INDEX

in hepatobiliary disease, 2461 I-135

with ileal resection or disease, 2461, 2461t

luminal bile salt deficiency, 2461, 2461f, 2461t

in pancreatic disease, 2460

small-bowel bacterial overgrowth, 295, 303,

306, 2461, 2781, 2786

surgery-related, 2452, 2460

in mucosal phase of digestion

abetalipoproteinemia. See

Abetalipoproteinemia

celiac disease. See Celiac disease

glucose galactose malabsorption, 2463

lactase deficiency. See Lactase deficiency

short-bowel syndrome, 361, 2465

tropical sprue, 303, 772, 2464

Whipple’s disease. See Whipple’s disease

pathophysiology of, 2468t

protein-losing enteropathy, 2466

Maladie de Roger, 283

Malaria, 1720

in children, 1726, 1726t

climate change and, 1004, 1008f

clinical features of, 1723–1726, 1724t, S6

acidosis, 361, 1724–1725

encephalopathy, 975t, 979, 1724

fever, 1700t, 1723

hematologic abnormalities, 1725

hypoglycemia, 1724, 1733

jaundice, 320

liver dysfunction, 1725

pulmonary edema, 1725, 1733

renal failure, 71, 1725, 1733, 2336t

retinal hemorrhage, 1724, 1725f

seizures, 1699t, 1724

splenomegaly, 1699t

complications of, 1699t, 1726, 1726t, 1733

diagnosis of, S6, S12

alternative procedures, 1729t

blood films of parasites, 425, 1727–1728,

1727f, 1728f, 1729t, A2, S12

vs. Brucella infection, 1312

serologic and molecular tests, 1728–1729,

1729t, S12

epidemiology of, 1004, 1721–1722, 1722f, S6, S12

erythrocyte changes in, 1722–1723

etiology of. See Plasmodium spp.

global considerations in, 1004, 1722f, 1733,

3709–3710

in HIV infection, 1545, 1581, 1725–1726

host defense mechanisms in, 1723

incubation period for, S6

pathogenesis of, 1720–1721, 1721f

in pregnancy, 1726, 1726t

prevention of

chemoprophylaxis, 1734–1736, 1734t. See also

specific drugs

in children, 1734t

indoor residual spraying, 3709

insecticide-treated bed nets, 3709

in international travelers, 990t, 996

organizational efforts, 3709

personal protection, 1734

in pregnancy, 1735

in travelers, 1734–1736, 1734t

prognosis of, 1725t

resistance to, 784, 1723, 3657

in returned traveler, 1698

transfusion-transmitted, 896t, 1726

transmission of, 1720–1721, 1721f

treatment of

antimalarial drugs, 1702–1703t, 1732t. See also

specific drugs

drug resistance and, 1730–1731, 1736f, 3709

regimens for, 1730t, 1731–1733, 3709

in severe disease, 1730t, 1731

in uncomplicated disease, 1730t, 1731

vaccine, 1734

in war veterans, S6

Malassezia spp. infections, 381, 386, 1690, S11. See

also Tinea versicolor

Malathion, 3611

Malaysia, 50, 50t

Mal del pinto (pinta), 1414t, 1416, 1416f

Maldonado virus, 1629t

Male feminization, paraneoplastic, 722t

Male pseudohermaphroditism. See 46,XY disorders

of sex development

Male reproductive system disorders, 3010

in adulthood, 3013

aging-related. See Androgen deficiency

androgen insensitivity syndromes. See

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

diagnosis of, 3010–3011

erectile dysfunction. See Erectile dysfunction (ED)

gynecomastia. See Gynecomastia

hypogonadism. See Hypogonadism

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. See

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

infertility, 3010, 3051f, 3052

obesity and, 3086

cancer. See specific organs

delayed puberty, 3012t, 3013

precocious puberty, 3651

sex chromosome disorders. See Sex chromosome

disorders

testicular. See Testes/testicles, disorders of

46,XY disorders. See 46,XY disorders of sex

development

Male to female (MTF), 3079t

Maleylacetoacetate isomerase deficiency, 3269t

MALFDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser

desorption/ionization/time-of-flight

mass spectometry), 1246, 1263, 1313,

S11

Malic dehydrogenase, 1709

Malignant conversion, 419

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 713. See also Soft

tissue sarcomas

Malignant hypertension

cerebral effects of, 2076, 2086

epidemiology of, 2090

genetic considerations in, 2091

ocular effects of, 2086

renal effects of, 2076, 2086, 2090–2091, 2332

treatment of, 2086–2087, 2087t

Malignant hyperthermia, 478, 3435, 3667t

Malignant otitis externa, 249

Malignant pheochromocytoma, 2979–2980

Malingering, 3552

Mallenkot catheter, 2505

Mallory-Weiss tears

bleeding in, 311, 2433

diagnosis of, 2406, 2410f

hematemesis in, 293

treatment of, 311, 2406, 2433, V5

Malnutrition, 2534

acute disease- or injury-associated, 2469t, 2535

in AKI, 2306, 2308

assessment of, 2536–2537. See also Nutrition

assessment

chronic disease-associated, 2535

in cirrhosis, 2633

in CKD, 2317

climate change and, 3731, 3731f, 3732f

diagnosis of, 2540–2541

fatigue in, 163

functional outcomes of, 2537

gonadotropin deficiency due to, 2916

gut microbiome and, 3696

hypothermia in, 3631

in malabsorption disorders, 2468t

micronutrient, 2540. See also specific

micronutrients

risk of, 2521

starvation-related, 2535

syndromes, 2534–2536

Malocclusion, 256

Malpractice suits, 24

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue), 2695

Maltese cross formation, 2346, A4

MALT lymphoma. See Mucosa-associated

lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma

Malt worker’s lung, 2160t

Mammalian target of rapamycin. See mTOR

Mammarenaviruses, 1624, 1626t

Mammary souffle, 284, 1822

Mammography

abnormalities detected on, 616

in carcinoma of unknown primary, 717

diagnostic, 616

screening, 38, 38t, 39t, 495t, 496, 615. See also

Breast cancer, screening

Managed care programs, 5

MANAs (mutation-associated neoantigens), 505,

506

Manganese, 2520t, 2533t, 2534, 3582

Manganese-56 exposure, S5

Mania, 211, 3550, 3550t. See also Bipolar disorder

Mannitol

adverse effects of, 338, 340, 346, 352

for ciguatera poisoning, 3606

for increased intracranial pressure, 2270t

Mannosidosis, 3256t

Manometry

anorectal, 308

esophageal. See Esophageal manometry

intestinal, 293

Mansonella ozzardi, 1778t, 1783

Mansonella perstans, 1778t, 1783

Mansonella streptocerca/streptocerciasis, 1778t,

1783, S12

Mantle cell lymphoma, 849

genetic considerations in, 500t, 843, 844t, 849

immunophenotype of, 836t, 856t

prognosis of, 845, 849

subsets of, 849

treatment of, 463, 485t, 538, 849–850, 3686t

MAO-B (monoamine oxidase type B) inhibitors,

3395, 3396t

MAOIs. See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

(MAOIs)

MAP3K1 gene mutations, 3003t

MAPK pathway, 505t, 719, 956, 2951

Maple syrup urine disease, 3270t

Ma protein antibodies, 728t, 731

Maprotiline, 3542t, 3549

MAPT gene mutations, 191t, 3297, 3379, 3380f,

3390, 3413t

Marantic endocarditis, 147, 399, 561, 599, 1024

Maraviroc

actions of, 1553, 1589

adverse effects of, 1588t

drug interactions of, 1400

genetic variations in response to, 477t, 1553, 1561

for HIV infection, 1588t, 1589

molecular structure of, 1591f

INDEX

I-136 Marble bone disease (osteopetrosis), 3212–3213

Marburg’s variant, MS, 3474, 3475f

Marburg virus, 1645–1646, 1647f. See also

Filoviruses

Marburg virus disease. See also Filovirus infections

clinical features of, 978, 1649–1650

epidemiology of, 978, 1646, 1648f, 1649f, 3716

March hemoglobinuria, 785, 786t

Marchiafava-Bignami disease, 3376

Marcus Gunn pupil, 216, 217f

Marfan’s syndrome

aortic regurgitation in, 1987

cardiac manifestations of, 105, 3229

aortic aneurysm, 2102, 3229

aortic dissection, 2105

mitral valve prolapse, 2000

murmur, 280, 283

classification of, 3229

clinical features of

hand deformities, 1816

ocular, 3229

oral deformities, 1816

skeletal, 3229, A15

diagnosis of, 3230

genetic considerations in, 3229–3230

genetic testing for, 3667t

incidence of, 3229

paternal age and, 3646, 3652

pregnancy in, 3764

treatment of, 3230, 3667t, 3668

vessel wall disorders in, 910

Margetuximab, 613t, 625

Marginal zone lymphoma, 848

clinical features of, 849

diagnosis of, 849

extranodal. See Mucosa-associated lymphoid

tissue (MALT) lymphoma

immunophenotype of, 836t

nodal, 848–849

pathophysiology of, 848–849

splenic, 463, 841, 844t, 849, 856, 856t

treatment of, 463, 849

Maribavir, 1463, 1490

Marijuana

adverse effects of, 1875t, 3568

drug interactions of, 3568–3569

head and neck cancer risk and, 590

hypogonadism and, 3016

initial actions of, 3540t

pharmacokinetics of, 3567

pharmacologic effects of, 3567

therapeutic use of, 80, 294t, 3569

usage of, 3567

Marine envenomations, 3602

antivenoms for, 3603, 3605

approach to the patient, 3605

epidemiology of, 3602, 3602f

invertebrate, 3602–3604, 3602f, 3603f

treatment of, 3604

vertebrate, 3604–3605, 3605f

Marine poisoning, 3605

ciguatera, 301, 3606, 3606t

domoic acid intoxication, 3311, 3607

scombroid, 301, 3605–3606

shellfish, 3311, 3606–3607

Maripa virus, 1628t

Marituba virus, 1627t

Markesbery-Griggs distal myopathy, 3525t, 3527

Maroteaux-Lamy disease (arylsulfatase B

deficiency), 3255t, 3260

Marrara, 3611

Marshall’s syndrome, 3228

Masitinib, 865

Massage therapy, 3785t, 3788

Massively parallel sequencing. See Next-generation

sequencing

Massive transfusion, 895

Mass movements, intestinal, 299

Mass spectrometry, 3833–3834, 3833f, 3833t

Mass spectrometry imaging, 3835–3836, 3836f

Mast cell(s)

activation of, 2719–2720, 2720f

in adaptive immunity, 2679t

in allergy, 2720–2721, 2721f

in anaphylaxis, 2727

distribution of, 2720

hematopoietic differentiation of, 746f

in innate immunity, 2679t, 2684

membrane-derived lipid mediators from, 2720,

2720f

proliferation of. See Mastocytosis

secretory granules of, 2720

in urticaria pigmentosa, 397

Mast cell leukemia, 2729

Mast cell sarcoma, 2730

Mastectomy, 493, 531, 556, 614, 616, 618, 626

Master’s disease (Southern tick-associated rash

illness), 135t, 141, 1429

Mastitis, 1181, 1367, 1617, 1672

Mastocytoma, 2730

Mastocytosis

cutaneous, 386, 394, 397, 864, 2729, 2729t

epidemiology of, 2729

prognosis of, 2730

small-intestinal mucosal biopsies in, 2469t

systemic

aggressive, 864, 2729, 2730t

classification of, 2729, 2729t

clinical features of, 287, 295, 303, 864–865, 2730

with clonal hematologic non–mast cell lineage

disease, 2729

definition of, 2729

diagnosis of, 864, 2730–2731, 2730t

differential diagnosis of, 2731

genetic considerations in, 2730

indolent, 2729

prognosis of, 864

smoldering, 2729, 2730t

treatment of, 864–865, 2731

well-differentiated, 2730

Mastoiditis, 250–251, 1101

MATE1/2, 478

Maternal inheritance, 3669f, 3670. See also

Mitochondrial DNA diseases; X-linked

disorders

Maternal mortality, 3768

Maternal spindle transfer, 3679f

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization/timeof-flight mass spectometry (MALFDITOF MS), 1246, 1263, 1313, 1673–1674,

1674t, S11

Matrix metalloproteinase 3, 2791

Matrix metalloproteinase 9, 1361

Matrix metalloproteinase 12, 2181

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)

in cancer cell signaling, 520f

in metastasis, 520

in photoaging of skin, 419

in rheumatoid arthritis, 2758

in tumor angiogenesis, 524, 526f

Mat telangiectasias, 386

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY),

3095, 3102, 3645t, 3655, 3656t

MAX gene mutations, 2980, 2981t, 2982f

Maxillary sinusitis, 261

Maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), 533

Mayaro virus, 1044

Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome, 3005,

3034

May-Hegglin anomaly, 907

Mazindol, 3091

Mazzotti reaction, 1708

MBC (minimal bactericidal concentration), S11

MBL gene, 1552t

MBOAT7 gene mutations, 2621

MBP (myelin basic protein), 2696t

MBTPS2 gene mutations, 3221, 3222t, 3224

MC1R gene mutations, 418

MC4R gene mutations, 3082, 3085

McArdle disease (muscle phosphorylase deficiency,

type V GSD), 3263t, 3265, 3528

McBurney’s point, 2514

McConnell’s sign, 1838, 2097

McCune-Albright syndrome, 3215

clinical features of

adrenal tumors, 2967

Cushing’s syndrome, 2960–2961

cutaneous, 390–391, 3215

endocrinologic, 2908, 2992

fibrous dysplasia, 2908t, 3215

phenotype and, 3653

precocious puberty, 3012

diagnosis of, 3215, 3215f, A16

genetic considerations in, 3179f

GNAS1 gene mutations, 2961, 2992, 3645

Gs

α mutations, 2882, 2888, 2908, 2948, 2984t,

2992, 3012

mosaicism, 3653

treatment of, 3215

M cells, 953

MCH (mean cell hemoglobin), 432, 433t

MCH/MCV (mean cell hemoglobin

concentration), 432, 433t

MCI (mild cognitive impairment), 190, 3751

MCIR gene mutations, 579

McLeod blood group, 428f

McLeod phenotype, S8

McLeod syndrome, 3406

McMurray test, 2850

M component

in heavy chain diseases, 877

of immunoglobulin, 866

in multiple myeloma, 871, 875

in plasma cell disorders, 866

in Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 876

MCP (monocyte chemotactic protein), 1554, 2683t,

3540

mcr-1, 1168

M-CSF (macrophage colony-stimulating factor),

2682t

MCT8 gene mutations, 2930

MCTD. See Mixed connective tissue disease

(MCTD)

MCV (mean cell volume), 432, 433t

MCV (mean corpuscular volume), 425

MDC, 2683t

MDCT (multidetector computed tomography),

3283. See also Computed tomography

(CT)

MDM4 gene mutations, 500t

MDMA (ecstasy), 180, 344, 3574. See also

Psychostimulants

MDPV, 3577

MDR3 gene mutations, 2643

MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease)

equation, 333, 2311t, S10

INDEX

MDR (multidrug resistance) gene/phenotype, 519, 553 I-137

MDS (myelodysplastic syndromes). See

Myelodysplasia

Meadowsweet, 454t

Mean arterial pressure, in shock, 2218–2219

Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), 432, 433t

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCH/

MCV), 432, 433t

Mean cell volume (MCV), 432, 433t

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), 425

Measles (rubeola). See also Rubella

approach to the patient, 1608–1609

atypical, 393, 1610

clinical features of, 134t, 1506, 1609f, 1610

in impaired immunity, 1610

Koplik’s spots, 144, 393, 1506, 1610, A1

rash, 133, 134t, 141f, 393, 1610, A1

complications of, 1100, 1611, 3475–3476

diagnosis of, 1610

differential diagnosis of, 1610

epidemiology of, 1608–1609

eradication of, 1612

etiology of, 1608

global considerations in, 982, 1608, 1612, 3717

immune response to, 1609, 1609f

incidence pre- and postvaccine, U.S., 981t

incubation period for, 1457

mortality rates of, 978

outbreaks in North America since 2010, 14–15,

14t

pathogenesis of, 1609, 1609f

postexposure prophylaxis, 1580

prevention of, 1580. See also Measles-mumpsrubella vaccine (MMR)

prognosis of, 1580

resurgence of, 3717

transmission of, 1608

treatment of, 1610–1611

vitamin A deficiency in, 2530

Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR)

adverse effects of, 1611, 1618

contraindications for, 985t

coverage with, 14, 15

effectiveness of, 1618

precautions for, 985t

recommended administration of

in adults, 40t, 984f, 1614

in cancer patients, 557t

in children, 1611, 1614, 1618

in international travelers, 992t, 993

in pregnancy, 3768

in transplant recipient, 1146, 1147t

storage and handling of, 986

Measles vaccine, 1611

Measles virus, 1457, 1506, 1608, 3717. See also

Measles (rubeola)

Mebendazole

actions of, 1709

adverse effects of, 1703t, 1709

for ascariasis, 1774

drug interactions of, 1703t

for enterobiasis, 1777

for hookworm infections, 1775

indications for, 1703t

pharmacology of, 1709

in pregnancy and lactation, 1703t

for trichinellosis, 1771t

for trichuriasis, 1777

mecA gene, 1185

Mecamylamine, 3455

ME/CFS. See Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic

fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)

mec gene, 966, 1013, 1166

Mechanical circulatory support, 2253f, 2254. See

also Left ventricular assist systems

Mechanical heart valve. See Prosthetic heart

valve

Mechanical ptosis, 228

Mechanical ventilation, 2230

for ARDS, 4–5, 2227–2228, 2229t

for asthma attacks, 2158

in coma, 188

complications of

airway, 2233

alveolar collapse, 2228

cardiopulmonary, 2233

lung injury, 2220–2221, 2227–2228

pneumonia. See Ventilator-associated

pneumonia (VAP)

respiratory acidosis, 366

tension pneumothorax, 2200

volutrauma, 2220–2221

continuous positive airway pressure. See

Continuous positive airway pressure

(CPAP)

for COPD, 2189

indications for, 2230

liberation from, 86, 2234, 2234f

modes of, 2231–2232, 2231t

patient management during, 2221–2222,

2227–2228

principles of, 2230, 2230f

for pulmonary edema, 2255

for respiratory acidosis, 366

for sepsis/septic shock, 2248–2249

for shock, 2220, 2241

strategies to optimize gas exchange in,

2232–2233

Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR).

See mTOR

Mechanoreceptors, in lung, 263

Mechanotransduction, 238

Mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard)

adverse effects of, 488, 711t, 3017

carcinogenicity of, 491t

as terrorism agent, S4

Meckel-Gruber syndrome, 2351t, 2352f

Meckel’s diverticulum, 312, 314–315

Meclizine, 80, 293, 294, 294t

Meclofenamate, 905t

Meconium ileus, 2176

MECP2 gene mutations, 3301, 3537, 3645, 3795

Médecins Sans Frontières, 3707

Medial degeneration, 2101–2102

Medial epicondylitis, 2880

Median neuropathy. See Carpal tunnel syndrome

Median sternotomy, 3499

Mediastinal germ cell tumor, 694

Mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma, 857

Mediastinal lymphadenopathy, 458, 459

Mediastinal mass, 286, 2200. See also Thymoma

Mediastinitis

acute, 2200–2201

anaerobic bacterial, 1351

chronic, 2201

fibrosing, in histoplasmosis, 1659, 1661

nocardial, 1337

sternal osteomyelitis and, 1052

in transplant recipient, 1144

Mediastinoscopy, 2140

Mediastinotomy, 2140

Mediastinum, 2200, 2201t

Media, vaccine hesitancy and, 16

Medicaid, 47

Medical consultation

by advanced practice providers, 3762

curbside, 3762

in pregnancy. See Pregnancy

second opinions, 3762

stakeholder responsibilities in, 3761, 3761t

in telemedicine, 3762

Medical decision-making, 3–4, 64

Medical education, 7, 70

Medical errors, 4, 71. See also Adverse events

Medical evacuation insurance, 1000

Medical practice, 1, 1f. See also Physician

accountability in, 7

clinical skills and, 1–2

ethical issues in. See Ethical issues

evaluation of outcomes, 4

expanding frontiers of, 6–8

globalization of, 6. See also Global medicine

humane aspects of, 5–6

Internet and, 6–7

legal issues in. See Legal issues

patient care management in, 2–5

patient-physician relationship in, 5–6

practice guidelines in, 4

public expectations of, 7

research and, 8

science and art of, 1

team-based care and, 2–3

Medical professionalism, 6

Medical records, electronic, 4–5

Medical tourists, 1000t

Medicare, 43

Medication-overuse headache, 114, 3334

Medicinal leech, 3611–3612

Medicine, 1

art of, 1

evidence-based, 3–4, 21, 28–29

practice of. See Medical practice

science of, 1, 7

Meditation, 3785, 3785t, 3787, 3788

Mediterranean fever, familial. See Familial

Mediterranean fever

Mediterranean lymphoma, 877

Mediterranean spotted (boutonneuse) fever, 134t,

977, 1432t, 1434–1435

Medium-chain fatty acids, 2460, 2468t

Medium-chain triglycerides, 2460

MEDLINE, 3789t

Medroxyprogesterone

adverse effects of, 3076

for breast cancer, 543

for contraception, 3054

for hot flushes with androgen deprivation

therapy, 3076

for menorrhagia in perimenopause, 3045

for PCOS, 3036

for postmenopausal hormone therapy, 3049

Medscape, 3787t

Medulla, 3329f

Medullary cystic kidney disease, 2355

Medullary sponge kidney, 2356

Medullary stroke syndromes, 3329f, 3331

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), 2989

clinical features of, 303

diagnosis of, 2989, 2989f

familial, 2953, 2989–2990

genetic considerations in, 2989–2990

in MEN 2, 2953, 2980, 2988, 2989

paraneoplastic syndromes in, 722t

staging of, 2950t

treatment of, 306, 2953, 2989–2990

tumor markers in, 487t

INDEX

I-138 Medulloblastomas, 706

Mees’ lines, 3377, 3483, 3496

Meester-Loeys syndrome, 3229

Mefenamic acid, 3038, 3044

mef gene, 1013

Mefloquine

actions of, 1709

adverse effects of, 1705t, 1709–1710, 1732t, 1733,

1735, S7

contraindications to, 1735

drug interactions of, 1702t, 1705t, 1710

for malaria, 1730t, 1732t

for malaria prophylaxis, 1734t, 1735

pharmacology of, 1709, 1732t

in pregnancy, 1705t, 1710, 1735

resistance to, 1736f

MEFV gene, 2677t

MEG (magnetoencephalography), 3314

MEG3 gene mutations, 2908

Megacolon, 307, 308, 1751. See also Toxic megacolon

Megalin, 2887

Megaloblastic anemia, 766

autosomal recessive, 772

biochemical basis of, 767–768

clinical features of, 768–770

drug-induced, 775

etiology of, 766t

hematologic findings in, 770, 770f

in orotic aciduria, 775

peripheral blood smear in, 770f

thiamine-responsive, 775

treatment of, 774–775

Megarectum, 308

Megestrol, 81, 353, 573

Meglumine antimonate, 1701, 1702t, 1745

Meibomian gland carcinoma, 220

Meibomitis, 220

Meige’s disease (lymphedema praecox), 2118, 2199,

3402

Meigs’s syndrome, 697

Meiosis, 3642, 3644f

MEK1 gene mutations, 596f, 597t

MEK inhibitors

action and targets of, 511, 512f, 534f

adverse effects of, 386, 742

for melanoma, 585

for non-small-cell lung cancer, 607

Melamine, 2301

Melanocortin-2 receptor, 2895, 2957, 2958f

Melanocortin-4 receptor, 2888t, 3084t

Melanocyte(s), 418

α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

in appetite control, 3081, 3083f

ectopic ATCH production and, 724

overproduction of, 391, 579

sun response in skin and, 418

Melanocytic nevus, 390

Melanoma, 578, A5

acral lentiginous, 581t, A5

amelanotic/hypomelanotic, 579f, 582

carcinoma of unknown primary and, 718t

choroidal, 579f

clinical features of, 579f, 581–582, 581t

deaths from, 481t

desmoplastic, 581t, 582

diagnosis of, 580–581, 581f, A5

early detection of, 580

epidemiology of, 420, 578

of eye, 227, 227f

familial, 503t

genetic considerations in

genomic, 582–583, 582f

germline mutations, 473, 480, 579–580

oncogenes, 500t

global considerations in, 578

histologic subtypes, 581t

incidence of, 481t, 482f

KIRs with, 2687t

lentigo maligna, 581t, 582f, A5

leukoderma in, 388

lymphadenopathy in, 458

metastatic, 391, 398, 458, 708t, 2027, A16, S2

mortality from, 578

mucosal, 579f

nevi and, 578, 579f

nodular, 579f, 581t, 582, 582f, A5

oral, 260t

pathogenesis of, 418, 420, 581–582, 2696t

in pregnancy, 3766t

prevention of, 580

prognosis of, 583, 583t

retinopathy in, 736

risk factors for, 578, 580t, 2485

screening for, 498

sentinel node biopsy in, 583–584

staging of, 583, 583t

sun/UV exposure and, 418, 420, 491, 491t, 578, 580

superficial spreading, 369f, 579f, 581t, A5

treatment of

biologic therapy, 528, 537

chemotherapy, 585

clinically localized disease, 583–584

follow-up, 586

immunotherapy, 585, 2701

metastatic disease, 584–586, 584t

targeted therapy, 511, 515, 546–547t, 552, 585

virotherapy, 3690

Melanopsin, 215, 3802–3803

Melanosis coli, 307

Melanosomes, 418

Melarsoprol, 1705t, 1710, 1756, 1756t

Melasma, 370t, 391, 409

MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy,

lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes)

syndrome, 3186, 3529, 3673–3674, 3674t,

A16

Melatonin

for anxiety, 3786

in circadian system, 3801t, 3802

for migraine prevention, 3364, 3365t

for REM sleep disorder, 3386

in sleep, 207

for sleep disorders, 213–241

MELD (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease) score,

648, 2552, 2635, 2636t

Melena, 311

Meleney gangrene, 1354

Meleney’s ulcer, 399

Melflufen, 874t, 875

Melioidosis, 1287t, 1290, S6

Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, 3440

Melodic intonation therapy, 197

Melorheostosis, 3214

Melphalan

actions of, 539

adverse effects of, 539, 540t, 739, 740, 2586

for amyloidosis, 881

in HCT preparation, 898

interactions and issues, 540t

for multiple myeloma, 873, 874t

Memantine, 195, 3365t, 3374, 3753

Membrane receptor(s), 2887–2889, 2887f

Membrane receptor families, 2885t

Membrane transport, defects of, 3274, 3275t

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

autoantibodies in, 2696t

classification of, 2340t

clinical features of, 2283, 2335t, 2341

pathogenesis of, 2332, 2341, 2341f

renal biopsy in, 2341, A4

treatment of, 2341

Membranous glomerulonephritis (nephropathy),

2282–2283, 2323f, 2335t, 2343–2344,

2343f, 2343t, A4

Memory

assessment of, 202, 3279

immune, 2672

immunologic, 2689

implicit, 202

limbic network for, 202

loss of. See Amnesia

working, 203

MEN1/MENIN gene mutations

genetic testing for, 2988

in MEN syndromes, 703t, 2453, 2881, 2908,

2984t, 2988, 3174, 3174f

NETs and, 664

tumors associated with, 503t

variable expressivity of, 3651

Menaquinone, 2532. See also Vitamin K

Menarche, 612, 3031, 3031t, 3034

Mendelian disorders, 3652–3653

allele frequency and effect size in, 3657f

autosomal dominant, 3652, 3652f

autosomal recessive, 3652–3653, 3652f

genotype-phenotype relationships in, 3815f

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 3639,

3640t

X-linked. See X-linked disorders

Y-linked, 3651, 3653

Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease

(MSMD), 2711–2712

Mendelson syndrome, 1352

Ménétrier’s disease, 295, 2458, 2466

Ménière’s disease

clinical features of, 159, 160, 241, 242

diagnosis of, 160, 245

epidemiology of, 241

hearing loss in, 240, 242, 245

nystagmus in, 231

pathophysiology of, 160, 241

treatment of, 160–161, 241

Meningeal biopsy, 1116–1117

Meningeal syphilis, 1409

Meningiomas

clinical features of, 702t, 706

hearing loss in, 241

imaging in, 184f, 706, 706f, 2904

in MEN 1, 2988

ocular signs in, 218, 227

olfactory groove, 237

pathophysiology of, 706

sellar, 2907

thoracic, 3448, 3448f

treatment of, 706

Meningitis

bacterial, 1100

A. baumannii, 1277

clinical features of, 978, 1102

complications of, 1200

deaths from, 1105

definition of, 1100

diagnosis of, 944, 946t, 1102–1103, 1103t, S2

differential diagnosis of, 1103–1104

E. coli, 1267

enterococcal, 1200, 1201t

INDEX

epidemiology of, 976, 1100 I-139

etiology of, 975t, 978, 1101

F. tularensis, 1317

global considerations in, 976

gram-negative, 1104t, 1105

H. influenzae, 1101, 1242, 1243

incidence of, 1100

increased ICP in, 1105

in infants, 1195

leptospiral, 1420

L. monocytogenes, 1101, 1104t, 1105, 1210

meningococcal, 975t, 1101, 1104–1105, 1104t,

1229

nontyphoidal Salmonella, 997t, 1297

pathophysiology of, 1101–1102, 1102f

pneumococcal, 975t, 978, 1101, 1104t, 1105,

1175, 1176

prognosis of, 1105–1106

prophylaxis for exposure to, 1162t

risk factors for, 978

staphylococcal, 1101, 1104t, 1105

streptococcal, 1195

T. pallidum, 1409–1410

treatment of

adjunctive, 1105

antimicrobial therapy based on pathogen,

1104–1105, 1104t, 1176, 1201t, 1243

empirical antimicrobial therapy, 947t, 975t,

1103t, 1104, 1231

ICP-related, 1105

Y. pestis, 1322

in cancer patient, 560, 570–571

chronic, 1110

amebic, 1719

approach to the patient, 1111–1117

bacterial, 1113t

basal, 1110

clinical features of, 1110–1111, 1110t,

1111–1112, 1111f

CSF analysis in, 1112–1116

diagnosis of, 1112–1117, 1113–1115t, 1116f

epidemiology of, 1112

etiology of, 1111f

fungal, 1113t

helminthic, 1114t

in HIV infection, 1114t, 1117

imaging in, 1112

in immunosuppressed patients, 1117

intracranial, 1110

laboratory investigation of, 1112

meningeal biopsy in, 1116–1117

noninfectious causes of, 1115t

protozoal, 1114t

spinal, 1110

systemic manifestations of, 1110–1111, 1111f

treatment of, 1117, 1162t

viral, 1114t

Coccidioides, 1662, 1663

Cryptococcus, 1576–1577, 1669, 1670

delirium in, 180

eosinophilic, 1698, 1699t

fungal, 1108–1109, 1676, A16, S2

genetic considerations in, S2

headache in, 113

hearing loss in, 240

hyponatremia in, 342

Mollaret’s, 1475

neoplastic, 570–571

in neurosyphilis, 1409–1410

pyogenic, 1699t

in secondary syphilis, 1408

subacute, 1108–1109

syphilitic, 1109, 1113t

tuberculous, 946t, 968, 1108–1109, 1113t, 1365–

1366, 1378

viral, 1106

arborvirus, 1107

chronic, 1114t

clinical features of, 1106

diagnosis of, 944, 946t, 1106–1107

differential diagnosis of, 1107

EBV, 1107–1108

enteroviral, 1107, 1603t, 1604

epidemiology of, 1106

etiology of, 1106, 1106t, 1107–1108

in HIV infection, 1108, 1576

HSV, 1107, 1114t, 1474–1475, 1478t

lymphocytic choriomeningitis, 1108, 1114t,

1626t, 1639

in mumps infection, 1108, 1617

prognosis of, 1108

treatment of, 1108

VZV, 1107

weakness in, 167

Meningococcal infections, 1225

in cancer patient, 556, 556t, 558t, 560

clinical features of, 1229–1230

cutaneous, 393, 975t, 1229, 1229t

meningitis. See Meningitis

meningococcemia/septicemia. See

Meningococcemia

postmeningococcal reactive disease, 1230

post-splenectomy sepsis, 975t, 976

complications of, 1231

diagnosis of, 1230

epidemiology of, 1226–1228, 1227f, 1228f

etiology of. See Neisseria spp. (meningococci);

Neisseria meningitidis

genetic considerations in, 1226

global considerations in, 1226, 1228f

pathogenesis of, 1228–1229

prevention of. See Meningococcal vaccine

prognosis of, 1231

prophylaxis for contacts, 1233–1234

risk factors for, 1227–1228, 1228t

treatment of, 1156–1157t, 1230–1231

Meningococcal vaccine

based on subcapsular antigens, 1233,

1233f

conjugate, 977, 1232–1233

contraindications to, 986t

effects of, 1101

global considerations in, 1233

polysaccharide, 1231–1232, 1232f

recommended administration of

in adults, 984f

in cancer patient, 557t, 565

in international travelers, 992t, 994

in splenectomized patient, 463

in transplant recipient, 1146, 1147t

storage and handling of, 986

Meningococcemia

acute, 139t, 144, 144f

chronic, 140t, 144, 1230, A1

clinical features of, 976, 1230

complications of, 976–977, 1230

epidemiology of, 976

etiology of, 975t, 976

fulminant, A1

pathogenesis of, 1229

prognosis of, 1231

shock in, 1229

skin manifestations of

papular lesions, A1

petechiae, 976

purpura, 139t, 144f, 371f, 399, 1229,

A1, A5

rash, 393

treatment of, 975t, 1230–1231

Meningoencephalitis

Balamuthia, 1719–1720, 1720f

Cryptococcus, 1669, 1669f

L. monocytogenes, 1210

primary amebic (Naegleria), 1719

Meningovascular syphilis, 1410

Menkes’ kinky hair syndrome, 2533

Menopause, 3044

age at, breast cancer risk and, 612

bone remodeling and, 3195

cardiovascular disease risk and, 3065

clinical features of, 3044–3045, 3044f

definition of, 3043

hirsutism after, 3041

hormone therapy in. See Postmenopausal

hormone therapy

in military veterans, S7

physiology of, 3043, 3043f

premature, after cancer treatment, 551, 741

prevalence of, 2884t

screening/testing for, 2884t, 3043, 3044f

transition to, 3044, 3044f

Menorrhagia, 453, 909, 910, 3045

Men’s health, 3069

ALS, 3064

anabolic-androgen steroid abuse. See Anabolicandrogenic steroid (AAS) abuse

androgen deprivation therapy. See Androgen

deprivation therapy (ADT)

breast cancer, 614, 625–626

COVID-19 disease, 3077–3078

leading causes of death, 3064f, 3069

lower urinary tract symptoms, 3075. See also

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

muscle dysphoria syndrome, 3073

nutrient requirements, 2519–2521t

PD, 3064

prostate cancer. See Prostate cancer

reproductive and sexual function, 3072. See

also Erectile dysfunction (ED); Male

reproductive system disorders

sexually transmitted diseases, 3077

testosterone and, 3069–3071, 3070t. See also

Testosterone; Testosterone therapy

Menstrual cycle

duration of, 2891

follicular phase of, 3030–3031, 3031f

hormonal integration of, 2890, 3030, 3031f

luteal phase of, 3031, 3031f

Menstrual disorders, 3033

amenorrhea. See Amenorrhea

definition of, 3034

diagnosis of, 3034, 3035f

dysmenorrhea, 125, 3038

etiology of, 3034–3037

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in, 3034,

3034f

menorrhagia, 453, 909, 910

obesity and, 3086

prevalence of, 3034

treatment of, 3035–3037

MEN syndromes. See under Multiple endocrine

neoplasia

Mental disorders. See Psychiatric/psychological

disorders

Mental status assessment, 3279. See also MiniMental Status Examination (MMSE)

INDEX

I-140 Men who have sex with men (MSM)

definition of, 3079t

epididymitis in, 1082

gonococcal infections in, 1237

HBV vaccine for, 1093

HPV infection in, 1499

intestinal infections in, 1079t, 1091

proctitis in, 1091–1092

reinfection syphilis in, 1409

sexually transmitted infections in, 1079–1080,

3078

urethritis in, 1082

MEONs. See Multiple endocrine and other organ

neoplasias (MEONs)

MEOS (microsomal ethanol oxidizing system),

2625

Meperidine

adverse effects of, 3311t, 3531t

dosage in kidney disease, 470, 2320

dosage in liver disease, 470

overdosage/poisoning with, 3595t

for pain, 95t

Mephedrone, 3577

Mephenytoin, 467t

Mepolizumab, 449, 864, 2165, 2708t, 2805t, 2810

Meprobamate, 3593t

Meralgia paresthetica (lateral femoral cutaneous

neuropathy), 3498, 3767

Mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna), 539, 577, 742,

899

6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP)

actions of, 542

adverse effects of, 444, 541t, 542, 775, 2483–2484

for ALL, 831, 831f

drug interactions of, 471t, 541t

genetic variations in response to, 476t, 478, 2484

for IBD, 2483–2484

metabolism of, 467t, 478

Mercury exposure/poisoning

autism and, 3581

clinical features of, 3377, 3581t

diagnosis of, 3581t

global considerations in, 3581

neuropathy due to, 3495, 3495t

in pregnancy, 3579, 3581

skin manifestations of, 260t

treatment of, 3581t

Merkel cell carcinoma

clinical features of, 587–588, 589f

epidemiology of, 419

natural history of, 588

pathophysiology and etiology of, 420, 586

in transplant recipient, 1143, 1146

treatment of, 588

Merkel cell polyoma virus, 420, 1143, 1457

Merogony, 1721

Meropenem

for A. baumannii infections, 1277t

actions of, 1165f

for anaerobic bacterial infections, 1356, 1356t

for B. cepacia infection, 1287t

for Campylobacter infections, 1304

for community-acquired pneumonia, 947t, 1014t

for enteric fever, 1294t

for febrile neutropenia, 563

for glanders, 1287t

for head and neck abscesses, 255

indications for, 1156t, 1158, 1263

for intraabdominal infections, 947t

for MDR-TB, 1372, 1376t, 1404

for melioidosis, 1287t

for meningitis, 1103t, 1104, 1104t

for osteomyelitis, 1050t

for P. aeruginosa infections, 1287t, 1290

for peritonitis, 1056

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

resistance to, 1156t, 1165f

for sepsis/septic shock, 947t, 2248t

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018t

for Whipple’s disease, 1347

Meropenem-vaborbactam

actions of, 1264

indications for, 1153, 1156t, 1157t, 1265

for P. aeruginosa infections, 1287t, 1290

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t, 1153t

resistance to, 1156t, 1157t, 1158

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018

Merozoites, Plasmodium, 1721

MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red

fibers) syndrome, 3529, 3674, 3674t, 3676

MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome), 980,

1508

Mesalamine, 2482–2483, 2483t

Mesangial cells, 2287

Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, 2335t,

2341

Mescaline, 3576

MESD gene mutations, 3222t

Mesenchymal stem cells, 3304–3305, 3798

Mesenchymal tumor, 722t

Mesenteric fibrosis, 666–667

Mesenteric ischemia/vascular insufficiency. See

Intestinal ischemia

Mesenteric lymphadenitis, 111t

Mesenteric venous thrombosis, 2506, 2507t, 2508,

2664

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, 3307–3308, 3309f,

3309t

Mesna (mercaptoethane sulfonate), 539, 577, 742,

899

Mesoamerican nephropathy, 2356

Mesothelin, 718t

Mesothelioma

asbestos-related, 2168

AV conduction block in, 2027

carcinoma of unknown primary and, 718t, 720

immunohistochemistry of, 596

intramyocardial, 2027

pleural effusion in, 2198, A12

Meta-analysis, 29

Metabolic acidosis, 361

acid-base nomogram, 359f

in AKI, 2306, 2307t, 2308

alcoholic ketoacidosis, 342, 362

in CKD, 2313

clinical features of, 361

compensatory responses in, 359t

diabetic ketoacidosis. See Diabetic ketoacidosis

(DKA)

drug- or toxin-induced, 362–363. See also

Ethylene glycol poisoning; Methanol

poisoning

high–anion gap, 361, 361t, S1

hyperkalemia in, 352, 354

lactic acid. See Lactic acidosis

in mixed acid-base disorders, 360, 360t

non–anion gap, 364–365, 364t, S1

in overdosage/poisoning, 3585

treatment of, 361

Metabolic alkalosis, 365

acid-base nomogram, 359f

clinical features of, 366

compensatory responses in, 359t

differential diagnosis of, 365–366

etiology of, 365, 365t

hypokalemia in, 350, S1

in mixed acid-base disorders, 360, 360t

pathogenesis of, 365

treatment of, 366–367

Metabolic disease, 184, A15. See also specific

diseases

Metabolic encephalopathy, 197, 2272–2273

Metabolic equivalent tasks (METs), 2037t, 2039,

2039t

Metabolic memory, 3121

Metabolic syndrome, 3150

adiponectin in, 3154

age and, 3150

cardiovascular disease and, 1797, 3151, 3154

clinical features of, 3154–3155

diabetes mellitus and, 3101, 3151, 3154, 3157

diagnosis of, 3151t, 3155

dyslipidemia in, 3151, 3156

epidemiology of, 3150, 3152f

etiology of, 3151–3154

global considerations in, 3150

glucose intolerance in, 3153–3154, 3156–3157

HCV infection and, 2604

hepatocellular carcinoma and, 643, 644

in HIV infection, 1572

hypertension in, 2077, 3154, 3156

hyperuricemia/uric acid stones in, 3154, 3252

insulin resistance in, 3151, 3157

lipodystrophy and, 3151

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and, 3154

obesity/overweight and, 3150–3151, 3155–3156

obstructive sleep apnea and, 3155

pathophysiology of, 3153f, A10

polycystic ovarian syndrome and, 3155

prevalence of, 2884t

proinflammatory cytokines in, 3154

in psoriasis, 378

risk factors for, 3150–3151

screening/testing for, 2884t

thrombosis risk in, 923

treatment of, 3155–3157

waist circumference in, 3151t, 3153

Metabolism

of drugs. See Drug(s), metabolism of

epigenetics of, 3793

Metabolism modifiers, 511, 550t, 552–553

Metabolites, 3834–3835

Metabolome, 3831, 3831f

Metabolomics, 3831

clinical applications in

magnetic response spectroscopy, 3834

metabolic measurements in children and

adults, 3834

newborn screening programs, 3834

definition of, 6, 3831

emerging applications of

in diagnosis of endocrine disease, A15

drug susceptibility prediction, 3835, 3835f

metabolites as disease biomarkers, 3834–3835

pharmacometabolomics, 3835

sampling considerations in, 3831–3832

targeted, 3831

technologies for

chromatography/mass spectrometry,

3833–3834

emerging, 3835–3836, 3836f

nuclear magnetic resonance, 3832–3833,

3833t

in undiagnosed disease, 3852, 3853t

untargeted, 3831, 3832f, 3836

Metaboreceptors, 263

INDEX

Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), 3257t, I-141

3377, 3686t, 3687, A16

Meta-effectors, 953

Metagenomics. See also Human microbiome

definition of, 6, 960t

in infectious disease diagnosis, 961t

in pathogen discovery, 964–965, 965f

in undiagnosed disease, 3853t

Metagonimus yokogawai, S12. See also Intestinal

flukes

Metal fume fever, 2171

Metamorphopsia, 226, 227

Metamyelocytes, 440, 441f

Metanephrines, 2977t

Metapneumovirus infections, 248, 249, 1506

Metastasis-suppressor genes, 520

Metastatic calcification, 3216, 3216t

Metastatic disease, 519

in bladder cancer, 680

to bone, 520, 598, 715–716

bone marrow examination in, A6

to brain. See Brain tumors, metastatic

characteristics of, 508t, 519–520, 520f

in colorectal cancer, 641

to eye, 227

gene therapy for, 3690

to heart, 1854, 2027–2028, 2027f, A9

to hypothalamus, 573

to liver. See Liver tumors, metastatic

to lung, 271, 1015

in lung cancer, 598–599, 598t

lymphadenopathy in, 458

to pericardium, 2023

to pituitary, 573, 2907

in renal cell carcinoma, 675–676

to skin, 384, 388, 398, A5

to spine, 123, 709–710, 709f, 710f, A16

splenomegaly in, 461

surgery for, 531

Metastatic potential, 520, 520f

Metavir, 644

METAVIR scale, liver disease, 2552

Metaxalone, 3593t

Metformin

actions of, 522, 3110, 3110t

adverse effects of, 771t, 1860, 2320, 3110–3111,

3110t

contraindications to, 3110t, 3123

genetic variations in response to, 478

for lifespan enhancement, 3738

for metabolic syndrome, 3157

for NALFD, 2623

in older adults, 3746t

for PCOS, 3037, 3052

for prediabetes, 3102

structure of, 3738f

tumor-related effects of, 522

for type 2 diabetes mellitus, 3110–3111, 3110t,

3113

MET gene mutations

in hepatocellular carcinoma, 645

in hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma, 503t,

504, 673–674, 675t

in lung cancer, 596, 597t, 607

Methacholine, 2154

Methadone

drug interactions of, 471t

in opioid use disorders, 3571, 3572

for pain, 79, 95t, 98

Methamphetamine. See also Psychostimulants

actions of, 3540t

epidemiology of use of, 3573–3574

intracerebral hemorrhage due to, 3343, 3350

overdosage/poisoning with, 3588

pharmacology of, 3573

pulmonary hypertension and, 2124

Methane, 1002f, 1002t

Methanol poisoning

acidosis in, 363

clinical features of, 3594t

mechanism of, 3594t

optic neuropathy in, 224

treatment of, 363, 3594t, S1

Methaqualone, 3593t

Methemoglobin, 274, 765

Methemoglobinemia, 765

Methemoglobin inducers, 3593t

Methicillin, 905t, 1013, 1185

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

infections

in atopic dermatitis, 375

cellulitis, 228, 1037

community-acquired

epidemiology of, 1135, 1179, 1179f

life-threatening, 1183

pathogenesis of, 1180

pneumonia, 1011, 1013, 1013f, 1014t

control of, 1135

in cystic fibrosis, 2179

daptomycin resistance in, 1168

diagnosis of, 966

emergence of, 1135

endocarditis, 1028, 1029t, 1183f

genomics of, 961t, 966, 969, 1013

health care–associated, 1135

osteomyelitis, 1049t

prevalence of, 1185

risk factors for, 1011

treatment of, 375, 1014t, 1039, 1039t, 1185–1187,

1186t

in ventilator-associated pneumonia, 2233

Methimazole

adverse effects of, 2941, 2996

for Graves’ disease, 2941

for hyperthyroidism in pregnancy, 3765

for radioactive iodine exposure, S5

for thyroid storm, 2942

Methionine, 3793

Methionine aminopeptidase, 1708

Methionine metabolism disorders, 3269t

Methionine synthase, 766, 768f, 769

Methocarbamol, 125, 3593t

Methotrexate

actions of, 542, 767, 2484

adverse effects of, 541t, 542, 2484, 2825, 2825t

anemia, 437

common, 2762t

cutaneous, 409, 410

fetal, 2747

folate deficiency, 773

hepatic, 742, 2586

in HIV infection, 1573

leukoencephalopathy, 2274t, 2275

long-term, 738t

myelopathy, 711t

neurologic, 742

prevention of, 2805

pulmonary, 575, 739, 2192

renal, 541t, 542

seizures, 711t

serious, 378t, 2744t, 2762t, 2805t

vasculitis, 415

for ALL, 831, 831f

for bladder cancer, 680

for breast cancer, 621

for calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease,

2866

for CNS leukemia, 832

for dermatomyositis, 405

for DLBCL, 847

drug interactions of, 541t, 2744t

asparaginase, 540t

NSAIDs, 541t, 542

probenecid, 542

salicylates, 542

sulfonamides, 1704t

trimethoprim, 1155t, 1704t

for ectopic pregnancy, 3038

for EGPA, 2810

for gestational trophoblastic disease, 701

for giant cell arteritis, 2107, 2812

for granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 2808

for IBD, 2484

for inflammatory myopathies, 2824–2825, 2825t

for morphea, 407

for MS, 3473

for neoplastic meningitis, 571

in older adults, 2765

for osteosarcoma, 715

for polymyalgia rheumatica, 2812

for primary central nervous system lymphoma,

705–706

for psoriasis, 378, 378t

for psoriatic arthritis, 2800

for reactive arthritis, 2798

for rheumatoid arthritis, 2761, 2762t, 2764

for sarcoidosis, 2836, 2836t

for SLE, 2744t, 2747

for systemic sclerosis, 2784, 2786

for Takayasu arteritis, 2813

therapeutic monitoring of, 2762t, 2836t

for vasculitis, 2805

2-Methoxy estradiol, 526f

8-Methoxypsoralen, 424

Methyl alcohol, 223

Methyl aminolevulinate (MAL), 418

Methylation cycle, 768f

2-Methylbutyryl-glycinuria, 3271t

Methylcellulose, 2496t

6-Methylcoumarin, 422t

3-Methylcrotonyl glycinuria, 3270t

Methyldopa

adverse effects of, 277t, 787t, 788, 1875t, 2584,

2847t

for hypertension, 2083t

Methylene blue, 765, 784t

5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), 767, 767t

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR),

568f, 769

Methylfolate trap, 768

3-Methylglutaconic aciduria, 3270t

2-Methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase

deficiency, 3271t

Methylmalonate, serum, 774

Methylmalonic acidemia/aciduria, 766, 3270t,

3271t

Methylmalonyl CoA mutase deficiency, 766

Methylnaltrexone, 79, 96, 2513

7α-Methyl-19-nortestosterone, 3023

Methylone, 3577

Methylphenidate

abuse of, 3574

for depression, 82

for fatigue, 81, 3474

for narcolepsy, 208t, 210

for opioid-induced drowsiness, 79

INDEX

I-142 Methylprednisolone

adverse effects of, 2744t, 2825t

drug interactions of, 1703t

for giant cell arteritis, 2812

for granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 2808

for Graves’ ophthalmopathy, 2942

for IBD, 2483

for inflammatory myopathies, 2825t

for MS, 3468, 3473

for nausea and vomiting, 294t

for neuromyelitis optica, 3478

for optic neuritis, 223

for PCP, 1695t

for serum sickness, 797

for SLE, 2744t, 2746

for transplant rejection, 2330

for vertigo, 162t

17-α-Methyl testosterone, 3021, 3022t

Methyl violet, 784

Methylxanthines, 368, 3590t

Methyprylon, 3593t

Methysergide, 2114, 3364, 3590t

Metoclopramide

adverse effects of, 293, 3389

for constipation, 79

drug interactions of, 1703t, 2637

for gastroparesis, 293, 294t, 3125

for migraine, 3361, 3362t, 3364

for nausea and vomiting, 80, 488, 555

Metoprolol

adverse effects of, 3365t

for aortic dissection, 2106

drug interactions of, 1712

genetic variations in response to, 476t, 477

for heart failure, 1948t

for hypertension, 2083t

for ischemic heart disease, 2040t

metabolism of, 467t

for migraine prevention, 3365t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3591t

for STEMI, 2057

Metrifonate, 1705t, 1710

Metronidazole

for acne rosacea, 383

actions of, 1149, 1164t, 1165f

adverse effects of, 383, 1154t, 1160, 1705t, 2633,

3494t

for amebic colitis, 1718, 1718t

for amebic liver abscess, 1718, 1718t

for anaerobic bacterial infections, 1355–1356,

1355t

for bacterial vaginosis, 1084t, 1085

for blastocystosis, 1767

for C. difficile infection, 1069t, 1070

for clostridial infections, 1221t, 1224

for diverticular disease, 2499

drug interactions of, 1155t, 1160, 1705t

for epidural abscess, 947t

for Giardia infections, 302, 1765

for hepatic encephalopathy, 2633

in H. pylori eradication, 1283t, 2446, 2447t, 2448t

indications for, 1157t, 1160, 1162t, 1705t

for intraabdominal infections, 947t

for intracranial infections, 975t

for meningitis, 1103t, 1104, 1104t

for necrotizing fasciitis, 1039t

for osteomyelitis, 1050t

for pelvic inflammatory disease, 1088–1089,

1088t

for peritonitis, 1056

for pouchitis in IBD, 2483

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t, 1705t

resistance to, 2446

in anaerobic bacteria, 1355–1356, 1355t

in Eikenella, 1247

in H. pylori, 1283

mechanisms of, 1164t, 1167–1168

prevalence of, 1157t, 1160

for tetanus, 1213

for T. vaginalis infection, 1082, 1083, 1084t, 1768

METs (metabolic equivalent tasks), 2037t, 2039,

2039t

Metyrapone, 724, 2916, 2963

Metyrapone test, 2898t

Mevalonate kinase deficiency, 151, 2841t, 2843

Mexico, 50, 50t

Mexiletine

adverse effects of, 98, 3488t

for arrhythmias, 1913

for hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 3530

metabolism of, 467t

for myotonia, 3526, 3530

for neuropathy, 3488t

for pain, 3474

for paramyotonia congenita, 3530

Meyer’s loop, 218

MFAP5 gene mutations, 3229t

mGluR1/2 antibodies, 729t, 734

mGluR5 antibodies, 729t, 733

MGMT, 672, 704

MGUS. See Monoclonal gammopathy of

undetermined significance (MGUS)

MHC (major histocompatibility complex). See

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

complex

MHC class-restricted T cells, 2690

M hemoglobins, 764–765, 765t

MI. See Myocardial infarction (MI)

Miasma, 941

Mibefradil, 3060

MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration), 1150,

1163, S11

mic-2 gene, 715

MIC-A5.1 allele, 2994

Micafungin, 1657, 1675t, 1676t

MICA gene, 1551t, 1553f, 1554

Mice. See Rodent(s); Rodent-borne viruses

Mice bite-wounds, 1125, 1127t

Micelles, 2458, 2642

Miconazole, 381, 1084t, 1085–1086

Microaerophilic organisms, 1348

Microalbuminuria. See Albumin, urinary

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. See also

Thrombotic microangiopathy

jaundice in, 317

pathogenesis of, 785, 786t

peripheral blood smear, 904f

peripheral blood smear in, 428f

renal vascular injury and, 2364

in TTP, 907

Microarray technology, 718, 960t, 961t

Microbial bioterrorism, 1136, S3, S6

Microbial pathogenesis. See Bacterial infections,

pathogenesis of

Microbiome, 3639, 3690. See also Human

microbiome

Microbiomics, 6

Microbiota, 948, 959, 3690. See also Gut microbiota

Microcephaly, 1635, 3300, 3716

Microcytosis, 432, 438

Microfilaria, S12

Microglia, 3293–3295, 3294f

β2

-Microglobulin

in amyloidosis, 878, 878t, 883

laboratory evaluation of, 456

in multiple myeloma, 872, 872t

Microimmunofluorescence test, 1449

Microinfarcts, 3382, 3383f

Micronucleus assay, S5

Micronutrient malnutrition, 2540. See also specific

micronutrients

MicroRNAs (miRNAs)

in AML, 812

in carcinoma of unknown primary, 718

gene expression silencing by, 517

in rheumatoid arthritis, 2755

in testicular cancer, 690

Microsatellite instability, 499f, 503, 700

Microscopic polyangiitis, 2335t, 2336t, 2340, 2809,

A14

Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS),

2625

Microsporida/microsporidiosis, 1569–1570, 1765t,

1766, 1767f, S12

Microtubules, 539

Microvascular angina, 2031

MIDAS (Migraine Disability Assessment Score),

3359, 3361f

Midazolam

for conscious sedation, 468

for delirium, 83t, 84

dosage in liver disease, 470

drug interactions of, 1703t

for dyspnea, 81t

ICU delirium and, 2224

for nerve agent exposure, S4

overdosage/poisoning with, 3592t

for palliative sedation, 82

for scorpion stings, 3613

for status epilepticus, 3322f

during terminal weaning, 86

Midbrain, 3333f

Midbrain stroke syndromes, 3333f

Middle cerebral artery

anatomy of, 3326f

lesion in territory of, 197

occlusion of, 3285f, 3325–3327, 3326f, 3334f,

A16

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), 980,

1508

Middleton maneuver, 461

Midline destructive disease, 2807

Midline granuloma, 257

Midodrine

adverse effects of, 3436

for cirrhotic ascites, 324

for dialysis-related hypotension, 2323

for hepatorenal syndrome, 2307

for orthostatic hypotension, 156, 3125, 3436

for postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome,

1892

Midostaurin, 512f, 548t, 817, 865, 2730

Midpontine stroke syndrome, 3331f

Mifepristone, 724, 2916

MIG (monokine induced by IFN-γ), 2684t

Migalastat, 3258

Miglustat, 3259

Migraine, 3357

acephalgic, 3325, 3357

after radiation therapy, A16

chronic, 3357

classification of, 3358t

clinical features of, 3357, 3359t

autonomic symptoms, 113

cyclic vomiting, 292

fatigue, 163

INDEX

ocular, 225 I-143

Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2112

taste disorders, 236

vertigo, 159

diagnosis of, 3357, 3361t

familial hemiplegic, 3357

genetic considerations in, 3357

hemiplegic, A16

high-altitude travel and, 3622

imaging in, 3357, 3360f

pathogenesis of, 94, 3357, 3359f

prevalence of, 113t, 3357

prevention of, 3363t, 3364, 3365t

retinal, 222

vs. stroke, 3325

treatment of

5-HT1

 agonists, 3362t, 3363

5-HT1B/1D agonists, 3363

for acute attack, 3361, 3362t, 3363t

combination therapy, 3363

disability assessment in, 3359, 3361f

dopamine antagonists, 3362t, 3364

neuromodulation, 3364

nonpharmacologic, 3359–3360

NSAIDs, 3361, 3362t

opioids, 3362t, 3364

triggers, 3357

vestibular, 160

Migraine aura, 3357

Migraine Disability Assessment Score (MIDAS),

3359, 3361f

Migrainous neuralgia, 259

Migrainous stroke, V3

Migrating motor complex, 299

Mikulicz’s disease, 2837. See also IgG4-related

disease (IgG4-RD)

Milan criteria, for liver transplantation, 650

Milciclib, 652f

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 190, 3370, 3385,

3385t, 3398, 3751

Miliaria rubra, 3636

Miliary tuberculosis, 147, 1363f, 1366–1367, 1378

Military culture, S7

Military veterans

barriers to health care for, S7

demographics of, S7

health care needs of, S7

health risks in, S7

infections in, 1276, S6

medical evaluation of, S7

military and deployment history, S7

neuropsychiatric illnesses in, S7

postwar syndromes in, S7

toxic environmental exposures in, S7

women, S7

Milk-alkali syndrome, 357, 3160, 3182

Milk of calcium bile, 2648

Milk of magnesia, 80t, 308

Millard-Gubler syndrome, 230

Miller-Dieker syndrome, 3300

Miller Fisher syndrome, 1218, 3309t, 3501, 3502t,

3503f. See also Guillain-Barré syndrome

(GBS)

Miller’s lung, 2160t

Millipede dermatitis, 3615

Milnacipran, 2870

Milrinone, 1945, 1946t, 2256

Milroy’s disease (congenital lymphedema), 2118

Miltefosine

actions of, 1710

adverse effects of, 1705t, 1745

for cutaneous leishmaniasis, 1747

for free-living ameba infections, 1720

for Naegleria infection, 1698

pharmacology of, 1710

for visceral leishmaniasis, 1745

Milwaukee shoulder, 2866

Mind and body practices, 3785t, 3787–3788

Mindfulness meditation, 3787

Mineral(s), 2532. See also specific minerals

body stores of, 2524

deficiencies of, 2533t

in parenteral nutrition, 2542

recommended intake of, 2520t

tolerable upper intake levels of, 2533t

toxicities of, 2533t

Mineralocorticoid(s)

actions of, 2890

for adrenal insufficiency, 2972–2973

resistance to, 340

synthesis of, 2955f, 2957, 2957f

Mineralocorticoid excess, 2963. See also Syndrome

of apparent mineralocorticoid excess

(SAME)

clinical features of, 2964–2965

diagnosis of, 2965, 2966f

differential diagnosis of, 2965–2967, 2966f

epidemiology of, 2963

etiology of, 2963–2964, 2965t

pathophysiology of, S1

treatment of, 2965–2967, 2966f

Mineralocorticoid receptors, 340

Mineral oil, vitamin A absorption and, 2529

Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), S11

Minimal change disease, 2341

clinical features of, 2335t, 2341–2342

etiology of, 2282

pathogenesis of, 2341, 2342f

proteinuria in, 336, 2282, 2304, 2334, 2341

renal biopsy in, 2341, A4

treatment of, 2342

Minimal effective concentration (MEC), S11

Minimal erythema dose, 422

Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), 1150,

1163, S11

Minimally conscious state, 183, 189

Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, 602

Minimal residual disease

in ALL, 830, 830t

in CLL, 840, 840t

ctDNA for detection of, 3839–3840

in multiple myeloma, 875

Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), 83, 155,

180, 3279

Mini Nutritional Assessment, 310

Minitransplant, 538

Minocycline

for A. baumannii infections, 1277t, 1278

for acne rosacea, 383

for acne vulgaris, 382

for actinomycosis, 1343t

actions of, 1149, 1159, 1164t

adverse effects of, 1160

cutaneous, 409

fever, 147

hepatotoxicity, 2584

hyperpigmentation, 391, 409

hypersensitivity, 412. See also Drug-induced

hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS)

oral lesions, 260t

vasculitis, 394, 415, 2847t

indications for, 1156t, 1159

for leprosy, 1390

for MRSA infections, 375, 1186t, 1187

for Nocardia infections, 1336t, 1339

for osteomyelitis, 1050t

resistance to, 1156t, 1164t, 1166, 1336t

for sarcoidosis, 2836

for Whipple’s disease, 1347

Minoxidil

adverse effects of, 277t, 410, 2085, 3039

for androgenetic alopecia, 387t

development of, 472

for hypertension, 2083t, 2084

Miosis, 186, 216, 3584–3585

MIP-1α (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α),

1554, 2683t

MIP-1β (macrophage inflammatory protein-1β),

2683t

Mipomersen, 3142t, 3150

miR-155 overexpression, 812, 812t, 836

miR-181a overexpression, 812, 812t

miR-351 overexpression, 812, 812t

Mirizzi’s syndrome, 2647

miRNAs. See MicroRNAs (miRNAs)

Mirtazapine

adverse effects of, 3087, 3542t, 3549

for depression, 82, 3542t, 3549

for functional dyspepsia, 297

for insomnia, 84

for involuntary weight loss, 311

for nausea and vomiting, 293, 294t

for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy,

1099

MIS-C (multisystem inflammatory syndrome in

children), 137t, 393, 1115t, 1508, 2816

Misonidazole, 3494t

Misoprostol, 2443t, 2445, 2449t

Missense mutation, 3646, 3648f

Mistake (error), 51

Mitapivat, 782

Mites, biting, 3609, 3610f

MITF, 388, 418, 579, 674t, 3645t

Mitiglinide, 3110t, 3111

Mitochondria, 3668–3670

in apoptosis, 2697f

dysfunction, 3298, 3735

in energy production, 3528

functions of, 3668–3670, 3668t

genetic defects of, 1956t

Mitochondrial ataxias, 3426

Mitochondrial cytochrome c, 2695

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 3671. See also

Mitochondrial DNA diseases

aging and, 3677–3678, 3677f, 3734–3735

functions of, 3653, 3668t, 3670–3671

heteroplasmy in, 3670–3671, 3671f

homoplasmic variants of, 3671

inheritance of, 3528, 3669f, 3670, 3671f

mitotic segregation of, 3670–3671

nuclear cross-talk perturbations with, 3676,

3677f

phylogeny of, 3671

polyploidy in, 3670–3671

replication of, 3670

structure of, 3653, 3670–3671

Mitochondrial DNA diseases, 3668

age-associated, 3677–3678, 3677f

cardiomyopathy in, 1956t, 1957

clinical features of, 242, 3669f, 3673–3675,

3673t

depletion syndromes, 3529

diagnosis of, 3645–3676, 3676f

examples of, 3672f, 3673–3675, 3674t

genetic control of, 3669f

genetic counseling in, 3678

INDEX

I-144 Mitochondrial DNA diseases (Cont.):

genetic mutations causing, 3669, 3672–3673,

3672f, 3675–3676

heteroplasmy in, 3670–3671, 3671f

homoplasmic sequence variation in, 3671,

3676–3677

inheritance of, 3652f, 3653, 3669, 3669f

with large-scale DNA rearrangements, 3674t

organ manifestations of, 3669f

pathologic features of, 3672–3673, 3673f

phenotypic heterogeneity of, 3671f

with point mutations, 3674t

prevention of, 3679–3680, 3679f

renal, 2356

sporadic, 3678

treatment of, 3678

Mitochondrial myopathy(ies), 3528

Kearns-Sayre syndrome. See Kearns-Sayre

syndrome

MELAS syndrome, 3186, 3529, 3673–3674, 3674t

MERRF syndrome, 3529, 3674, 3674t, 3676

pathogenesis of, 3528–3529

progressive external ophthalmoplegia. See

Progressive external ophthalmoplegia

Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic

acidosis, and strokelike episodes

(MELAS) syndrome, 3186, 3529,

3673–3674, 3674t, A16

Mitomycin C

adverse effects of, 575, 739, 907, 2301, 2365

for anal cancer, 643

for bladder cancer, 678–679

Mitophagy, 3734

Mitosis, 3642

Mitotane, 724, 2916, 2963, 2969

Mitotic segregation, 3670–3671

Mitotic spindle inhibitors, 541t, 543

Mitoxantrone

actions of, 541, 3472–3473

adverse effects of, 540t, 541, 3473

interactions and issues, 540t

for MS, 3470t, 3472–3473

for prostate cancer, 688

Mitral regurgitation, 1995

with aortic stenosis, 2006

cardiogenic shock in, 2255

clinical features of, 1996

diagnosis of

chest radiograph, 1997

CMR, 1848

ECG, 1997, A7

echocardiography, 1848, 1849f, 1997, 2771v

hemodynamic patterns, 2254t

in dilated cardiomyopathy, 1957

etiology of, 1995–1996, 1995t

heart failure and, 1935, 1952

heart sounds/murmur in, 279f, 283f, 285f, 1821,

1821f, 1996–1997

in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1971

left atrial compliance in, 1996

with mitral stenosis, 2008

pathophysiology of, 1996

in pregnancy, 3764

radiation-associated, 737

in rheumatic heart disease, 2767, 2771v

in rheumatoid arthritis, 2753

sudden cardiac death in, 2261t

treatment of, 1997–1999, 1997f, 1998f, 1998t,

1999f, 2069–2070

Mitral stenosis, 1991

with aortic regurgitation, 2006

associated lesions, 1992, 2006

clinical features of, 1992

diagnosis of

cardiac catheterization, 1993

chest radiograph, 1992–1993

ECG, 1992, A7

echocardiography, 1848, 1849f, 1992, 2771v

hemodynamic measurements, 1861, 1862f,

1991

valve area, 1862

differential diagnosis of, 1993

etiology of, 1991, 1991t

heart sounds/murmur in, 279, 279f, 283–284,

283f, 1821f, 1822, 1992

with mitral regurgitation, 2008

pathology of, 1991

pathophysiology of, 1991–1992

in pregnancy, 3764

in rheumatic heart disease, 284, 1991, 2767,

2771v

skin manifestations of, 1816

treatment of

commissurotomy, 1994–1995, 1994f

medical therapy, 1993–1994

strategy for, 1993f

transcatheter, 2069–2070

valve replacement, 1995, 1995t

valvuloplasty, 2069–2070

with tricuspid stenosis, 2001

Mitral valve, 1848, 1849f

Mitral valve prolapse, 1999

clinical features of, 287, 1816, 2000

congenital or developmental, 2000, 2000f

echocardiography in, 1848

etiology of, 2000, 2000f

heart sounds/murmur in, 280, 281f, 285, 1822,

1822f, 2000

pathophysiology of, 2000

in polycystic kidney disease, 2352

stroke prevention in, 3341t

sudden cardiac death in, 2261t

treatment of, 2001

Mitral valve repair/replacement

commissurotomy, 1994–1995, 1995f

indications for, 1998–1999

mortality after, 1995t, 1998t

transcatheter, 1999, 1999f, 2008, A11

Mittelschmerz, 3031, 3038

Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)

AV conduction block in, 1882

clinical features of, 2787

diagnosis of, 2787

lymphadenopathy in, 458

neuropathy in, 3489

Mixed gonadal dysgenesis (45,X/46,XY

mosaicism), 3001, 3001t

Mixed hyperlipidemia (elevated TG and LDL-C)

approach to the patient, 3147–3148

definition of, 3143

primary (genetic) causes, 3139t

familial combined hyperlipidemia,

3143–3144

familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, 3143

hepatic lipase deficiency, 3143

secondary factors in, 3144–3145

treatment of. See Hypercholesterolemia (elevated

LDL-C), treatment of

Mixed shock, 2237

Mixing studies, in coagulation evaluation, 456

Miyoshi myopathy, 3520, 3522, 3525f, 3527

MKRN3 gene mutations, 3011, 3032

MLD (metachromatic leukodystrophy), 3256t,

3377, 3686t, 3687, A16

MLH1 gene mutations

in bladder cancer, 677

in endometrial cancer, 699

in Lynch syndrome, 503, 503t, 516, 638, 658t,

3648

in ovarian cancer, 695

in pancreatic cancer, 658t

MLH6 gene mutations, 695, 3648

MLL, 3793, 3794

MLL gene mutations, 644, 769, 812, 812t, 3794,

3795

M-mode echocardiography, 1832, 1833f

MMP12 gene mutations, 2181

MMPs. See Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)

MMR. See Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR)

MMSE. See Mini-Mental Status Examination

(MMSE)

MN1 overexpression, 812, 812t

MNS RBC group system, 887t, 888

MoAB114, S3

Mobile genetic element, 960t

Modafinil

for depression, 82

for fatigue, 82, 164, 3474

for narcolepsy, 208t, 210

for opioid-induced drowsiness, 79

for shift-work disorder, 214

Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score,

648, 2552, 2635, 2636t

Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)

equation, 333, 2311t, S10

Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale,

263, 265t

Modular scale-free topology, 3813

Modulins, 959

MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of the young),

3095, 3102, 3645t, 3656t

Moffett’s position, 237

MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein), 35,

223, 2696t

Mogamulizumab, 536f, 651f, 850, 1526

MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein)

antibodies, 731f, 734

MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein)

antibody-associated disease, 3479

Mohs micrographic surgery, 588, 589

Mokola virus, 1623

Molar pregnancy. See Gestational trophoblastic

disease

Mole, atypical, 580

Molecular mimicry, 2732, 3296

Molindone, 3555t

Mollaret’s meningitis, 1115t, 1475

Molluscum contagiosum

clinical features of, 1493, 1494

diagnosis of, 1384, 1493

epidemiology of, 1492, 1492t

in HIV infection, 1576

skin manifestations of, 1035, A5

treatment of, 1493, 1494

Molly (MDMA), 180, 344, 3574. See also

Psychostimulants

Molybdenum, 2520t, 2533t, 2534, S5

“Monday chest tightness,” 2170

Monge’s disease (chronic mountain sickness), 274,

3622

Monkey, bite-wounds from, 1125, 1127t

Monkeypox

clinical features of, 1493f, 1494

diagnosis of, 1494

epidemiology of, 1492, 1492t, 1494

in travelers, 1481

INDEX

treatment of, 1494 I-145

zoonotic characteristics of, 1492t

Monkeypox vaccine, 1494

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

actions of, 3537

adverse effects of, 2077t, 3087, 3542, 3542t, 3549

for depression, 3542t, 3549

drug interactions of, 1704t, 1708, 3543t, 3549

overdosage/poisoning with, 3590t, 3595t

for panic disorder, 3542

Monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitors,

3395, 3396t

Monobactams. See Aztreonam

Monoballism, 3406

Monoblasts, 447

Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, 834, 837

Monoclonal cryoglobulinemia, 398

Monoclonal gammopathy, malignant, 729. See

also Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

(CLL); Multiple myeloma; Waldenström’s

macroglobulinemia

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined

significance (MGUS)

amyloidosis in, 880, 883

diagnosis of, 871, 878t

in HIV infection, 1574

polyneuropathy in, 3504t, 3507–3508

treatment of, 872–873

tumor markers in, 487t

von Willebrand disease in, 909

Monoclonal immunoglobulin, 487t

Monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome, 2731

Monocyte(s), 447

development of, 2680f

disorders of, 445t, 448

hematopoietic differentiation of, 746f

in HIV infection, 1549–1550

in innate immunity, 2676

in peripheral blood smear, 425, 430f

in TB, 1362

Monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP), 1554, 2683t,

3540

Monocytopenia, 448

Monocytosis, 448

Monogenic disorders. See Mendelian disorders

Monokine induced by IFN-γ (MIG), 2684t

Mononeuropathies, 3497–3498

Monongahela virus, 1628t

Monoparesis, 168

Monosodium glutamate, 237, 238

Monosodium urate crystals, 2863–2864, 2864f

Mono-ubiquination, histone, 3791

Montelukast, 252, 2156–2157, 2723, 2725,

2847t

Mood disorders, 3546

alcohol-induced, 3558

bipolar disorder, 3537, 3550, 3551t, 3809

depression. See Depression/depressive disorders

in fibromyalgia, 2868–2869

neuropathology of, 3538, 3539f

Mood stabilizers, 3551t. See also specific drugs

Moral distress, 70

Moraxella catarrhalis, 1245

Moraxella catarrhalis infections

clinical features of, 1245

hemoptysis, 270

laryngitis, 255

otitis media, 248, 1245

pneumonia, 1245

sinusitis, 1245

in COPD, 1245, 1245f, 2189

diagnosis of, 1245–1246, S11

epidemiology of, 1245

pathogenesis of, 1245

treatment of, 1246

Moray eel bite-wound, 1127t

Morbilliform eruptions. See also Rash

definition of, 370t

drug-induced, 407, 408t, 410–411, 411f

etiology of, 392–393, 393t

Morganella infections, 1071, 1274

Morgellons syndrome, 3615

Morningness-eveningness types, 3803–3804

Morphea, 384, 407, 2696t

Morphine

adverse effects of, 2057, 3431t

contraindications to, 2050t

for cough, 269

dosage in liver disease, 470

for dyspnea, 81t

for NSTE-ACS, 1938, 2050t

for pain, 78, 78f, 95t, 96

for pulmonary edema, 2256

routes of administration of, 96

for sickle cell crisis, 760

for STEMI, 2057

sustained-release, 95t, 98

during terminal weaning, 86

Morquio syndrome, 3255t, 3260

Mortality. See Death

Morumbi virus, 1629t

Morvan’s syndrome, 729t, 733, 736

Mosaicism, 3645, 3653

Mosquito(s)

Aedes. See Aedes mosquitos

avoidance of, 996

bite, 3614

Culex, 1633, 1636, 1637, 1778t, 3714

in malaria transmission, 1720–1722,

1721f

Motherworth, 454t

Motilin agonists, 294t

Motion sickness, 80, 292, 293, 294t

Motor cortex, 195f

Motor examination, 3280

Motor neuron disorders. See also Amyotrophic

lateral sclerosis (ALS)

differential diagnosis of, 3412–3413, 3414

etiology of, 3411t

genetic, 3413–3414t

lower, 3411t, 3413t, 3415

sporadic, 3411t

upper, 3411t, 3413–3414t, 3415–3416

Motor neuropathy, 3507

Motor tic, 3406

Mounier-Kuhn syndrome, 2173

Mountain sickness, chronic, 274, 3622

Mouth. See Oral cavity

Movement disorders

choreas. See Chorea(s)

drug-induced, 3407

dystonia. See Dystonia

Huntington’s disease. See Huntington’s disease

hyperkinetic. See Hyperkinetic movement

disorders

myoclonus. See Myoclonus

in neurodegeneration with brain iron

accumulation, 3409

in Parkinson’s disease. See Parkinson’s disease

psychogenic, 3409–3410

restless legs syndrome. See Restless legs

syndrome

Tourette’s syndrome, 3406

in Wilson’s disease. See Wilson’s disease

Moxetumomab, 536f, 833t

Moxidectin, 1704t, 1710

Moxifloxacin

actions of, 1149, 1164t

adverse effects of, 1160

for anaerobic bacterial infections, 1356

for bite-wound infections, 1126

for community-acquired pneumonia, 947t, 1014t

indications for, 1157t, 1160

for Legionella spp. infections, 1256t

for leprosy, 1390

for lung abscess, 1022

for MDR-TB, 1372, 1376–1377, 1376t, 1399t,

1402, 1403

for M. genitalium infections, 1444

for mucopurulent cervicitis, 1086

for pelvic inflammatory disease, 1089

for plague, 1324, 1324t

for pneumococcal infections, 1176

resistance to, 1013, 1157t, 1164t, 1336t, 1356

for sepsis/septic shock, 2248t

Moxonidine, 1946f, 1947

Moyamoya disease, 3343, 3351, A16

6-MP. See 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP)

MPL gene mutations, 805, 806, 807, 808

MPN-U (myeloproliferative neoplasm,

unclassifiable), 862

M protein, 1189

MPTP, 3390

MPZ (myelin protein zero), 3485

MRA. See Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

MRCP. See Magnetic resonance

cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

MRE11 gene mutations, 2714, S8

MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

mRNA vaccines, 1459, 1510, 3639

MRP (multidrug resistance–associated protein), 2557

MRP-8 (myeloid-related protein 8), 2791

MRP-14 (myeloid-related protein 14), 2791

MRSA infections. See Methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections

MS. See Multiple sclerosis (MS)

MSA. See Multiple system atrophy (MSA)

MSCRAMMs, 950, 950t, 1024, 1180, 1198

MSH. See α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

(MSH)

MSH2 gene mutations

in endometrial cancer, 699

in Lynch syndrome, 503, 503t, 516, 638, 658t,

3648

in ovarian cancer, 695

in upper urinary tract cancer, 677

MSH6 gene mutations, 503, 503t, 658t, 677, 3648

MSM. See Men who have sex with men (MSM)

MSMD (mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial

disease), 2711–2712

MST1 gene mutations, 2472t

MSY region, 3009, 3010f

MTAP gene mutations, 3793

MTC. See Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)

MTD (maximum-tolerated dose), 533

mtDNA. See Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

5-MTHF (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate), 767,

767t

MTHFR (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase),

568f, 769

MTHFR gene mutations, 769

MTNR1B gene mutations, 3808

mTOR

in COPD, 2181

inactivation of, 958

pathway, in aging, 3735