3240t, 3245

differential diagnosis of, 392

genetic considerations in, 422, 3244

HCV infection and, 2604

hepatocellular carcinoma and, 3245

iron overload in, 3232

pathogenesis of, 3238f

photosensitivity in, 422

risk factors for, 3244–3245

skin manifestations of

blistering lesions, 3244, 3245f

hyperpigmentation, 391, 423, A15

vesicles/bullae, 392, 423, A15

treatment of, 423, 3245

Porphyria variegata, 392

Porphyrinogens, 3240

Porphyrins, 418, 422, 532

Porphyromonas spp., 955, 1349, 1350

Porphyromonas spp. infections. See also Anaerobic

bacterial infections, mixed

in dog-bite wound, 1124

in human bite-wound, 1125

of lung, 1352

orofacial, 1351

rheumatoid arthritis and, 2755

Portal hypertension, 2624, 2629

classification of, 2629t

clinical features of, 2629–2631

ascites. See Ascites

esophageal varices. See Esophageal varices

gastropathy, 2630

splenomegaly and hypersplenism, 461,

2630–2631

definition of, 2629

diagnosis of, 2629–2630

etiology of, 2629, 2629t

in hemochromatosis, 3233

in hepatocellular carcinoma, 644

pulmonary hypertension and, 2126

Portopulmonary hypertension, 2633

Portuguese man-of-war envenomation, 3602

Posaconazole

adverse effects of, 349

for Aspergillus infections, 1681t

for Aspergillus prophylaxis, 1681t

for Blastomyces infections, 1667

for Candida infections, 1675t

for Candida prophylaxis, 1564t, 1676

for Coccoides infections, 1663

for Cryptococcus infections, 1670

for fungal infections in cancer patient, 564

for Fusarium infections, 1689, 1689t

indications for, 1657

for mucormycosis, 1683, 1685t, 1686

for phaeohyphomycoses, 1689t

for Scedosporium infections, 1689t

Positional cloning, 3656

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 2228,

2230, 2230f. See also Mechanical

ventilation

Positive predictive value (PPV), 494, 494t

Positive-strand RNA viruses, 1453, 1455–1456, 1455t

Positron emission tomography (PET)

in adrenocortical carcinoma, 2969, 2969f

in carcinoma of unknown primary, 717

in cardiac disease

aortitis, A9

heart failure, 1939

infective endocarditis, 1026, 1856, 1857f

ischemic heart disease, 2036f, 2037

for myocardial perfusion imaging, 1835. See

also Myocardial perfusion imaging

in fever of unknown origin, 121f, 150

in lung cancer, 599–600

in medullary thyroid carcinoma, 2989f

in MEN 2A, 2989f

in musculoskeletal disease evaluation, 2853

in NETs, 667, 667f

in neurologic disease, 3291

AD, 3370–3371, 3371f

cluster headache, 3360f

dementia, 156f, 193–194

DLB, 3385t

intracranial hemorrhage, 3351

migraine, 3357, 3360f

PD, 3388, 3389f

stroke, 3335

in osteomyelitis, 1047, 1048f

in pancreatic cancer, 659, 660f

in pheochromocytoma, 2977–2978, 2978f

principles of, 3291

in prostate cancer, 686

in recurrent breast cancer, 623

in respiratory disease, 2145

in sarcoidosis, 2833f, 2834

in tumor detection, 522

in ZES, 2454–2455

INDEX

I-178 Postal workers, anthrax exposure in, S3

Postanginal septicemia. See Lemierre’s disease/

syndrome

Postcardiac injury syndrome, 2023, 2029

Postcoital contraception, 3055

Postconcussion syndrome/disorders, 3460–3461, S7

Posterior cerebral artery

anatomy of, 3326f, 3328f

lesion in territory of, 198, 203

occlusion of, 218, 3327f, 3328, 3328f, 3333f

Posterior choroidal artery infarct, A16

Posterior column-medial lemniscal pathway, 169, 170f

Posterior cortical atrophy syndrome, 201, 201f

Posterior fossa brain tumor, 113

Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy, 223

Posterior parietal cortex, 199, 199f

Posterior pituitary

disorders of

diabetes insipidus. See Diabetes insipidus (DI)

hypodipsic hypernatremia, 2923, 2923f

hormone production in, 2918–2919, 2919f. See

also Arginine vasopressin (AVP)

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

(PRES), 895, 2274–2275, 2274f, 2274t,

3343

Posterior spinal artery infarction, 3450

Post-exertional malaise (PEM), 3533, 3533t, 3534

Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)

HAV, 2580

HBV, 2582

HIV, 1534, 1594–1595

measles, 1611

rabies, 1622–1623, 1623f

VZV, 1482–1483, 1482t

Postextrasystolic beat, 287

Postextrasystolic potentiation, 287

Postextubation stridor, 2233

Postherpetic neuralgia, 261, 1481, 1482, 3491

Postictal state, 185

Postmenopausal hormone therapy, 3045

adverse effects of, 923, 3202, 3202f

approach to the patient, 3049–3050, 3049t

benefits of, 3045, 3046t, 3048f, 3066

breast cancer risk and, 612–613, 3045, 3202f

cognitive function and, 3047–3048, 3064

colorectal cancer risk and, 492, 639, 3047

contraindications to, 3049

coronary heart disease and, 3045, 3047, 3066,

3202f

dyslipidemia and, 3144

endometrial cancer and, 699, 3045, 3048

fracture reduction due to, 3202, 3202f

gallbladder disease and, 3045

health status changes after discontinuation of,

3048–3049

options for, 3049

ovarian cancer and, 3048

risk-benefit profile, 3046t, 3048, 3048f

short-term vs. long-term use of, 3049–3050

stroke risk and, 3202, 3202f

VTE and, 3045, 3202, 3202f

Postnasal drip, 269

Postoperative period

AKI in, 2299–2300

nausea and vomiting in, 292

Postparalytic syndrome, 2221

Postpartum period

depression in, 3067, 3544

DVT in, 3766

hemorrhage in, 453

infections in, 1443

thyroiditis in, 2944

Postpolio syndrome, 1603

Post-premature ventricular contraction, 285

Postsepsis syndrome, 2245

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

clinical features of, 2280, 2335t, 2336t, 2337

epidemiology of, 2337

etiology of, 2337

pathophysiology of, 2337, 2337f

renal biopsy in, 2337, A4

treatment of, 2337

Posttest probability of disease, 25, 26f

Postthrombotic syndrome, 2092, 2093f, 2097

Posttransfusion purpura, 895

Posttranslational processing, 3642f

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 742–743,

3545–3546, 3545t, S7

Postural control, 173

Postural hypotension. See Orthostatic hypotension

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS),

1892, 3434

Postvoid residual, 3753

Postwar syndromes, S7

POT-1 gene mutations, 579

Potassium, 347

in cardiac contraction, 1805

depletion of, 348–349, 366

excess intake of, 353, 468

recommended intake of, 2520t

renal transport of, 2291f, 2293–2294

transport and reabsorption of, 340, 340f,

347–348

Potassium balance, 347–348, 2313

Potassium bicarbonate, 351

Potassium-binding resins, 2313

Potassium channels

ATP-sensitive, 3098, 3098f

cardiac, 1867, 1868f

muscle, disorders of, 3530

in seizure initiation, 3310

Potassium chloride (KCl)

administration guidelines, 351–352

adverse effects of, 351–352, 771t

for diabetic ketoacidosis, S1

for hypokalemia, 351, S1

for hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 3530

Potassium citrate, 351, 3252

Potassium-competitive acid pump antagonists,

2445

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) wet-mount

preparation, 372–373, S11

Potassium iodide (KI)

adverse effects of, 1687

for radioactive iodine exposure, 2942, S5

for Sporothrix infections, 1687, 1687t

for thyroid storm, 2942

Potassium perchlorate, 2945

Potassium phosphate, S1

Potassium-sparing diuretics, 2294, 2313

Potato riddler’s lung, 2160t

POTS (postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome),

1892, 3434

Pott’s disease, 123, 1060, 1365, 1365f

Pouchitis, 2483, 2486

Poultry worker’s lung, 2160, 2160t

Poverty, health and, 3705. See also Low- and

middle-income countries

Powassan virus, 1429, 1626t, 1636

Power law distribution, 3813, 3813f

Power of attorney for health care, 77

Poxviruses, 1454t, 1456, 1456f, 1492

Poxvirus infections

approach to the patient, 1493

clinical features of, 1493, 1493f, 1494

complications of, 1494

diagnosis of, 1493

differential diagnosis of, 1493

epidemiology of, 1492

in humans, 1492t

pathogenesis of, 1492–1493

prevention of, 1494

prognosis of, 1494

treatment of, 1493–1494

PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

γ), 2482, 3112

PPD. See Purified protein derivative (PPD)/

tuberculin skin test (TST)

PPHP (pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism), 3188,

3189t, 3645

PPIB gene mutations, 3221, 3222t, 3224

PPIs. See Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

PPKAR1A gene mutations, 2984t, 2992

PPNAD (primary pigmented nodular adrenal

disease), 2960, 2991

PPomas (pancreatic polypeptide-secreting tumors),

2986

PPOX gene, 3239t

PPOX gene mutations, 3246

PPV (positive predictive value), 494, 494t

Practice guidelines, 4

PRAD 1, 3174f

Prader-Willi syndrome

clinical features of, 2897, 3014, 3084, 3084t, 3654

genetic considerations in

deletions, 2897

imprinting, 3014, 3654, 3792, 3795

uniparental disomy, 3654

X-inactivation, 3654

Pragmatics, 198

Pralatrexate, 541t, 850

2-Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl), 3592t, S4

Pramipexole

adverse effects of, 3395

for PD, 3395, 3396t

for restless legs syndrome, 208t, 212, 3409

Pramlintide, 3109, 3110t

Prasterone, 3045, 3050

Prasugrel

actions of, 926

adverse effects of, 454, 926

for cardiac catheterization pretreatment, 1860

vs. clopidogrel, 926, 2050

contraindications to, 2050

dosage of, 926

genetic variation in response to, 922t

for ischemic heart disease, 2042

management before endoscopic procedures,

2904t

for NSTE-ACS, 2049–2050, 2050t, 2052

in PCI, 2049, 2066, 2068

resistance to, 927

for STEMI, 2060

Pravastatin, 2847t, 3142t. See also Statins

Praziquantel

actions of, 1711–1712

adverse effects of, 1706t, 1712

for cysticercosis, 1792

for diphyllobothriasis, 1796

for echinococcosis, 1794

for food-borne trematode infections, 1788t

for H. nana infections, 1795

indications for, 1706t

for neurocysticercosis, 1120

pharmacology of, 1711–1712

in pregnancy and lactation, 1706t

INDEX

for schistosomiasis, 1712, 1788, 1788t I-179

for Taenia spp. infections, 1791, 1792

Prazosin

adverse effects of, 3431t

for ergot alkaloid overdosage/poisoning, 3590t

for hypertension, 2083t, 2979

for Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2114, 2785

PRC (phase response curve), 3801t, 3803

PRDM5 gene mutations, 3226t, 3227

Prealbumin. See Transthyretin (TTR)

Prebiotics, 2496

Pre-Bötzinger complex, 2201

Precipitation, patterns of, 1001–1002, 1007f

Precision medicine

applications of, 33–36

disease nosology and, 30–31, 31f

drug repurposing using, 33, 35f

future development of, 36–37, 36f

machine learning and, 3830, 3830f

overview of, 4

requirements of, 31–33, 32f

Precision (personalized) medicine, 507, 3639, 3658

Precocious puberty

female, 697, 3032–3033, 3032t

male, 725, 3011, 3012t, 3651. See also McCuneAlbright syndrome

Preconceptual diagnosis, 3660

Prediction models, 27, 27t

Predictive value of test, 25

Predisposition testing, 3665

Prednisolone

for alcohol-associated liver disease, 2619, 2619f

for chorea, 2769

for COPD exacerbation, 2189

for gastric lymphoma, 634

for rheumatic fever, 2769

for SLE, 2744t

Prednisone

for ACTH deficiency, 2901

for acute idiopathic pericarditis, 2021

for adult hypopituitarism, 2899t

adverse effects of, 1695t, 2741, 2744t, 2761,

2825t, 3531. See also Glucocorticoid(s),

adverse effects of

for alcohol-associated liver disease, 2619f

for asthma, 2156

for autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 787

for autoimmune hepatitis, 2615–2616

for autoimmune pancreatitis, 2666

for Behçet syndrome, 2818

for Bell’s palsy, 3440

for CAH, 3042

for cancer treatment-induced pneumonitis, 739

for chorea, 2769

for chronic inflammatory demyelinating

polyneuropathy, 3507

for cluster headache prevention, 3367, 3367t

for contact dermatitis, 375

for DLBCL, 847

for drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome, 412

for eosinophilic fasciitis, 407

for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, 404

for follicular lymphoma, 848

for giant cell arteritis, 2812

for gout, 2864

for granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 2808

for Graves’ ophthalmopathy, 228, 2942

for hypercalcemia, 357

for hypercalcemia of malignancy, 723

for hypereosinophilic syndrome, 864

for hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 2162

for IBD, 2483

for idiopathic cutaneous vasculitis, 2815

for IgA vasculitis, 2814

for IgG4-related disease, 2840

for immune thrombocytopenic purpura, 907

for immunosuppression, 2328

for inflammatory myopathies, 2824, 2825t

for leprosy reactions, 1390

for loiasis, 1783

for minimal change disease, 2342

for MS, 3468

for mucous membrane pemphigoid, 404

for multiple myeloma, 873, 874t

for neurocysticercosis, 1120

for neuromyelitis optica, 3478

for optic neuritis, 223

for PCP, 1695t

for pemphigoid gestationis, 403

for pemphigus vulgaris, 402

for polymyalgia rheumatica, 2812

for postherpetic neuralgia, 1482

for relapsing polychondritis, 2829

for rheumatic fever, 2769

for rheumatoid arthritis, 2761

for sarcoidosis, 2836, 2836t

for serum sickness, 3600

for sinusitis with hyposmia, 237

for SJS and TEN, 414

for SLE, 2744t, 2746

for subacute thyroiditis, 2944

for systemic sclerosis, 2786

for tonsillary hypertrophy, 1486

for trichinellosis, 1771t

Preeclampsia, 3763

clinical features of, 3763

consequences of, 2080

definition of, 3763

diagnosis of, 3763

in gestational trophoblastic disease, 701

KIRs with, 2687t

pathophysiology of, 3763

risk factors for, 3763

systems biology applied to, 3818t

treatment of, 2087t, 3763

Preexcited tachycardias, 1888t, 1894

Prefrontal cortex, 203

Prefrontal network, 203

Pregabalin

adverse effects of, 3488t

for anxiety disorders, 3544

for cough, 270

for fibromyalgia, 2870

for menopausal symptoms, 3045

for neuropathy, 3125, 3488t

for pain, 79, 95t, 98, 3474

for pancreatitis pain, 2668

for restless legs syndrome, 212

for status epilepticus, 3322f

Pregnancy, 3762

abdominal swelling in, 321

acute fatty liver of, 3767

age of first full-term, breast cancer risk and, 612

alcohol use in, 3559

antibacterial therapy in, 1151, 1152t

antiparasitic agents in, 1702–1707t

antiphospholipid syndrome in, 2750, 2750t, 2751

aortic regurgitation in, 3764

aortic stenosis in, 3764

aplastic anemia in, 794

appendicitis in, 2515

asthma in, 2159

asymptomatic bacteriuria in, 1071, 3767

bacterial infections in, 3767

bacterial vaginosis in, 1085

breast cancer in, 625

breast mass in, 616

cancer chemotherapy during, 555, 3766

cardiomyopathy in, 1963, 3764

cholestasis in, 320, 2644, 3767

chorea in, 3406

in CKD, 2318, 3763

climate change and adverse outcomes in,

3728–3729

CML treatment during, 827

CMV infection in, 1488, 3767

cobalamin deficiency in, 769

congenital heart disease and, 2008–2009, 2010t,

3764

C. trachomatis infection in, 1448, 1450

depression in, 3067

diabetes insipidus in, 346

diabetes mellitus in, 3066, 3096, 3119, 3764–3765

DIC in, 916

direct oral anticoagulants in, 936

DVT in, 3766

ectopic, 85, 111t, 112, 3037, 3038

edema in, 278

epilepsy and, 3323, 3767

erythema infectiosum in, 141

fatigue in, 163

filovirus infections in, 1651

folate deficiency in, 769, 773, 775

folate requirement in, 773, 775, 1800

gall bladder disease in, 2644

gallbladder disease in, 3767

gastrointestinal disease in, 3767

GBS infection in, 1195

genital herpes in, 3767

gonococcal infections in, 1237

Graves’ disease in, 2942

HBV infection in, 3767

HBV treatment in, 2601–2602

HCV testing in, 2553

HCV treatment in, 2613

heart disease in, 3763–3764

heart murmurs in, 284

HELLP syndrome in, 2367, 2579, 3763, 3767

hematologic disease in, 3766

hemoglobin/hematocrit in, 433t

hemoglobinopathy in, 3766

in hemophilia carriers, 914

herpesvirus infection in, 3767

high-altitude travel during, 3622

HIV infection in, 1535, 3768

hormonal integration of, 2890

HSV infection in, 1476, 1478t

hypertension in, 2080, 2080t, 3762–3763

hyperthyroidism in, 3765

hypothyroidism in, 2929, 2937, 3765–3766

IBD and, 2488–2489

immunization during, 983, 984f, 3768

influenza in, 1518, 1521

international travel during, 999

iron requirement in, 749

lead poisoning in, 3579

liver disease in, 3767

L. monocytogenes infections in, 1210

malaria in, 1726, 1726t

malaria prevention in, 1735

Marfan’s syndrome in, 3764

marijuana use during, 3568

maternal mortality, 3768

mercury consumption in, 3579, 3581

metabolic changes in, 3765

in military veterans, S7

INDEX

I-180 Pregnancy (Cont.):

mitral regurgitation in, 3764

mitral stenosis in, 1995, 3764

molar. See Gestational trophoblastic disease

in MS, 3468, 3767

mumps in, 1617

nausea and vomiting in, 292, 294, 2527, 3767

neurologic disease in, 3282–3283

nutrient requirements in, 2519–2521t

obesity and, 3765

oral disease in, 257

parvovirus B19 infection in, 1496, 3768

pemphigoid gestationis in, 401t, 403

peripheral nerve disorders in, 3767

pheochromocytoma in, 2980

prolactinoma in, 2911–2912

psoriasis in, 378

pulmonary embolism in, 3766

pulmonary hypertension in, 3763

Q fever in, 1440

respiratory alkalosis in, 368

retinoic acid in, 2530

rheumatoid arthritis in, 2765

rubella in, 141, 1613–1614, 3767–3768. See also

Rubella, congenital

in sickle cell disease, 759t

SLE and, 2747

smoking effects in, 3564

Sweet syndrome in, 139t

syphilis in, 1410, 1412, 1412t

in systemic sclerosis, 2783

taste function in, 236

TB treatment in, 1373t, 1378

T. cruzi infection in, 1750t, 1751, 1751t

T. gondii infection in, 1758, 1762

thiazide diuretics in, 444

thrombocytopenia in, 3766

thyroid function during, 2929, 3765

tumor markers in, 487t

urinary tract infections in, 1077

varicella in, 1480

viral infections in, 3767–3768

vitamin A deficiency in, 1800

vitamin A in, 2530

vitamin A toxicity in, 2530

VTE risk in, 923

warfarin in, 935

water requirement in, 2518

in Wilson’s disease, 3237

Zika virus infection in, 136t

Pregnenolone, 2955f, 2957–2958

Prehypertension, 2076, 3156

Prejudice, 64

Prekallikrein deficiency, 911t

Preload, 1806, 1808t, 1809f, 2236

Premature atrial contractions, palpitations in, 287

Premature closure, in clinical reasoning, 21

Premature ejaculation, 3056

Premature menopause. See Primary ovarian

insufficiency

Premature ovarian failure. See Primary ovarian

insufficiency

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

in acute coronary syndromes, 1916

in acute illness, 1916

characteristics of, 1915–1916

in congenital heart disease, 1917

definition of, 1910

with depressed ventricular function, 1917

diagnosis of, 1915–1916

etiology of, 1915–1916

in heart failure, 1917, 1938

in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1917

idiopathic, 1916

idioventricular rhythms, 1910f, 1917, 1918f

mechanisms of, 1869, 1869t

multifocal, 1910, 1910f

palpitations in, 287

treatment of, 1917, 1918f

unifocal, 1910, 1910f

ventricular dysfunction and, 1917, 1917f

VT/VF from, 1929, 1930f

Premunition, 1723

Prenatal diagnosis/testing

amniocentesis, 3660

chorionic villus sampling, 3660

in mtDNA disorders, 3678

noninvasive methods of, 3844–3845

Preoperative questionnaire, 3769, 3769t

Preosteoclasts, 2758

Prepatellar bursitis, 2878

PRES (posterior reversible encephalopathy

syndrome), 2274–2275, 2274f, 2274t

Presatovir, 1464

Presbycusis, 240–241, 241f

Presbyopia, 216

Presbyosmia, 234–235

Presenilins, 3373

Present-biased preferences, 3776t, 3778

Preserved ratio–impaired spirometry (PRISm),

2185

Pre-S genes, of HBV, 2563, 2564f

Pressure-control ventilation (PCV), 2231, 2231t.

See also Mechanical ventilation

Pressure-immobilization, for snakebite, 3598

Pressure-natriuresis phenomenon, 2073

Pressure-regulated volume control ventilation

(PRVC), 2231, 2231t

Pressure-support ventilation (PSV), 2224t, 2231–

2232. See also Mechanical ventilation

Pressure (decubitus) ulcers, 1037, 3455

Pressure urticaria, 2722

Pressure-volume curve

in ARDS, 2230, 2230f

of chest wall, 2134f

of lung, 2133–2134, 2134f

normal, 2230f

Presymptomatic testing, 3664

Presynaptic rundown, 3509

Presyncope, 152

Presystemic elimination, 466, 466f

Presystolic accentuation, 284

Pretest probability of disease, 25, 26f

Pretomanid, 1376, 1377, 1399t, 1403

Pretransfusion testing, 891

Preventive care. See also specific diseases

accident and suicide risk assessment in, 13

in adult-onset genetic disorders, 3667–3668,

3667t

approaches to, 8–9

approach to the patient, 13

counseling in, 41t

health behavior and lifestyle assessment in, 10

health promotion in, 9

healthy eating guidelines for, 10–11, 10t

insurance coverage of, 3782

mental health and addiction screening in, 13

in older adults, 3742–3744, 3745t

periodic health evaluations and, 9–10

physical activity recommendations in, 11, 12t

prioritizing strategies for, 9

vs. screening, 9

screening tests in, 37, 39t

sleep hygiene, 11

smoking cessation in, 13. See also Smoking

cessation

vaccine counseling and vaccination in, 18–19

weight management in, 12–13

Prevotella spp., 1349, 2755, 3697

Prevotella spp. infections, 1084. See also Anaerobic

bacterial infections, mixed

in dog-bite wound, 1124

of head, neck, and mouth, 1351

in human bite-wound, 1125

orofacial, 1351

Priapism, 759t, 3057

Prickly heat, 3636

Pridopidine, 3405

Primaquine

actions of, 1712

adverse effects of, 1695t, 1712, 1735

in G6PD deficiency, 784, 784t, 1712

genetic considerations in, 478

major, 1732t

minor, 1732t

in parasitic infections, 1702t

contraindications to, 1702t, 1730t, 1733, 1735

drug interactions of, 1702t, 1706t

genetic variations in response to, 477t, 478

for malaria, 1730t, 1732t, 1733

for malaria prophylaxis, 1734t, 1735

overdosage/poisoning with, 3593t

for PCP, 1695t

pharmacology of, 1712, 1732t

Primary afferent(s), 91, 91f

Primary afferent nociceptors, 91, 91f, 92f

Primary alveolar proteinosis, A12, S8

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), 319, 391, 2615,

2627, 2696t, A13

Primary care

definition of, 3718

duties of, 3

funding of, 45

revitalization of, 3722–3723, 3722f

vaccine counseling and vaccination in, 18–19

worldwide access to, 3719. See also Low- and

middle-income countries

Primary Care PTSD (PC-PTSD) Screen, S7

Primary central nervous system lymphoma

(PCNSL), 705

diagnosis of, 705

EBV infection and, 841

epidemiology of, 225, 841

in HIV infection, 1583, 1584f

imaging of, 705f, 1584f

in immunocompromised patients, 706

treatment of, 705–706

Primary cough headache, 3368

Primary cutaneous CD30+ T-cell lymphoma, 858

Primary effusion lymphoma, 857

Primary (pleural) effusion lymphoma, 1491, 1583

Primary eosinophilia. See Eosinophilia, primary

Primary exercise headache, 3368

Primary graft dysfunction (PGD), 2213

Primary hyperhidrosis, 3434–3435

Primary immune deficiency diseases (PIDs), 2709

of adaptive immune system, 2709t, 2712

B lymphocyte deficiencies. See B cell(s),

deficiencies of

T lymphocyte deficiencies. See T cell(s),

deficiencies of

B-cell differentiation in, 2715f, 2716

classification of, 2709t

colitis and, 2718

consequences of, 2709

definition of, 2709

INDEX

diagnosis of, 2709–2710, 2710t, 2716 I-181

diseases associated with, S8

effector pathways in, 2712, 2712f

gene therapy for, 3686–3687

genetic considerations in, 2709

HCT for, 901

of innate immune system, 2710

asplenia, 463, 984f, 2711, S8

chronic granulomatous diseases. See Chronic

granulomatous diseases (CGDs)

complement deficiency, 2700, 2700t, 2712

diseases associated with, S8

GATA2 deficiency. See GATA2 deficiency

leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 445, 446t, 2711

Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial

disease, 2711–2712

severe congenital neutropenia, 444, 2710–

2711, 2710f, S8

Toll-like receptor pathway deficiencies, 2712

lymphoid malignancies and, 842, 842t

phagocytic cells in, 2710, 2710f

regulatory defects and, 2709t, 2717

in autoimmune lymphoproliferative

syndrome, 503t, 2718

in autoimmune polyendocrinopathycandidiasis-ectodermal dysplasia

syndrome. See Autoimmune

polyendocrine (polyglandular)

syndrome-1 (APS-1)

in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,

2717–2718

in immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy

X-linked syndrome, 2706, 2718

in PLCγ-associated antibody deficiency and

immune dysregulation, 2718

T-cell differentiation in, 2712f, 2713–2714

variable expression of, 2709

Primary intraventricular hemorrhage, 3350

Primary lateral sclerosis, 3415–3416, 3454

Primary myelofibrosis, 805

clinical features of, 805–806

complications of, 806

diagnosis of, 806

bone marrow examination in, 429f, 436–437f,

806f

peripheral blood smear in, 428f, 434f, 805f

diseases associated with, 805t

genetic considerations in, 803, 805

glomerulonephropathy in, 2367

prognosis of, 806, 806t

splenomegaly in, 461

treatment of, 807

Primary neuritic leprosy, 1387

Primary olfactory cortex, 232–233, 233f

Primary ovarian failure, 3651

Primary ovarian insufficiency, 3036

Primary peritoneal serous carcinoma, 720

Primary pigmented nodular adrenal disease

(PPNAD), 2960, 2991

Primary polydipsia, 2920, 2920t, 2922, 2922f

Primary prevention. See Preventive care

Primary progressive aphasia, 196, 198–199, 201f,

3378. See also Frontotemporal dementia

(FTD)

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), 2627

cholangiocarcinoma and, 653

clinical features of, 319, 320, 2482, 2628, 2652

diagnosis of

cholangiography in, 319, 2482, 2628, 2646f, 2652

laboratory tests in, 2550t, 2628

liver biopsy in, A13

ultrasound in, 319

diseases associated with, 2652

drug-induced, 2584

in HIV infection, 2652

in IBD, 2481t, 2482

IgG4-related, 2652, 2837, 2838t. See also IgG4-

related disease (IgG4-RD)

natural history of, 2652

recurrence after liver transplantation, 2640

small duct, 2482, 2652

treatment of, 2628, 2652

Primary sex headache, 3368

Primary stabbing headache, 3369

Primary taste cortex (PTC), 234

Primary thunderclap headache, 3368–3369

Primate immunodeficiency viruses, 1527, 1528f,

1531. See also HIV

Primidone

adverse effects of, 773, 773t, 3319t

for ataxia/tremor in MS, 3474

drug interactions of, 3319t

for myoclonus, 3407

overdosage/poisoning with, 3592t

for seizures, 3319t

for tremor, 3401

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), 714

Primitive reflexes, 3281

Primordial prevention, 8–9

Principal cells, 347, 2291f, 2294, S1

PR interval, 1868

Prinzmetal’s variant angina, 1828, 2041, 2052

Prion(s)

decontamination of, 3421–3422

definition of, 3416, 3417t

diseases due to. See Prion disease(s)

strains of, 3418, 3418t

terminology related to, 3417t

as therapeutic target, 3299

transmissibility of, 3417

Prion disease(s), 3416

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. See Creutzfeldt-Jakob

disease

epidemiology of, 3417

global considerations in, 3417, 3417t

Huntington disease–like disorders, 3405–3406

inherited, 3419

neurodegenerative, 3297f, 3298–3299, 3299t,

3375, 3422

pathogenesis of, 3298–3299, 3417–3418, 3417t,

3418f

research in, 3422

species barrier in, 3418–3419

sporadic, 3419

types of, 3417, 3417t

Prion proteins, 3416, 3418f

Prion rod, 3417t

PRISm (preserved ratio–impaired spirometry),

2185

Pritelivir, 1463, 1477

PRKAG2 deficiency, 3264t, 3267

PRKAG2 gene mutations, 1956t, 1967, 3267

PRKAR1A gene mutations, 2026, 2908, 2960

PRKG1 gene mutations, 3229t

PRKRA gene mutations, 3402, 3403t

PRNP gene, 191t, 3405, 3417t, 3418

PRNP gene polymorphisms, 3419

Probenecid

actions of, 2292

adverse effects of, 317

with cidofovir, 1098

for CMV infection prophylaxis, 1564t

drug interactions of, 471t, 1706t

for gout, 2865

for neurosyphilis, 1412t

for syphilitic meningitis, 1109

Probiotics, 297, 1066, 2386, 2447, 2496, 3691, 3786

Procainamide

actions of, 1871

adverse effects of

lupus syndrome, 472, 478, 2695, 2847t

in myasthenia gravis, 3511

myopathy, 3511

pure red cell aplasia, 798t

SA node dysfunction, 1875t

thrombocytopenia, 905t

genetic variations in response to, 476t, 478

metabolism of, 467t, 468

for preexcited tachycardias, 1897

for ventricular arrhythmias, 1913

for ventricular tachycardia, 2063

Procalcitonin (PCT), 1012

Procarbazine

actions of, 539

adverse effects of, 539, 540t

hypersensitivity reaction, 577

male infertility, 3017

myelosuppression, 539, 554

neurologic, 711t

pulmonary, 575

for astrocytoma, 703

interactions and issues, 540t

Procaspase-9, 518f

Process (quality theory), 52

Prochlorperazine

adverse effects of, 319

for migraine, 3362t, 3364

for nausea and vomiting, 80, 294, 294t, 488, 554

for scombroid poisoning, 3606

Procollagen, 3221

Proctitis

C. trachomatis, 1447, 1449t

HSV, 1474, 1478t, 2479

sexually acquired, 1091–1092, 1237, 1447

ulcerative colitis and, 2475

Proctocolitis, sexually acquired, 1091–1092

Proctosigmoidoscopy. See Sigmoidoscopy

Prodrugs, 468

Progenitor cells, 746f

Progeria, 3649, 3650t

Progesterone, 368, 2899t, 3030, 3036

Progesterone receptors, 614, 718t

Progestins

adverse effects of, 277t

for contraception, 3054, 3054t

with estrogens, 3203

for PCOS, 3036

in perimenopause, 3043–3044

in postmenopausal hormone therapy. See

Postmenopausal hormone therapy

Proglottids, 1769

Prognathism, 256

Programmed aging, 3733

Programmed cell death. See Apoptosis

Progranulin, 3295, 3379

Progressive bulbar palsy, 3444

Progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (CamuratiEngelmann disease), 3213

Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO)

clinical features of, 228, 3529, 3674t, 3675, V3

diagnosis of, 3529

differential diagnosis of, 3513

genetic considerations in, 3529, 3674t, 3675,

3677f

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis,

319–320, 2561–2562, 2561t

INDEX

I-182 Progressive massive fibrosis, 2169

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

(PML), 1099

anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and, 3470–3471

in cancer patient, 560, 560t, 562, 742

clinical features of, 1099

diagnosis of, 1099

in HIV infection, 1099, 1578–1579

monoclonal antibodies and, 2763

natalizumab and, 2485

pathology of, 1099

TNF-α inhibitors and, 378

in transplant recipient, 2275

treatment of, 1099–1100

Progressive muscular atrophy. See Spinal muscular

atrophy (SMA)

Progressive myoclonus epilepsy, 3308t, 3407

Progressive rubella panencephalitis, 1100

Progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome

clinical features of, 192, 3380, 3389, 3390t

eye movements in, 3380, 3389

falls in, 177

gait disorders in, 175, 3389

neuropathology of, 3380, 3380f, 3381f, 3389

Progressive systemic sclerosis. See Systemic

sclerosis (scleroderma)

Proguanil

actions of, 1712

adverse effects of, 1704t, 1732t, 1735

drug interactions of, 1704t

for malaria, 1732t

for malaria prophylaxis, 1734t, 1735

pharmacology of, 1712, 1732t

in pregnancy and lactation, 1704t, 1735

resistance to, 1735

Prohormone convertase 1 (PCSK1), 3084t,

3085

Proinsulin, 3133

Project BioShield, S3

PROK2 gene mutations, 3014, 3015t

PROK2R gene mutations, 3015t

Prokinetic agents, 294t, 296

Prolactin, 2892

actions of, 2883

expression and regulation of, 2892t

laboratory evaluation of, 2898t

secretion of, 207, 2892–2893

synthesis of, 2892

Prolactinoma, 2904t, 2909, 2910f, 2911f, 2984t,

2987

Prolidase deficiency, 3269t

Proliferative inflammatory atrophy, of prostate, 681

Proline metabolism disorders, 3269t

Promethazine, 162t, 422t

PROMM (proximal myotonic myopathy), 3526

Promonocytes, 447

Promoter (carcinogenesis), 491

Promyelocytes, 441, 441f

Promyelocytic leukemia. See Acute promyelocytic

leukemia

Pronator drift, 3280

Prone positioning, in ARDS, 2228, 2232–2233

Pronormoblasts, 431, 798, 799f

Pronuclear transfer, 3679f, 3680

Pronucleating factors, 2644

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC), 2971t, 3081, 3083f,

3084t

Prop-1 (PROP-1)

in adrenal insufficiency, 2896

in anterior pituitary development, 2892t, 2896

in congenital hypothyroidism, 2934t

in GH deficiency, 2899

PROP1 gene mutations, 2971t, 3014, 3015t

Propafenone

actions of, 1872t

adverse effects of, 1872t, 1875t, 1907

for atrial fibrillation, 1907

for focal atrial tachycardia, 1894

genetic variations in response to, 476t, 477

metabolism of, 467t

Propantheline bromide, 3474

Prophylactic cranial irradiation, 610

Propionibacterium acnes, 337, 2802

Propionic acidemia, 3271t

Proplatelets, 920

Propofol, 82, 83t, 84, 1875t, 3593t, 3678

Propoxyphene, 3595t

Propranolol

for adrenergic symptoms in Graves’ disease, 2941

adverse effects of, 2930t, 3365t

for aortic dissection, 2106

for ataxia/tremor in MS, 3474

for consumptive hypothyroidism, 725

for drug-induced movement disorders, 3408

for hypertension, 2083t

for hypokalemic paralysis, 349, 351

for ischemic heart disease, 2040t

for long QT syndrome, 1925

for methylxanthine overdosage/poisoning, 3590t

for migraine prevention, 3364, 3365t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3591t

for pheochromocytoma, 2979

for phobic disorders, 3544

for postpartum thyroiditis, 2944

for sex headache prevention, 3368

for sympathomimetic overdosage/poisoning,

3590t

for tremor, 3401, 3543t

Proprioception, 169

Proptosis, 227–228, 2939, A14. See also Graves’

(thyroid-associated) ophthalmopathy

Propylene glycol poisoning, 363, S1

Propylthiouracil

adverse effects of, 384, 415, 2816, 2847t, 2941

for Graves’ disease, 2941

for hyperthyroidism in pregnancy, 3765

for radioactive iodine exposure, S5

for thyroid storm, 2942

Prosody, 198

Prosopagnosia, 201, 218

Prospect theory, 3776, 3776t, 3777f

Prostacyclin, 1801, 2127, 2437f

Prostaglandin(s)

in asthma, 2151

in drug reactions, 408

in dysmenorrhea, 3038

in gastroduodenal mucosal defense and repair,

2435, 2436f

in heart failure, 1934

in male sexual response, 3056–3057

pain and, 91, 92f

for Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2785

synthesis of, 2435

Prostaglandin analogues

adverse effects of, 2445

for glaucoma, 221, 226

for peptic ulcer disease, 2443t, 2445

Prostaglandin E2

ectopic production of, 722t

in gastric epithelia defense and repair, 2435

in photoimmunosuppression, 418

in sunburn erythema, 418

synthesis of, 2437f

in thermoregulation, 132

Prostate, 681

Prostate biopsy, 683

Prostate cancer, 681

androgen deficiency in, 3075–3076

autopsy-detected, 681

back pain in, 125

bone lesions in, 683–684, 688

carcinoma of unknown primary and, 720

clinical states model of, 681, 682f

deaths from, 481t, 483f, 484t, 681, 3075

diagnosis of, 681–683

epidemiology of, 681

erectile dysfunction after treatment of, 3057

genetic considerations in, 500t, 503t, 681, 3838

incidence of, 481t, 482, 482f, 484t, 681, 3075

lymphedema in, 2119

metastatic, 708, 708t, 715

paraneoplastic syndromes in, 722t, 724

pathology of, 683

prevention of, 492–493, 681–682, 2530

prostate-specific antigen in, 682–683, 684

screening for, 38, 40, 496t, 497–498, 682–683,

3745t

staging of, 500t, 683–684, 684f

testosterone therapy and, 3024

testosterone therapy in men with history of, 3076

treatment of

vs. active surveillance, 205–206, 498

adverse effects of, 685, 3076

androgen deprivation therapy, 686–687, 3076,

3077t

cell-based, 2701

hormone receptor–directed agents, 206,

543–544

late consequences of, 741

in localized disease, 684–685

in metastatic disease, 686–688

pain management, 688

prostatectomy, 685

radiation therapy, 685

rising PSA after, 686

tumor vaccines, 538

tumor markers in, 487t

Prostatectomy, 685

Prostate Health Index (PHI), 683

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

in carcinoma of unknown primary, 717, 718t,

720

free, 682

in prostate cancer, 682, 684

for prostate cancer screening, 496t, 497–498,

682–683

testosterone therapy and, 3024

as tumor marker, 487t

Prostatitis. See also Urinary tract infections

(UTIs)

back pain in, 125

C. glucuronolyticum, 1208

clinical features of, 1073

enterococcal, 1199

treatment of, 1077

tumor markers in, 487t

Prosthetic heart valve

abscess in, A9

anticoagulants for stroke prevention with, 3341t,

3346

cinefluoroscopy of, 1864, 1864f

dental procedures and, 262

endocarditis in. See Prosthetic valve endocarditis

(PVE)

heart sounds/murmurs in, 1823

in pregnancy, 3764