topics

11/9/25

INDEX

Kanamycin I-123

actions of, 1148, 1159

adverse effects of, 1404

indications for, 1159

for MDR-TB, 1372, 1376, 1399

in pregnancy, 1152t

Kaolin-pectin, 1702t

Kaposi’s sarcoma

clinical features of, 397, 589f, 1581–1582, 1581f,

diagnosis of, 1582

epidemiology of, 1556, 1565f

etiology of, 589, 1556

HHV-8 infection and, 712, 1491

in HIV infection, 1565f, 1581–1582, 1581f, 1582t

oropharyngeal, 260t

pathogenesis of, 1556

pericardial, 1568

staging of, 1582, 1582t

in transplant recipient, 1142, 1143, 1144

treatment of, 1582–1583, 1582t

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)

infection. See Human herpesvirus-8

(HHV-8) infection

Kappa receptors, 3569t

Karnofsky Performance Scale, 485, 486t, 535

Karshi virus, 1626t

Karyomegalic tubulointerstitial nephritis, 2356,

2362

Karyorrhexis, 518

Katayama fever, 1786–1787

katG gene, 1360, 1375

KATs, 3792

Kava, 319, 472

Kawasaki’s disease

clinical features of, 137t, 142, 393

epidemiology of, 2816

inflammasome mutations in, 2678t

prognosis of, 2816

rash in, 137t, 393, A1

treatment of, 2816

vasculitis in, 2816

Kayser-Fleischer ring, 2549, 3236, 3236f, 3409, A15

KCl. See Potassium chloride (KCl)

KCNH2 gene mutations, 1925t

KCNJ2 gene mutations, 348

KCNJ5 gene mutations, 349

KCNJ18 gene mutations, 3530

KCNN4 gene mutations, 779t, 781

KCNQ1 gene mutations, 1925t

KCNQ2 gene mutations, 3308t

KDELR2 gene mutations, 3222t

KDM6A/B, 3794

KDPI (Kidney Donor Profile Index), 2325

Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS)

clinical features of, 3186, 3529, 3674t, 3675

AV conduction block, 1886

endocrine, 2970t, 2997

ocular, 227, 228

diagnosis of, 3529

genetic considerations in, 2970t, 3529

mtDNA mutation in, 2997, 3529, 3674t, 3675

treatment of, 3529

Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome, 3253

Kelling-Madlener procedure, 2451

Kell RBC group system, 887t, 888

Keloid, 370t, A5

Kemerovo virus, 1626t

Kennedy’s disease. See Spinobulbar muscular atrophy

Kenney-Caffey syndrome, 3186

Keratic precipitates, 220

Keratin, 2696t

Keratinocyte(s), 418

Keratinocyte growth factor therapy, 555

Keratitis, 220

A. baumannii, 1277

Acanthamoeba, 1719, 1719f

Aspergillus, 1679

Fusarium, 1689

HSV, 220, 1461t, 1462, 1474, 1478t

Nocardia, 1338, 1339t, 1340

Onchocerca, 1782

P. aeruginosa, 1287t, 1288

pigmented mold, 1688

Scedosporium, 1689

Keratoacanthoma, 586, 587f, A5

Keratoconjunctivitis, 220

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye), 220

diagnosis of, 2788

differential diagnosis of, 2789t

in sarcoidosis, 2832

in Sjögren’s syndrome, 2788, 2789t

in systemic sclerosis, 2783

treatment of, 220, 2789

Keratoconus, 3227

Keratoderma blenorrhagica, 2798

Keratolytic agents, 382

Keratomalacia, 2530

Keratosis pilaris, 370t, 372f

Kerion, 380, 387t

Kerley B lines, 2007

Kernicterus, 2559, 2559t

Kernig’s sign, 1102

Kernohan-Woltman sign, 184

Keshan’s disease, 1965, 2534

Ketamine

abuse of, 180, 3576

antidepressant effects of, 3537–3538, 3544

overdosage/poisoning with, 3584

Ketoacidosis

alcoholic, 342, 362

breath odor in, 262

diabetic. See Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

nausea and vomiting in, 292

treatment of, 366

α-Ketoadipic acidemia, 3270t

Ketoconazole

adverse effects of, 353, 380–381, 1703t, 2916,

3017

for candidiasis, 381

for Cushing’s disease, 2916

for Cushing’s syndrome, 2963

for cutaneous leishmaniasis, 1747

CYP3A and, 467t

drug interactions of

calcineurin inhibitors, 2328

CYP3A in, 467t, 2043

major, 1703t

PDE-5 inhibitors, 3060

proton pump inhibitors, 471t, 2444

sulfonylureas, 3111

tacrolimus, 2637

for ectopic ACTH syndrome, 724

for hypercalcemia, 357

for male precocious puberty, 3013

in pregnancy and lactation, 1703t

for seborrheic dermatitis, 377

shampoo, for tinea, 387t

Ketogenic diet, 3308t, 3317

Ketolides, 1149, 1159, 1164t, 1166–1167. See also

Telithromycin

Ketonuria, 3117

Ketoprofen, 3038

Ketorolac, 94, 95t, 220, 3634t

KFR (Kidney Failure Risk) equation, 2312

Khât, 3574, 3575. See also Psychostimulants

KI. See Potassium iodide (KI)

Ki67, 619, 2969

Ki67 proliferative index, 663, 664t, 673

Kidd RBC group system, 887t, 888

Kidney. See also Nephron(s)

calcium absorption/excretion by, 3160

congenital abnormalities of, 2356

disease/failure

acute. See Acute kidney injury (AKI)

chronic. See Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

glomerular. See Glomerular diseases

heart failure and, 1935

nephrolithiasis. See Nephrolithiasis

tubulointerstitial diseases. See

Tubulointerstitial diseases

vascular. See Renovascular disease

drug clearance in, 1150

embryological development of, 2287–2288, 2288f

erythropoietin production in, 431, 431f

in hypertension, 2072

in hypothermia, 3632t

phosphate absorption/excretion in, 3161

potassium absorption/excretion in, 349, 2291f,

2293–2294, S1

renin-secreting tumors of, 2074

sodium absorption/excretion in, 339f, 340, 340f,

2290–2291f, 2295–2296, 2295f, S1

uric acid metabolism in, 3249, 3250

vasculature of, 2088, 2288, 2289f

in vitamin D metabolism, 3166–3167, 3166f,

3167f

water absorption/excretion in, 339, 339f, 2290–

2291f, 2294–2295, 2295f, S1

Kidney biopsy. See Renal biopsy

Kidney cancer. See also Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

deaths from, 481t, 484t, 673

hereditary papillary, 503t

incidence of, 481t, 484t, 673

infections in, 556t

paraneoplastic syndromes in, 722t, 725t

Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI), 2325

Kidney Failure Risk (KFR) equation, 2312

Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), 2305

Kidney mass, 2286–2287

Kidney transplantation, 2325

for acute intermittent porphyria, 3244

in diabetic nephropathy, 3124

donor selection for, 2325t, 2326–2327

for glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, 3262

graft survival rates after, 2325, 2326t

HLA typing in, 2326

in lupus nephritis, 2748

mortality rates after, 2325, 2326t

organ allocation system for, 2325

presensitization in, 2326–2327

racial/ethnic disparities in referral for, 60, 61, 61f

recipient management

algorithm for, 2329, 2329f

chronic lesions of graft, 2330

complications, 2330–2331

induction therapy, 2327–2328

infections, 1141t, 1142–1143, 2330, 2330t

maintenance therapy, 2328–2329, 2328t

malignancy, 2330

in rejection, 2329–2330

recipient selection for, 2320, 2325–2326

rejection in, 2327, 2327f

results of, 2325, 2326t

in systemic sclerosis, 2786

tissue typing and immunogenetics in, 2326, 2327f

INDEX

I-124 Kikuchi’s disease, 1364

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like activating or

inhibitory receptors (KIRs), 2678, 2687t

Killian’s triangle, 2426, 2426f

KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1), 2305

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules, 2344, A4

Kimura’s disease, 1364

Kinase inhibitors, 512, 512f, 515, 2952. See also

specific drugs

Kinases, 511

Kindler syndrome, 386

Kingella kingae, 1247, 1247t. See also Infective

endocarditis, HACEK group

Kir 2.1 gene mutations, 3530

Kirby-Bauer method, S11

KIR gene, 1552t

KISS1 gene mutations, 2895, 3014, 3015t, 3032

KISS1R gene mutations, 3029, 3032

Kissing bug bite, 3615

Kisspeptin, 2888t, 2895, 2906, 3014, 3029

KIT gene mutations, 812, 812t, 864, 2729

KITLG gene mutations, 690

Kit ligand, 745

Kjer’s dominant optic atrophy, 218

Klebsiella spp., 1262, 1270

K. granulomatis. See Donovanosis

K. oxytoca, 1270

K. pneumoniae, 1165, 1168, 1262, 1270–1271,

1270f

Klebsiella spp. infections, 1270

abdominal, 1270f, 1271

bacteremia, 1271

in cancer patient, 558t

cellulitis, 1271

clinical features of, 300t, 977, 1270–1271

diagnosis of, 1270f, 1271

diarrhea, 300t, 1063

ecthyma gangrenosum, 399

epidemiology of, 1262

health care–associated, 969, 1131

liver abscess, 1059

pneumonia, 1271

rhinoscleroma, 1684

sepsis/septic shock, 2242

treatment of, 1157t, 1271

urinary tract, 1071, 1271, 2373

KLF1, 756

KLHL3, 353

Klinefelter syndrome, 2999

breast cancer in, 625–626

clinical features of, 2119, 2999, 3001t, 3010,

3016, 3018

diseases associated with, 2739, 3016

genetic considerations in, 3016

lymphoid malignancies in, 842t

mediastinal nonseminoma germ cell tumors in,

694

pathophysiology of, 2999

prevalence of, 2884t

screening/testing for, 2884t

treatment of, 2999–3000, 3016

Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome, 2116, 2119

KLLN gene mutations, 2984t, 2992

Kluyvera, 1275

KMT2A. See MLL

KMT2B gene mutations, 3402, 3403t

KMT2D gene mutations, 787

KMTs, 3792

Knee(s)

bursitis of, 2878

CPPD arthropathy of, 2865

gout tophi of, A15

iliotibial band syndrome in, 2879

osteoarthritis of, 2855, 2857, 2857f, 2859, 2859f

pain in, 2850, 2858, 2859f

Knee replacement, 2862

Knock-knees, 2850, 2857, 2857f

Knudson two-hit hypothesis/model, 3645t, 3651,

3655

Koebner (isomorphic) phenomenon, 377, 1581

KOH (potassium hydroxide) wet-mount

preparation, 372–373, S11

Koilonychia, 750

Kokobera virus, 1626t, 1631

Kommerell’s diverticulum, 2101

Koplik’s spots, 141, 392, 1610, A1. See also Measles

(rubeola)

Korsakoff ’s psychosis/syndrome, 2273, 3376, 3558

Kostmann’s syndrome, 444, 810

KPCs (Klebsiella pneumoniae, carbapenemaseproducing), 1165

Krabbe disease, 3256t, 3260, A16

Kraits, 3596. See also Snakebites

KRAS gene mutations

cancers associated with, 500, 500t

in carcinoma of unknown primary, 719

in cervical cancer, 698

in cholangiocarcinoma, 654

in colorectal cancer, 500t, 637

drug response and, 477t

as drug target, 515

liquid biopsy for detection of, 3838

in lung cancer, 596, 596f, 597t, 607

in multiple myeloma, 872

in ovarian cancer, 695

in pancreatic cancer, 658

in skin cancer, 419

syndromes associated with, 3650t

Kratom, 3786

Krukenberg tumors, 630, 695, 696

4Kscore Test, 683

KSHV (Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus)

infection. See Human herpesvirus-8

(HHV-8) infection

KSS. See Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS)

Ku-DNA-protein kinase, 2696t

Kugelberg-Welander disease, 3415

Ku-nucleoprotein La phosphoprotein, 2696t

Kupffer cells, 2547

Kurkino virus, 1628t

Kuru, 3417, 3417t

Kussmaul respiration, 187, 361, 3114

Kussmaul’s sign, 321, 1817, 1967, 2024

Kwashiorkor. See Malnutrition

Kyasanur Forest disease virus, 1626t, 1644

Kyphoplasty, 2908, 3199

Kyphoscoliosis, 124, 263, 265t

Labetalol

for aortic dissection, 2106

for hyperperfusion disorders, 2275

for hypertension, 2083t, 2084, 3356

for hypertension in pregnancy, 3763

for hypertensive emergencies, 2087, 2087t

for ischemic heart disease, 2040t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3591t

for preeclampsia, 3763

for sympathomimetic overdosage/poisoning, 3590t

Laboratory diagnosis/tests. See also Clinical

laboratory tests

infectious diseases, S11

parasitic infections, S12

Laboratory worker’s lung, 2160t

Labyrinthectomy, 241

Labyrinthine infarction, 241

Labyrinthitis, 80, 292, 293, 294t

Lacosamide, 702, 3318t, 3320, 3322f

Lacrimal glands, 220, 2837, 2838f

Lacrimation, with headache, 113

La Crosse virus, 1627t, 1637

Lactase deficiency, 2462

diagnosis of, 296, 306, 2463

diarrhea in, 303, 1064t

indigestion in, 295

pathophysiology of, 2462–2463

treatment of, 296, 303, 306, 2463

Lactate, arterial, 2246

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

in ascitic fluid, 323

with left ventricular assist systems, 1976

in melanoma, 583

in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 844

in PCP, 1692

in testicular cancer, 690, 693t

in thromboembolic renal disease, 2090

as tumor marker, 487t

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) deficiency,

3263t

Lactation. See Breast-feeding

Lactic acidosis

approach to the patient, 362

in cancer, 572

etiology of, 361–362

in malaria, 1724–1725

in shock, 2239

treatment of, 362, 366

Lactobacillus spp., 1083, 1085, 2447, 2492, 3296,

3699

Lactoferrin, 440, 443

Lactophenol cotton blue stain, S11

Lactose, 2460

Lactose breath hydrogen test, 306, 2463

Lactose intolerance/malabsorption. See Lactase

deficiency

Lactose tolerance test, 2463

Lactulose, 80, 80t, 303, 308, 2495, 2496t, 2633

Lacunar cells, A6

Lacunar infarction, 3326–3327, 3341, 3382, 3383f,

A16

LAD (leukocyte adhesion deficiency), 445, 446t,

2711, S8

LADs (lamin-associated domains), 3794

Lady Windermere syndrome, 1394

Lafora’s disease (progressive myoclonus epilepsy),

3308t, 3407

Laguna Negra virus, 1628t

Laherparepvec, 3690

Laing distal myopathy, 3525t, 3527

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS)

vs. botulism, 1218

clinical features of, 3512–3513

diagnosis of, 3513

immunopathogenesis of, 2697t

in lung cancer, 599, 729, 3513

vs. myasthenia gravis, 3513

ocular manifestations of, 230

reflex responses in, 165

treatment of, 3513

LAMB syndrome. See Carney syndrome/complex

(LAMB/NAME syndrome)

Lamellar bone, 3159

Laminar-flow rooms, 564

Lamin-associated domains (LADs), 3794

Laminectomy, 122, 127, 129

Lamin proteins, 1955

INDEX

Lamivudine (3TC) I-125

adverse effects of, 1587t, 2596. See also specific

drugs

for chronic HBV infection, 1465t, 1466,

2595–2596, 2595t, 2599f, 2601, 2601t

for HBV prophylaxis in transplant recipient,

1145

for HIV infection, 1587t

molecular structure of, 1590f

in pregnancy, 2591

resistance to, 1466, 1592f, 2596, 2601t

Lamotrigine

adverse effects of

common, 3551t

cutaneous, 411, 3317

fever, 147

hypersensitivity, 412. See also Drug-induced

hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS)

neurologic, 3318t

SJS or TEN, 392, 414, 3317, 3551t. See also

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS); Toxic

epidermal necrolysis (TEN)

systemic, 3318t

contraindications to, 3317

drug interactions of, 3317, 3318t

for mood disorders, 3551, 3551t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3592t

pharmacology of, 3318t

for seizures, 702, 3318t, 3320

for SUNCT/SUNA prevention, 3367

for trigeminal neuralgia, 3438

LAMP2 deficiency (Danon disease), 1967, 3257t, 3267

LAMP2 gene mutations, 1956t, 1967, 3267

Lancinations, 168

Langerhans cell(s), 420

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X), 257,

865, 2897, 2907, A12, A16

Langerhans cell sarcoma, 865

Language, 196, 3279, V2

Language barriers, 66

Laninamivir, 1464, 1512

Lanreotide

for acromegaly, 2913

adverse effects of, 2913

for gastrinoma, 2985

for gastrointestinal NETs, 636, 669, 669f, 671t

Lansoprazole, 296, 2443t, 2444, 2450, 2985

Lanthanum, 2314

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, 3093f, 3094

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy, 2966

Laparoscopic appendectomy, 2516

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, 3093f, 3094

Laparoscopic ventral rectopexy (LVR), 2502, 2502f

Laparoscopy, 85, 112, 531, 1088

Laparotomy, 2508

Lapatinib

actions of, 513t, 544, 546t

adverse effects of, 546t, 739

for breast cancer, 544, 613t, 621, 625

genetic variations in response to, 477t

Laplace’s law, 1807

LA-PTT, 456

LARC/MIP-3α/Exodus-1, 2683t

Large granular lymphocytes, 425, 444. See also

Natural killer (NK) cells

Laron syndrome, 3735

Laron-type dwarfism, 2889, S8

Larotrectinib, 513t, 546t, 552, 607

Larva currens, 1775

Larva migrans

cutaneous

clinical features of, 1037, 1771

diagnosis of, S12

pathogenesis of, 1771

from pentastomes, 3611

treatment of, 1771t, 1772

ocular, 1771

visceral

clinical features of, 1699t, 1771, S6

diagnosis of, 1771, S6, S12

epidemiology of, 1771

incubation period for, S6

pathogenesis of, 1771

treatment of, 1708, 1771t, 1772, S6

in war veterans, S6

Laryngeal cancer, 591. See also Head and neck

cancer

Laryngeal nerve palsy, 3441–3442

Laryngitis, 255

Laryngotracheal stricture, 2828

Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), 255, 1519

LAS (lung allocation score), 2209, 2211

Laser iridectomy, 221

Laser photocoagulation, 3122

Laser therapy

for basal cell carcinoma, 588

for hair removal, 3042

for warts, 1503, 1503t

LASIK, 216

Lasmiditan, 3362t, 3363t, 3364

Lassa fever, 978, 1642

Lassa virus, 1626t

Latency-associated transcripts (LATs), of HSV,

1471

Lateral epicondylitis, 2879–2880

Lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy (meralgia

paresthetica), 3498, 3767

Lateral geniculate body, 215

Lateral inferior pontine stroke syndrome, 3330f

Lateral medullary stroke syndrome, 3329f, 3331,

A16

Lateral midpontine stroke syndrome, 3331f

Lateral sclerosis, 3410, 3454

Laterocollis, 3402

Latex agglutination assay, S11

α-Latrotoxin, 3612

LATs (latency-associated transcripts), of HSV,

1471

Latvia, 43t

Laugier-Hunziker syndrome, 390

Laurence-Moon syndrome, 3016

Laxatives

abuse of, 303, 304, 349

adverse effects of, 301, 302, 349

for constipation, 79, 80t, 307, 308

for IBS, 2495

for internal radionuclide contamination, S5

LCAT deficiency, familial, 2906, 3139t

LCIS (lobular carcinoma or neoplasia in situ),

617

LCK-TCRB gene mutations, 500t

LCM (lymphocytic choriomeningitis), 1106, 1108,

1114t, 1626t, 1639

LCZ696. See Sacubitril-valsartan

LDH. See Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

LDL-C. See Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

(LDL-C)

LDLRAP1 gene mutations, 3141

LDLR gene mutations, 3140

Lead oxide exposure, 3581

Lead poisoning

vs. ALS, 3412

clinical features of, 3377, 3579, 3580t

diagnosis of, 3495, 3580t

hemolytic anemia in, 788

hypertension and, 3579

metabolism of, 3580t

neuropathy in, 3493, 3495

optic neuropathy in, 224

oral manifestations of, 260t

peripheral blood smear in, 425, 429f

pregnancy-associated risks, 3579

sources of, 3580t

treatment of, 3377, 3495, 3580t

Lead-time bias, 38, 494, 597

Leaky epithelia, 2289

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (congenital

amaurosis)

clinical features of, 223, 2351t, 3673, 3674t

diagnosis of, 3673, 3676

gene therapy for, 3688

genetic considerations in, 223, 2351t

genetic counseling in, 3678

mtDNA mutation in, 3673, 3674t, 3676

treatment of, 223, 227, 3678

visual fields in, 218

Lebombo virus, 1626t

Lechiguanas virus, 1628t

Lectins, 744

Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir, 1467, 1468t, 2607,

2608t

Leeches, 1248

Leech infestations, 3611–3612

Lefamulin

actions of, 1149, 1161, 1164t, 1165f

adverse effects of, 1154t, 1161

drug interactions of, 1155t, 1161

indications for, 1157t, 1161, 1167

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

resistance to, 1157t, 1164t, 1165f, 1167

Leflunomide

adverse effects of, 2762t, 3494t

monitoring during treatment with, 2762t

for psoriatic arthritis, 2800

pyrimidine metabolism and, 3254

for rheumatoid arthritis, 2761, 2762t,

2764

for SLE, 2747

Left atrial appendage closure, A11

Left bundle branch, 1880

Left bundle branch block, 1821f, 1827–1828, 1827f,

1935, A7, A8

Left ventricular aneurysm, 2064–2065

Left ventricular assist systems, 1144, 1975–1977,

1976f, 1977f. See also Mechanical

circulatory support

Left ventricular dysfunction

in aortic regurgitation, 1987

cardiogenic shock in, 2250

diagnosis of, 1838, 1839f, 1859v, 1863–1864,

1863f

in heart failure. See Heart failure (HF)

in mitral regurgitation, 1996

pulmonary hypertension and, 2126

in STEMI, 2061–2062

Left ventricular hypertrophy

in CKD, 2315

ECG in, 1827, 1827f, A7

hypertension and, 2075, A7

with myocardial ischemia, 2031

Left ventricular noncompaction, 1956t, 1966

Left ventricular pressure-volume relationship, 1809,

1809f

Left ventricular remodeling, 1933, 1934t,

2061–2062. See also Heart failure (HF)

Legal blindness, 216

INDEX

I-126 Legal issues

advance care planning, 77

euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, 87

incompetent patient, 68

mandated reporting, 68

Leg elevation, for stasis dermatitis/ulceration, 377,

385t

Legionella spp.

apoptosis inhibition by, 957

cellular trafficking of, 953

epigenetic modulation by, 958

laboratory identification of, S11

microbiology of, 1250

Naegleria and, 1718

NF-κβ inhibition by, 956

non-pneumophilia, 1250

secretion system of, 952

in water systems, 1250–1252, 1251f, 1252t,

1256–1257

Legionella spp. infections, 1249

in cancer patient, 481, 561t, 1252

clinical presentation of, 1253, 1253t

diagnosis of, 1012, 1253–1255, 1254f, 1255f, S11

epidemiology of, 1250, 1251f

common-source outbreaks, 1134, 1250–1252,

1251f, 1252t, 1257

seasonality and climate in, 1250

sporadic outbreaks, 1252

transmission, 1252–1253

non-pneumophilia, 1253, 1254, 1255f

prevention of, 1256–1257

prognosis of, 1256

in renal transplant recipient, 1142

risk factors for, 1011, 1252

treatment of, 1255–1256, 1256t

Legionnaire’s disease. See Legionella spp.

infections

Leigh’s syndrome, 3529, 3674t, 3675, 3678, A16

Leiomyoma (uterine fibroids), 636, 699, 2398f,

3037, 3038, 3052–3053

Leiomyomatosis, hereditary, 674t

Leiomyosarcoma, 699, 700, 713. See also Soft tissue

sarcomas

Leishmania spp., 1698

characteristics of, 1742, 1742t

entry into host, 2694

geographic distribution of, 1742t

laboratory identification of, S12

L. aethiopica, 1742t, 1746

L. braziliensis, 1742t, 1746, 1747, S12

L. donovani, 1742t, S12. See also Visceral

leishmaniasis

L. guyanensis, 1747

life-cycle hosts of, S12

life cycle of, 1741–1742, 1742t

L. infantum, 1742t, 1743

L. major, 1742t, 1746, 1747

L. mexicana, 1742t, 1746, 1747

L. tropica, 1742t, 1746, S12

Leishmania spp. infections, 1741

cutaneous. See Cutaneous leishmaniasis

diffuse cutaneous, 1742t, 1747

epidemiology of, 1742–1743, 1742t, 1743f, S6,

S12

mucosal, 1742t, 1747–1748, 1748f

prevention of, 1748

visceral. See Visceral leishmaniasis

Lemborexant, 212

Lemierre’s disease/syndrome, 254, 979, 1020–1021,

1351

LEMS. See Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

(LEMS)

Lenalidomide

actions and targets of, 536f, 537

for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, 1526

adverse effects of, 740, 742, 802, 875

for amyloidosis, 882

for DLBCL, 847

for follicular lymphoma, 848

for gastric lymphoma, 634

for MDS/MPY with ring sideroblasts, 862

for multiple myeloma, 873–875, 874t

for myelodysplasia, 801–802

for POEMS syndrome, 2996

for primary effusion lymphoma, 857

Lenègre disease, 1881

Length bias, 38

Length-biased sampling, 494, 597

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 3307

Lenticulostriate arteries, 3325

Lentigo, 390

Lentigo maligna, 581t, 582f, 583, A5

Lentiviruses. See also HIV

in gene therapy, 3299, 3685t, 3687

nononcogenic, 1527

phylogenetic tree of, 1528f

structure and life cycle, 1523

Lenvatinib

action and targets of, 513t, 526, 547t

adverse effects of, 547t, 653, 739

for endometrial cancer, 700

for hepatocellular carcinoma, 649, 649t, 651f,

652–653, 652f

for renal cell carcinoma, 511, 648, 649, 676t

LEOPARD syndrome, 390

LEP gene mutations, 3015t

Lepirudin, 932, 933t

Lepra cells, 1382

LEPR gene mutations, 3015t

Lepromatous leprosy, 1037, 1383, 1386–1387,

1386f, A5

Lepromin test, 1388

Leprosy, 1382

clinical features of, 1037, 1385, S6

borderline lepromatous, 1386, 1386f

borderline tuberculoid, 1385, 1385f

lepromatous, 1037, 1383, 1386–1387, 1386f,

neuropathy, 3440, 3490

renal, 71, 2336t

tuberculoid, 389–390, 1385, 1385f

complications of, 1387

diagnosis of, 1388–1389

differential diagnosis of, 1388

epidemiology of, 1383–1384, 1383f, 1384f

etiology of, 1382–1383

global considerations in, 1383–1384, 1384f,

1385f, 3490

incubation period for, 1384, S6

indeterminate, 1385

inflammasome mutations in, 2677t

lepromatous, 3490

multibacillary, 1389, 1389t

pathogenesis of, 1384–1385

paucibacillary, 1389, 1389t

postexposure prophylaxis for, 1392

prevention and control of, 1392

primary neuritic, 1387

rehabilitation and social aspects,

1391–1392

Ridley-Jopling classification of, 1384–1385

transmission of, 1384

treatment of, 3490, S6

adverse effects of, 1389

disease management during and after,

1390–1391

leprosy reactions, 1390

multidrug, 1389, 1389t

nerve function impairment and neuropathic

pain, 1390

relapse, 1389–1390

second-line drugs, 1390

tuberculoid, 3490

vaccines, 1392

WHO classification of, 1385

Leprosy reactions, 1387, 1387f, 1390

Leptin

actions of, 3081, 3808

deficiency of, 2897

in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 3014, 3035

in male pubertal development, 2906

in obesity, 3083, 3084t

resistance to, 3151

Leptin receptors, 3084–3085, 3084t

Leptomeningeal metastases, 709–710, 709f, S2

Leptospira/leptospirosis (Weil’s syndrome), 1417

clinical features of, 135t, 141, 320, 1113t,

1419–1420

diagnosis of, 964, 1420, S6, S11

differential diagnosis of, 1420–1421

epidemiology of, 1417–1418

etiologic agent of, 1417, 1417f, 1418f

global considerations in, 1418

incubation period for, 1418f, 1419, S6

in international travelers, 1418

pathogenesis of, 1418–1419, 1418f, 1419f

prevention of, 1421, 1421t, S6

prognosis of, 1421

treatment of, 1421, 1421t, S6

Leriche’s syndrome, 2106

LERPE1 gene mutations, 3222t

LES (lower esophageal sphincter), 288, 2427,

2428f

Lesbian, 3079t

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)

patients, 3078

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 3253

Leser-Trelat sign, 390

Letermovir, 1462, 1490

Lethal midline granuloma. See Extranodal NK/

T-cell lymphoma, nasal type

Letrozole, 543, 573, 613t, 620, 3037, 3052

Leucine metabolism disorders, 3270t

Leucovorin

for colorectal cancer, 642–643

for DLBCL, 847

5-FU and, 542

for gastric cancer, 633

methotrexate and, 541t, 542

for osteosarcoma, 715

for pancreatic cancer, 662

for PCP prophylaxis, 1563t, 1695t

for toxoplasmosis prophylaxis, 1563t

Leukapheresis, for CML, 827

Leukemia

acute lymphoid. See Acute lymphoid leukemia

(ALL)

acute myeloid. See Acute myeloid leukemia

(AML)

acute promyelocytic. See Acute promyelocytic

leukemia (APL)

adult T cell. See Adult T-cell leukemia/

lymphoma

aggressive NK cell, 858

chemotherapy-associated, 854

chromosome abnormalities in, 516–517

INDEX

chronic eosinophilic, 803, 863, 863t I-127

chronic lymphocytic. See Chronic lymphocytic

leukemia (CLL)

chronic myeloid. See Chronic myeloid leukemia

(CML)

chronic myelomonocytic, 799, 860–861, 860t

chronic neutrophilic, 803, 859, 860t

deaths from, 481t, 483f, 484t

definition of, 508

gene therapy for, 3689

hairy cell. See Hairy cell leukemia

incidence of, 481t

infections in, 558

joint involvement in, 2877

juvenile myelomonocytic, 861–862

late consequences of treatment, 741

lymphadenopathy in, 458

mast cell, 2729

neuropathy in, 3491

ocular invasion by, 227

oral manifestations of, 257

paraneoplastic syndromes in, 725t

polycythemia vera and, 804

splenomegaly in, 461

T-cell large granular lymphocytic, 857–858, 2753

T-cell prolymphocytic, 463, 857

viruses and, 505

Leukemia cutis, 396

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), 2683t

Leukemoid reaction, 445

Leukoaraiosis (diffuse/periventricular white matter

disease), 193f, 3343

Leukocyte(s), 425, A4. See also Basophil(s);

Eosinophil(s); Lymphocyte(s);

Monocyte(s); Neutrophil(s)

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD), 445, 446t,

2711, S8

Leukocyte common antigen, 718t

Leukocyte esterase test, 1075

Leukocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-1),

2696t

Leukocytoclastic (cutaneous small-vessel) vasculitis

clinical features of, 140t, 144, 399, A1, A5

drug-induced, 414–415, 414f

epidemiology of, 140t

etiology of, 140t, 399

Leukoderma, 387–389, 389t

Leukodystrophy(ies), 3256t, 3377

Leukoencephalopathy

methotrexate-related, 742

progressive multifocal. See Progressive multifocal

leukoencephalopathy (PML)

radiation therapy–related, 711

reversible posterior, 571, 3343, 3350–3351

Leukoerythroblastosis, 802. See also Primary

myelofibrosis

Leukopenia. See Neutropenia

Leukoplakia, 372f

hairy, 260t, A5

oral

characteristics of, 257, 372f, A3

in dyskeratosis congenita, 3681, 3682f

etiology of, 257

as premalignant lesion, 492, 590, 591

smoker’s, 260t

sublingual, A3

Leukostasis, 571

Leukotriene modifiers, 2156–2157, 2158, 2158t. See

also Montelukast; Zafirlukast

Leukotrienes, 91f, 408

Leuprolide, 544, 613t, 620, 686, 2747

Levamisole, 410, 905t, 2807, 2847t, 3575

Levetiracetam

adverse effects of, 3317, 3319t

for cyclic vomiting syndrome, 294, 294t

for myoclonus, 3407

overdosage/poisoning with, 3592t

for seizures, 571, 702, 3319t, 3320

for status epilepticus, 3322f

Levine’s sign, 105, 2033

Levodopa

actions of, 3393, 3394f

adverse effects of, 2527, 3393–3394, 3399

for dystonia, 3403–3404

for PD, 3392–3394, 3394f, 3396t, 3399

Levofloxacin

actions of, 1149, 1160, 1164t

adverse effects of, 2584

for Campylobacter infections, 1304

for community-acquired pneumonia, 947t, 1014t

for C. trachomatis infection, 1450

for epididymitis, 1082

for HACEK endocarditis, 1247, 1247t

for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 947t, 1018t

in H. pylori eradication, 1283t, 2446–2447, 2447t

indications for, 1157t, 1160

for infections in cancer patient, 563

for infectious diarrhea, 1065t

for intraabdominal infections, 947t

for Legionella spp. infections, 1256t

for leprosy, 1390

for MDR-TB, 1372, 1376–1377, 1376t, 1399t, 1402

for nongonococcal bacterial arthritis, 1042

for osteomyelitis, 1049t, 1050t

for P. aeruginosa infections, 1287t

for peritonitis, 1056

for plague, 1324, 1324t, S3

for plague prophylaxis, 1325, 1325t

for pneumococcal infections, 1176

prophylactic, 901t, 1162t

resistance to, 1013, 1157t, 1164t, 1283

for sepsis/septic shock, 2248t

for sinusitis, 252

for tularemia prophylaxis, 1319t

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018t

Levomilnacipran, 3542t, 3549

Levonorgestrel, 3054, 3055

Levorphanol, 95t, 98

Levosimendan, 1945, 1946t, 1953

Levothyroxine (LT4)

adverse effects of, 2936

for diffuse nontoxic goiter, 2946

drug interactions of, 2937

for hypothyroidism, 2936–2937

for myxedema coma, 2937

in older adults, 2937

in pregnancy, 2937

for subacute thyroiditis, 2944

Lev’s disease, 1881

Lewisite, S4

Lewis RBC group system, 887t

Lewis-Sumner syndrome, 3504

Lewy body(ies)

characteristics of, 3297, 3385

dementia with. See Dementia with Lewy

bodies

in PD, 3387, 3387f

prions and, 3297f, 3422

proteostasis loss and, 3734, 3735f

Leydig cell, 2906, 2907f

LFA-1 (leukocyte function-associated antigen),

2696t

LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender)

patients, 3078

LGI1 antibodies, 729t, 731f, 733

LGI1 gene mutations, 3308t

LGV. See Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)

LH. See Luteinizing hormone (LH)

LHCRG gene mutations, 3003t

Lhermitte’s sign/symptom

in cervical spine lesions, 127, 128, 172, 3277

in MS, 3277, 3463

radiation therapy–related, 741, 854

in spinal cord compression, 568

LHON. See Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

(congenital amaurosis)

LHX3 gene mutations, 3014, 3015t

LHβ gene mutations, 3014, 3015t

Lialda, 2483, 2483t

Libertarian paternalism, 3775

Libido

female, 3062

in hypothyroidism, 2935

in malabsorption disorders, 2468t

male, 3055

Libman-Sacks endocarditis, 2742, 2743

Lice

body (Pediculus humanus), 1422, 1435,

3610–3611

diseases carried by

epidemic typhus. See Epidemic (louse-borne)

typhus

relapsing fever. See Relapsing fever

head (Pediculus capitis), 3610–3611

Lichen amyloidosis, 395

Lichenification, 374, 374f

Lichen myxedematosus, generalized (papular

mucinosis), 395

Lichenoid lesions, 370t

Lichen planopilaris, 379

Lichen planus, 378

clinical features of, 377t

alopecia, 384

distribution, 370t, 372f, 379

esophageal, 290

morphology, 370t

oral manifestations, 257, 259t, 260t, A3

papules and plaques, 379, 379f, A5

papulosquamous lesions, 383

in diabetes mellitus, 3128

drug-related, 379

erosive, A3

HCV infection and, 379, 383, 2604

histologic features of, 377t

treatment of, 379

Lichen simplex chronicus, 372f, 375

Lichen tropicus, 3636

Licorice, 349, 350, S1

Liddle’s syndrome (pseudoaldosteronism)

clinical features of, 349, 366, 2080t, 2294

diagnosis of, 350, 2964

genetic considerations in, 349–350, 2080t, 2292t,

2964, 2965t

pathogenesis of, 366

pathophysiology of, 2080, 2294

treatment of, 350, 367, 2967

Lidocaine

for arrhythmias, 1872t, 1913

for cardiac arrest due to VT or VF, 2262f, 2263

for IC/BPS, 330

inhaled, for cough, 270

metabolism of, 467t

for neuropathy, 98, 3488t

for SUNCT/SUNA, 3367

for topical anesthesia in lumbar puncture,

INDEX

I-128 Lidoderm patch, 3488t

LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor), 2683t

Life expectancy

at birth by county, U.S., 61f

genetic considerations in, 3677

global burden of disease and, 3704

global differences in, 3719, 3720f, 3721f

by race and sex, U.S., 60f

screening procedures and increase in, 38t

of women, 3063–3064

Lifestyle modifications

for GERD, 2430–2431

for hypertension, 2082, 2082t

for metabolic syndrome, 3155

for NAFLD, 2622

for obesity, 3089–3091

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

breast cancer screening in, 615

clinical features of, 703t, 712

genetic considerations in, 503t, 509, 595, 703t,

712, 3645t, 3664

lung cancer risk in, 595

Light chain deposition disease/nephropathy

clinical features of, 2335t, 2345, 2360

diagnosis of, 2360

etiology of, 2360

pathophysiology of, 2360

in POEMS syndrome, 2367

renal biopsy in, 2360f, A4

treatment of, 2345, 2360

Light-headedness, 159

Likelihood ratio, 25, 26f

Lille score, 2619

LILRB2 gene, 1552t

Limaprost, 3635

Limb apraxia, 198

Limb dystonia, 3402

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs)

autosomal dominant, 3522t

autosomal recessive, 3523–3524t

classification of, 3521–3522

clinical features of, 3521

diagnosis of, 3521

genetic considerations in, 3650, 3650t

global considerations in, 3532

prevalence of, 3522

proteins involved in, 3526f

Limbic encephalitis, 729, 731f, 3377, A16

Limbic network/system, 202

Limb ischemia, 2110–2111. See also Peripheral

artery disease

Limb-kinetic apraxia, 198

Limb-sparing surgery, 713, 715

Limey bile, 2648

Limit dextrinosis (type IIIa/b GSD), 1967, 3262,

3263t

Linaclotide, 307, 308, 2495, 2496t

Lincosamides. See Clindamycin

Lindane, 3608, 3611

Linear IgA disease, 401t, 404, 409

Linear nevoid hypopigmentation (hypomelanosis

of Ito), 389

Linear scleroderma, 384

Linezolid

actions of, 1149, 1164t, 1187, 1403

adverse effects of, 905t, 1154t, 1160–1161, 1187,

1202, 1377, 1398t, 1403

for community-acquired pneumonia, 947t, 1014t

drug interactions of, 1155t, 1161, 1403

for enterococcal infections, 1201t, 1202

indications for, 1157t, 1160

for MDR-TB, 1372, 1376–1377, 1376t, 1403

for MRSA infections, 947t, 1015, 1018, 1186t,

1187

for Nocardia infections, 1336t, 1339

for NTM infections, 1406

for osteomyelitis, 1050t

for peritonitis, 1056

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

resistance to, 1157t, 1164t, 1167, 1187, 1203

for staphylococcal infections, 1039t, 1187

for TB, 1398t, 1403

for toxic shock syndrome, 1188

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018, 1018t

LINGO-1, 3293

Linifanib, 652f

Linkage analysis, 3655–3656, 3659t

Linkage disequilibrium, 3657, 3659t

Linoleic acid, 2521t

α-Linolenic acid, 2521t

Lionfish sting, 3604

Liothyronine, 2937, 2952

LIPA gene mutations, 3260

LipA lipase, 1276

Lipase, 2653, 2654t, 2668

LIPC gene mutations, 3143

Lipedema, 2120

Lipemia retinalis, 3138

Lipid(s)

defects in metabolism of, 3528

deposits of, in familial hypercholesterolemia,

A15

digestion and absorption of, 2459–2460, 2460f,

2460t

as energy source, 3528

neutral, disorders of, 3257t

in parenteral nutrition, 2542, 2544

production of, 3101

transport of, 3135–3136, 3137f

Lipid mediator generation, 2720, 2720f

Lipid membrane microdomain (lipid raft), 2691

Lipid nanoparticles, 3685, 3685t

Lipoarabinomannan, 1360, 1382

Lipoatrophy, 3128

Lipodermatosclerosis, 397, 2116

Lipodystrophy

in diabetes mellitus, 3119

familial, 3138–3140, 3151, 3649, 3650t

forms of, A15

in HIV infection, 1572, 1572f, 1586, 3119, 3151

metabolic syndrome and, 3151

protease inhibitors and, 3119

treatment of, 3139–3140

Lipofuscin, 3734, 3735f

Lipoglycopeptides, 1148, 1158–1159, 1164t, 1166

Lipohypertrophy, 3128

Lipoic acid, 237, 261

Lipoidal tests, for syphilis, 1410–1411

Lipolysis, 2460, 2460f

Lipolytic enzymes, 2657

Lipomas, 395, 636, 2027, 2984t, 2988

Lipooligosaccharide (LOS), N. gonorrhoeae,

1235

Lipopeptides. See Daptomycin

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

B. cepacia, 1290

Brucella, 1311–1312

epigenetics of, 3795

in heart failure, 1935

P. aeruginosa, 1285, 1285t

in sepsis/septic shock, 1262, 2243

Lipoprotein(a), 3136, 3136t, 3137–3138, 3140t

Lipoprotein(s)

classification of, 3135, 3136f

composition of, 3135. See also High-density

lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); Lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C);

Very low–density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

metabolism of, 3135, A10

in nutrition assessment, 2538t

proteins associated with, 3135

in transport of dietary lipids, 3135–3136, 3137f

Lipoprotein disorders

approach to the patient, 3147

arthritis in, 2873

cardiovascular disease risk and, 1814, 2040

in diabetes mellitus, 3126–3127

diagnosis of, 3147

with elevated apoB-containing lipoproteins,

3138

hypercholesterolemia. See

Hypercholesterolemia

hypertriglyceridemia. See

Hypertriglyceridemia

mixed hyperlipidemia. See Mixed

hyperlipidemia

erectile dysfunction in, 3057

global considerations in, 1814

with low HDL-C. See High-density lipoprotein

cholesterol (HDL-C), low levels of

with low LDL-C. See Low-density lipoprotein

cholesterol (LDL-C), low levels of

musculoskeletal disorders associated with, 2873

in obesity, 3086

screening for, 39t, 2883t, 3137–3138, S10

secondary causes of, 2658–2659, 2663

skin manifestations of, 395

Lipoprotein glomerulopathy, 2347

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

in hypertriglyceridemia, 3138

in hypolipidemia, 3146

in insulin resistance, 3151

in lipoprotein metabolism, 3135–3136, 3137f

in metabolic syndrome, 3144

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency, 3138, 3688

Liposarcoma, 713. See also Soft tissue sarcomas

Lip reading, 247

Liquid biopsy, 3836, 3837f. See also Cell-free DNA

(cfDNA); Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)

Liquid chromatography, 3833

Liquid nitrogen therapy, 381

Liraglutide, 2623, 3092–3093, 3092t, 3110t, 3111,

3155

Lisch nodules, 2980, 2990

Lisdexamfetamine, 3474

Lisfranc fracture–dislocation, 2874

Lisinopril, 1948t, 2083t

Lispro, 3108, 3108t

Lissencephaly, 3300, 3308t

Listeria monocytogenes

autophagy evasion by, 958

characteristics of, 1208

epigenetic modulation by, 958

genome sequencing of, 972

laboratory identification of, S11

survival in vacuole, 953

Listeria monocytogenes infections, 1208

bacteremia, 1210

in cancer patient, 556t, 558t

diagnosis of, 1210

epidemiology of, 1209–1210

food-related, 301, 1209–1210, 1209f

immune response to, 1209

meningitis, 978, 1101, 1104t, 1105, 1210

neonatal, 1210

neurologic, 1210

INDEX

pathogenesis of, 1208–1209 I-129

in pregnancy, 1210

prevention of, 1211

in transplant recipient, 1141t, 1143, 1144

treatment of, 1211

Listeriolysin O (LLO), 953, 1209

Lithium

actions of, 3537–3538

adverse effects of

acid-base disorders, 360

alopecia, 384

common, 3551, 3551t

cutaneous, 382, 383, 386, 409

hypercalcemia, 3178

lupus syndrome, 2847t

nail disorders, 410

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 346, S1

nephropathy, 2362–2363

neuropathy, 3494t

nystagmus, 231

psoriasis, 377

rare, 3551t

SA node dysfunction, 1875t

secondary parkinsonism, 3389

seizures, 3311t

weight gain, 3087

for bipolar disorder, 3551, 3551t

for cluster headache prevention, 3367, 3367t

drug interactions of, 1705t

for hypnic headache, 3369

overdosage/poisoning with, 3595t

pharmacology of, 3551t

Livedo reticularis, 88, 399, 2113f, 2114, 2750

Liver

alcohol effects on. See Alcohol-associated liver

disease

anatomy of, 2546–2547, A13

drug metabolism in, 466–467

drug transport in, 466, 466f

functions of, 2547

palpation of, 322

Liver abscess, 1058

in actinomycosis, 1342, 1342f

amebic

clinical features of, 1716, S6

complications of, 1717

diagnosis of, 1059, 1717, 1717f, S12

epidemiology of, 1716

pathogenesis of, 1698, 1716

treatment of, 1718, 1718t, S6

Candida, 1059

clinical features of, 1058–1059

diagnosis of, 1059, 1059f

etiology of, 1058

K. pneumoniae, 1059, 1270f, 1271

treatment of, 1059

Liver biopsy, 2551, A13

in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and alcoholic

liver injury, A13

in acute hepatitis, A13

in alcohol-associated liver disease, 2618

in α1

-antitrypsin deficiency, A13

in autoimmune hepatitis, 2615, A13

in chronic HBV infection, A13

in chronic HCV infection, 2600, 2604, A13

in cirrhosis, A13

in cirrhosis secondary to hemochromatosis with

hepatocellular carcinoma, A13

in CMV infection with liver allograft, A13

contraindications to, 2556

in hemochromatosis, 3234, A13

in hepatic granuloma, A13

in hepatocellular carcinoma, 647, A13

indications for, 2554f, 2556

in NAFLD, 2621–2622

in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, A13

in primary biliary cholangitis, A13

in primary sclerosing cholangitis, A13

in rejection of liver allograft, A13

in Wilson’s disease, 3236, A13

Liver disease/failure, 2547. See also Cirrhosis

in alcohol abuse. See Alcohol-associated liver

disease

in α1

-antitrypsin deficiency, 2549

in β thalassemia, 763t

in cancer patient, 560, 742

cholestatic, 319–320, 2427, 2547, 2547t. See also

Biliary cirrhosis

clinical features of, 321, 2547

anemia, 753–754

ascites, 322f, 323, 2549

bleeding, 454

coagulation disorders, 917–918, 918f, 918t

cutaneous, 2549

dyslipidemia, 3144–3145

encephalopathy. See Encephalopathy, hepatic

fatigue, 2548

halitosis, 262

hepatomegaly, 2549

icterus, 2549

itching, 2548

jaundice, 318–319, 2548

lactic acidosis, 361

nausea and vomiting, 292, 2548

neuropathy, 3490

oral, 257

pain, 2548

respiratory, 368

splenomegaly, 2549

thromboembolism, 918, 918f

clinical history, 2547–2549, 2548t

in cystic fibrosis, 2176

diagnosis of

algorithm for, 2551f

biopsy in, 2551. See also Liver biopsy

vs. DIC, 916

imaging in, 2550–2551, 2551t, 2556

in jaundiced patient, 318

laboratory tests in, 2550, 2550t, 2556

liver function tests in. See Liver function tests

drug-induced, 2584, 2587t, 2620t

acetaminophen in, 319, 472, 2586t, 2588,

2589f, A13

amiodarone in, 2590

amoxicillin-clavulanate in, 2589–2590

anabolic steroids in, 2590

antiretrovirals in, 2591

clinical features of, 2586t

in exacerbation of preexisting liver disease,

2553

herbal medicines in, 2590–2591

idiosyncratic, 2584, 2586t

isoniazid in, 2586t, 2589

mechanisms of, 2584–2586, 2585f

nitrofurantoin in, 2589

oral contraceptives in, 2586t

statins in, 2590

in TB, 1374

treatment of, 2586

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 2590

valproate in, 2589

in dyskeratosis congenita, 3682

effect on drug concentration response, 470

etiology of, 2547, 2547t

family history in, 2548–2549

folate deficiency in, 773

genetic considerations in, 2548–2549, 3235

grading of, 2551–2552

in GVHD, 900, 900t

in hemochromatosis. See Hemochromatosis

in hepatitis. See Hepatitis

hepatocellular, 2547, 2547t

in IBD, 2482

immunization recommendations for, 984f

in leptospirosis, 1420

liver transplantation for. See Liver

transplantation

in NAFLD. See Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

(NAFLD)

obesity and, 3086

during parenteral nutrition, 2544

patterns of, 2547, 2547t

peripheral blood smear in, 428f, 434f

physical examination in, 318, 2549

in pregnancy, 3767

risk factors for, 2547–2549

in sarcoidosis, 2832

in schistosomiasis, 1787

in sickle cell disease, 759t

specialized nutritional support in, 2545

staging of, 2551–2552

stem cell therapy for, 3799

telomere defects in, 3683, 3684f

thyroid hormone levels in, 2945

toxic, 2584, 2586t

tumors. See Liver tumors

in type 2 diabetes mellitus, 3101

in Wilson’s disease, 2549, 3235

“Liver flap,” 2632

Liver flukes

cholangiocarcinoma and, 653

clinical features of, 1697, 1788–1789, 1789t

diagnosis of, 1788–1789, 2652, S12

epidemiology of, 1784t, S12

transmission of, 1784t

treatment of, 1788t, 1790

Liver function tests, 2553

abnormal, evaluation of, 2550, 2551f, 2553,

2554f

blood ammonia, 2555–2556

coagulation factors, 2555

global considerations in, 2556

serum albumin, 278, 357, 2537, 2538t, 2541,

2555

serum bilirubin. See Bilirubin, serum

serum enzymes, 2553. See also Alanine

aminotransferase (ALT); Alkaline

phosphatase (ALP); Aspartate

aminotransferase (AST); γ-glutamyl

transpeptidase (GGT)

serum globulins, 2555

shortcomings of, 2553

urine bilirubin, 316, 2553, 2556t, 2557

use of, 2556, 2556t

Liver pain, 2548

Liver phosphorylase deficiency (type VI GSD, Hers

disease), 3263t, 3265

Liver phosphorylase kinase deficiency (type IX

GSD), 3263t, 3264

LiverTox website, 2588

Liver transplantation, 2633

for acute intermittent porphyria, 3244

for alcohol-associated liver disease, 2618, 2619,

2641

for ATTR amyloidosis, 883

for autoimmune hepatitis, 2616

INDEX

I-130 Liver transplantation (Cont.):

for branching enzyme deficiency, 3265

candidate selection for, 2634–2635, 2636t

in children, 2634, 2634t

for cholangiocarcinoma, 655

complications of, 2638

graft rejection, 2639, A13

hepatic, 2638t, 2639

infections, 1141t, 1145, 2639

nonhepatic, 2638–2639, 2638t

recurrence of primary disease, 2635, 2640–2641

contraindications to, 2635, 2635t

for Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 2559

deceased-donor selection for, 2635–2636

for erythropoietic protoporphyria, 3248

frequency of, 2633–2634

for glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, 3262

HAV recurrence following, 2640

HBV reinfection/recurrence following, 2602, 2640

HCV treatment before or after, 2613, 2640–2641

HDV reinfection following, 2603

for hemochromatosis, 3234

for hepatocellular carcinoma, 649t, 650

history of, 2633

immunosuppressive therapy for, 2637–2638

indications for, 2634, 2634t

living-donor, 2636

MELD score and, 2552

for metastatic NETs, 670

Milan criteria for, 650

for NALFD, 2623

orthotopic, 2633

outcome of, 2633, 2639–2641

PELD system in, 2552

quality of life after, 2641

surgical technique for, 2636–2637, 2636f

timing of, 2634

for Wilson’s disease, 3237

Liver tumors, 643

benign, 657

cholangiocarcinoma. See Cholangiocarcinoma

fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, 656

hepatoblastoma, 656

hepatocellular carcinoma. See Hepatocellular

carcinoma (HCC)

metastatic

ascites with, 323

colorectal cancer, 641

NETs, 670

Liver X receptor, 2642

Living will, 76

Lixisenatide, 3110t, 3111

LKM antibodies, 2575, 2604, 2615

LLO (listeriolysin O), 953, 1209

LMNA gene mutations, 1956t, 3649, 3650t, 3734

LMO-2 gene, 3686

LMWH. See Low-molecular-weight heparin

(LMWH)

LMX1B gene mutations, 2347

LMYC gene mutations, 500

LNK gene mutations, 803

Loading dose, 468, 468f

Loa loa (African eye worm)/loiasis

characteristics of parasite, 1778t, 1782

clinical features of, 1699t, 1782–1783, 1782f

diagnosis of, 945t, 1783, S12

epidemiology of, 945t, 1697, 1699t, 1778t, 1782

pathogenesis of, 1697, 1783

prophylaxis for, 1783

treatment of, 1708, 1783

Lobar hemorrhage, 225, 3350. See also Intracranial

hemorrhage

Lobectomy

lung, 601–603

temporal, 3321

Lobeline, 3592t

Lobular carcinoma or neoplasia in situ (LCIS), 617

Local anesthetics, 262, 3595t

Local heat urticaria, 2722

Locked-in state, 184, 3332

Lockjaw (trismus), 1212

Locus coeruleus, 3538, 3538f

Locus control region, 756, 3643

Locus (nonallelic) heterogeneity, 3649–3650, 3650t,

3663

Lod score, 3656

Loeys-Dietz syndrome, 1816, 2102, 2105,

3229–3230, 3229t

Lofexidine, 3572

Löffler’s endocarditis, 449, 1969

Löffler (Loeffler’s) syndrome, 449, 1697, 1699t,

2165, 2166t

Löfgren’s syndrome, 2830, 2831

Logopenic primary aphasia, 199

LOH (loss of heterozygosity), 501, 502f

Lomentospora infections, 1689–1690, 1689t

Lomitapide, 3142t, 3150

Lomustine (CCNU), 540t, 703

Lonafarnib, 2603

Lone Star tick, 1437, 3609

Long-chain fatty acids/triglycerides, 2459–2460, 2468t

Longevity. See Life expectancy

Longevity dividend, 3736

Long QT syndrome

arrhythmia in, 1869

clinical features of, 157, 1924

congenital, 478, 1924, A8

ECG in, 1924f, A8

etiology of, 1925t

genetic considerations in, 157, 1924–1925, 1925t

genetic testing for, 3667t

sudden cardiac death in, 2260, 2261t

treatment of, 1929, 2265t, 3667t, 3668

Long-term care, 46–47

Long terminal repeats (LTRs), 1522, 1531, 1531f

Lonomia obliqua, 3615

Loop diuretics

actions of, 342, 2291f, 2293

adverse effects of, 349, 350, 366

for CKD, 2313

for heart failure, 1943

for hypercalcemia, 357, 3184t

for hypercalcemia of malignancy, 723

for hyperkalemia, 355

for hypertension, 2084

for hypokalemia, 352

for hyponatremia, 346

for pulmonary edema, 2256

Loop of Henle

disorders involving, 2292t

embryologic development of, 2288

functions of, 2291f, 2293

in water absorption/excretion, 339, 339f

Looser’s zones, 3169

Loperamide

for diarrhea, 302, 306, 542, 555

for fecal incontinence, 2503

for IBS, 2494, 2496t

for microscopic colitis, 304

for travelers’ diarrhea, 1065t

Lopinavir, 1590f

LOPS (loss of protective sensation), 3103

Lorazepam

for acute alcohol intoxication, 3561

for anxiety disorders, 3544t

for delirium, 83t, 84

for dyspnea, 81t

for insomnia, 84, 212

for lumbar puncture analgesia, S9

for nausea and vomiting, 80, 294, 294t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3592t

pharmacology of, 3544t

for sedation after STEMI, 2060

for status epilepticus, 2224, 3322f

during terminal weaning, 86

Lorcaserin, 3092

Lordotic posture, 3518, 3520f

Lorlatinib, 513t, 544, 546t, 607

Losartan

adverse effects of, 3252

for aortic regurgitation, 1989

drug interactions of, 471t

genetic variations in response to, 476t, 478

for heart failure, 1948t

for hypertension, 2083t

metabolism of, 467t, 468, 478

for Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2785

Loss aversion, 3776–3777, 3776t

Loss function, 3829, 3829t

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH), 501, 502f

Loss of protective sensation (LOPS), 3103

Lottery-based reward systems, for health behavior,

3778, 3779, 3780, 3780f, 3782

Lotus valve, 2070

Louse-borne diseases

epidemic typhus. See Epidemic (louse-borne)

typhus

relapsing fever. See Relapsing fever

Lovastatin, 1703t, 2847t, 3142t. See also Statins

Low- and middle-income countries

financing and providing health services in,

49–50, 49t, 50t

health challenges in

brain drain, 3709

burden of disease, 3705, 3706t, 3719, 3720f

cancer, 3711–3712

cardiovascular disease, 1812–1813, 1812f,

3711

child mortality, 3719, 3721f

diabetes, 3711

Ebola virus disease, 3710

health system performance, 3721, 3721f

HIV/AIDS, 1535–1537, 1536f, 3707–3708,

3707f, 3708f

life expectancy, 3719, 3720f, 3721f

malaria, 3709–3710

skews in research, 3722

social stratification, 3722

TB, 3709–3710

primary care in, 3719

experiences with, 3703–3726, 3724f

opportunities to build, 3725–3726

revitalization of, 3722–3723

smoking patterns in, 1813

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis, 3141,

3150

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)

atherosclerosis and, A10

composition of, 3135, 3136f

elevated levels of. See Hypercholesterolemia

(elevated LDL-C)

estimate of, 3137

low levels of, 3139t, 3140t, 3145–3146. See also

Abetalipoproteinemia

oxidized, 2696t

in transport of hepatic lipids, 3136, 3137f

INDEX

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES), 288, 2427, 2428f I-131

Lower motor neuron diseases, 734, 3413t, 3415. See

also Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Lower motor neuron pathways, 166f

Lower motor neuron (neuropathic) weakness, 165,

165t, 168

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), 3075

in benign prostatic hyperplasia, 688, 689t, 2374.

topics

Labels

Pages

Search This Blog

Translate

Pages

خلفيات وصور / wallpapers and pictures images / fond d'écran photos galerie / fondos de pantalla en i

Buscar este blog

11/9/25

No comments:

Post a Comment

Labels

Popular Posts

Popular Posts

Popular Posts

Popular Posts

Translate

Blog Archive

Blog Archive

Featured Post