INDEX

paradoxical pulse in, 2022 I-37

pathophysiology of, 2021

treatment of, 2022–2023

Cardiac thrombus, 1854, 1856f

Cardiac transplantation, 1973

allograft rejection in, 1974

donor criteria and allocation for, 1973–1974

immunosuppression for, 1974, 1974t

indications for, 1973, 1973t

infections after, 1141t, 1143–1144

late complications after, 1875f, 1974–1975

sinus bradycardia following, 1878

surgical technique for, 1974

Cardiac trauma, 2023, 2028

Cardiac tumors, 2025

benign, 2027

clinical features of, 2025–2027

echocardiography in, 1854, 1856f, 2025, 2025f,

2025t, 2026, 2027f

imaging of, 2025, 2025t, 2026f

metastatic, 1854, 2027, 2027f, A9

primary, 1854–1855, 2025–2026. See also

Myxoma

sarcoma, 2027

Cardiobacterium hominis, 1247, 1247t

Cardioembolic stroke, 3339–3340. See also

Ischemic stroke

Cardio-fascio-cutaneous syndrome, 3650t

Cardiogenic shock, 2250

classification of, 2250, 2251f

clinical features of, 2251

diagnosis of, 2251–2252, 2254t

etiology of, 2250, 2252t

in free wall rupture, 2255

hemodynamic characteristics of, 2236t

hemodynamic patterns in, 2254t

history in, 2238

iatrogenic, 2256

incidence of, 2250

in mitral regurgitation, 2255

in myocarditis, 2255

pathophysiology of, 2236–2237, 2250–2251,

2250f

patient profile in, 2251

physical examination in, 2238

prognosis of, 2254

in right ventricular failure, 2254–2255

in STEMI, 2062

timing of, 2251

treatment of, 2241, 2252–2254, 2253f

in ventricular septal rupture, 2255

Cardiolipin, 456, 2696t

Cardiomyocytes, 1804, 1804f, 3798

Cardiomyopathy, 1954

cardiogenic shock in. See Cardiogenic shock

in Chagas disease, 1750, 1751, 1751f, 1752

classification of, 1954, 1955t

clinical features of, 1954, 1955t

definition of, 1954

dilated. See Dilated cardiomyopathy

dyspnea in, 266

genetic considerations in, 1954–1957, 1956t,

1957f

global considerations in, 1972

HIV-associated, 1568, 1961

hypertrophic. See Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

ICD indications in, 2265t

idiopathic, 1966

initial evaluation of, 1955t

iron-overload, 1851, 1859v

ischemic, 2033

in low- and middle-income countries, 3711, 3764

in metabolic disorders, 1964–1965

overlapping types of, 1959t, 1966–1967

peripartum, 1963, 3764

radiation-related, 1968–1969

restrictive. See Restrictive cardiomyopathy

in rheumatoid arthritis, 2753

sudden cardiac death and, 2259–2260, 2261t

syncope in. See Cardiac syncope

Takotsubo (stress-related), 102, 1966

toxic, 1963–1964

ventricular tachycardia in, 1921, 1921f, 1926

Cardiopulmonary bypass, 906, 2299, 3633t

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 86, 3631

Cardiorenal syndrome, 1935, 1944, 2285f

Cardiovascular collapse, 2257, 2258t. See also

Cardiac arrest

Cardiovascular disease

air pollution and, 3727, 3728f

in alcohol use disorder, 3559

in amyloidosis, 880, 881

approach to the patient, 1797

arrhythmias in. See Cardiac arrhythmias

in β thalassemia, 763t

biology of, 1799

cardiac symptoms in, 1797

circadian clock and, 3810

in CKD. See Chronic kidney disease (CKD),

cardiovascular disorders in

congenital. See Congenital heart disease (CHD)

coronary artery. See Coronary artery disease (CAD)

cyanosis in, 274

deaths from, 73t, 482

vs. other causes, 1812f

sex differences in, 3064f

worldwide by income group, 1812–1813,

1812f, 1813f, 3706t

depression in, 3547

in diabetes mellitus

cardiomyopathy, 1965

heart failure, 1939, 1939t, 1951

ischemic heart disease, 2040

morbidity and mortality data, 3125–3126

risk factors for, 3126

treatment and prevention of, 3126–3127

diagnosis of, 1797–1798

imaging tests for. See Cardiac imaging

physical examination. See Cardiovascular

system, physical examination of

pitfalls in, 1799

in women vs men, 3064–3065

dyspnea in, 264, 265t, 266

edema in, 276–277, 277t

epidemiologic transition of, 1810–1812, 1811t

epidemiology of, 1802, 1810, 1812f

erectile dysfunction in, 3057

functional classification of, 1797–1798, 1797t,

2033t

global burden of, 1812–1813, 1812f, 3706t, 3711

heart failure. See Heart failure (HF)

in hemochromatosis, 1851, 1882, 1965, 3233

in hypothermia, 3632t

in IBD, 2481t, 2482

immunizations recommendations for, 984f

infections in cancer patient, 561

ischemic. See Ischemic heart disease

ischemic stroke in, 3340–3341, 3341t

as late consequence of cancer/cancer therapy, 1964

in Loeys-Dietz syndrome, 3229

in low- and middle-income countries, 3706t, 3711

in Marfan’s syndrome, 3229

in megaloblastic anemia, 769

metabolic syndrome and, 3151

microbiome and, 3696–3697

myocardial infarction. See Myocardial infarction

(MI)

natural history of, 1797

obesity and, 3086

in osteogenesis imperfecta, 3223

in Paget’s disease of bone, 3211

parasitic infections, 1699t

in pregnancy, 3763–3764

prevention of, 1799, 1813–1814, 3712

rheumatic. See Rheumatic fever, cardiovascular

complications of

in rheumatoid arthritis, 2753

risk factors for, 1813–1814, 3559. See also

Atherosclerosis

diabetes mellitus, 1814. See also Diabetes

mellitus (DM)

diet, 1813

family history, 1798

genetic, 1814

hypercholesterolemia, 1814. See also

Lipoprotein disorders

hypertension, 1814. See also Hypertension

metabolic syndrome, 1797

obesity, 1814. See also Obesity

physical inactivity, 1813–1814

pneumonia, 1010

smoking, 1813. See also Smoking

in sarcoidosis, 2833

in SLE, 2741–2742, 2743t

smoking and, 3563t, 3564

syncope in. See Cardiac syncope

in syphilis. See Syphilis, secondary

in systemic sclerosis, 2782

testosterone therapy and, 3024–3025

thyroid disease and. See Hyperthyroidism;

Hypothyroidism

treatment of, 1799

valvular. See Valvular heart disease

in women, 3064–3066

Cardiovascular health, 9

Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices

(CIEDs)

CMR in patient with, 1840

complications of, 1914

contraindications to, 2264, 2266t

for heart failure, 1951, 1952t

for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1971–1972

indications for, 1914, 2264, 2265t

infective endocarditis in

antimicrobial therapy for, 1030–1031

diagnosis of, 85–86

etiology of, 1023, 1023t

incidence of, 1023

surgical treatment of, 1032–1033

shocks from, 1927, 1928f

for STEMI, 2063, 2064f

for ventricular arrhythmias, 1873, 1914–1915,

1914f

after STEMI, 1916, 1920–1921, 2263

in dilated cardiomyopathy, 1921

electrical storm, 1927

Cardiovascular system

biology of, 1799

assessment of cardiac function, 1808–1810,

1809f

blood vessels. See Blood vessels

cardiac contraction. See Cardiac contraction

control of cardiac performance and output,

1806–1808, 1808f, 1808t

developmental, 1799–1800, 1801f

in hypoxia, 272

INDEX

I-38 Cardiovascular system (Cont.):

imaging of. See Cardiac imaging

physical examination of, 1815

abdomen, 1816

approach to, 1815

arterial pulses, 1818–1819, 1819f, 1820f

auscultation. See Cardiac auscultation

blood pressure, 1818

chest, 1816

extremities, 1816

head and neck, 1816

heart inspection and palpation, 1819

jugular venous pressure and waveform,

1816–1818, 1817f

skin, 1815–1816

in sleep, 207

Cardioversion

anticoagulation before, 1901, 1905

for atrial fibrillation, 1905

for atrial flutter, 1900

for atrial tachycardia, 1893

for preexcited tachycardias, 1897

Caregiver(s), 84–85

Care transitions, for older adults, 3740, 3741t

Carey-Coombs murmur, 284

Carfilzomib

action and targets of, 513t, 515, 552

adverse effects of, 549t, 552, 739, 1964

for multiple myeloma, 515, 549t, 874t, 875

for Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 876

Carglumic acid, 3273

Caries, dental, 256, 1351, A3

Cariprazine, 3555, 3555t

Carisoprodol, 3593t

Carmustine (BCNU), 540t, 561, 711t

Carney syndrome/complex (LAMB/NAME

syndrome)

adrenal nodules in, 2960, 2967, 2991

clinical features of, 2908, 2908t, 2991–2992

genetic considerations in, 2908, 2984t, 2992

myxoma in, 2026

skin manifestations of, 390, 1816

Carnitine metabolism disorders, 1965, 1967

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) deficiency,

3528

l-Carnitine therapy, 82

Caroli’s disease/syndrome, 653, 2354, 2634

Carotene, 2538t

Carotenemia, 2531

Carotenoderma, 315

Carotenoids, 2529

Carotid artery, 1554, 1800

Carotid artery pulse, 1818, 1819f

Carotid atherosclerosis. See also Atherosclerosis

asymptomatic, 3347

risk factors for, 3344

screening for, 3745t

stroke due to, 3340–3341, 3342t

treatment of, 2070, 2070f, 3347

Carotid body, 263, 264f

Carotid cavernous fistula, 228, 229

Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, 1877–1878, 1883

Carotid sinus massage, 158, 1899

Carotid sinus stimulation, 2085

Carpal spasm, 358

Carpal tunnel syndrome

in acromegaly, 2871

in amyloidosis, 883, 3487

clinical features of, 3497–3498

conditions associated with, 2849

diagnosis of, 3498

in hypothyroidism, 2935

neck pain in, 130

in pregnancy, 3767

in systemic sclerosis, 2782

treatment of, 3498

wrist pain in, 2849

Carpenter’s syndrome, 3084t

Carpet beetle, 3615

“Carpet tacking,” 406

Carriers, 2290

Carrión’s disease, 1331t, 1333–1334

CAR T cells. See Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)

T cells

Cartilage

joint failure related to, 2856, 2856f

regeneration of, for osteoarthritis, 2862

Cartilage hair hypoplasia, 444, 2715, S8

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), 3219t

Carvajal syndrome, 1956t

Carvallo’s sign, 280, 283, 1822, 1992

Carvedilol

genetic variations in response to, 476t, 477

for heart failure, 1948t

for hypertension, 2083t, 2084

metabolism of, 467t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3591t

Casal’s necklace, 2527

Cascara, 302, 307

Case-control study, 3659t

Caseous necrosis, 1361

Case reports, 29

CASP1 gene, 2677t

CASP5 gene, 2678t

CASP8 gene, 698

CASP10, 2704t

CASPAR (Classification Criteria for Psoriatic

Arthritis), 2800, 2800t

Caspase, 518, 518f, 2695

Caspase-1, 957

Caspase-8, 518, 519, 534f

Caspase-9, 519, 534f

Caspofungin

for Candida infections, 1675t, 1676, 1676t

for febrile neutropenia, 564

indications for, 1657

for infections in cancer patient, 817

for sepsis/septic shock, 2248t

Caspr2 antibodies, 729t, 731f, 733, 736

CaSR gene mutations, 357, 2659, 2988, 3178,

3186

Castell’s method, splenic percussion, 461

Castelo dos Sonhos virus, 1628t

Castleman’s disease

vs. AA amyloidosis, 882

follicular dendritic cell carcinoma and, 865

HHV-8 infection, 1491

HHV-8 infection and, 841

in HIV infection, 1584

paraneoplastic pemphigus and, 402

vs. TB, 1364

Cast(s), urinary, 337, A4

Cat(s)

bite-wounds, 1125

approach to the patient, 1126

cellulitis in, 1037

infections from, 1125, 1248

microbiology of, 1125

prophylactic therapy, 1126–1127

treatment of, 1039t, 1126, 1127t

cat-scratch disease. See Cat-scratch disease

fleas, 1328, 3614

tapeworms, 1796

in T. gondii life cycle, 1757, 1757f

Catacamas virus, 1628t

Catagen, 3039

Catalepsy, 183

Catamenial epilepsy, 3323

Cataplexy, 157, 209, 210, 215v

Cataract

etiology of, 225

in HCT recipient, 900

radiation-induced, 532

sunflower, 3236

surgical treatment of, 225

visual loss in, 225

Catatonia, 183

Catecholamine(s)

in cardiovascular regulation, 2073

in pheochromocytoma, 2976–2977, 2977t

as tumor marker, 487t

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular

tachycardia, 157, 1925–1926, 2265t

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors,

3395–3396, 3396t

Caterpillar stings/dermatitis, 3615

Cathartics, 3588

Cathepsin K, 3213

Catheter-associated bacteriuria, 1070

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections, 1071,

1077–1078

Catheter-based ablation

for accessory pathways, 1897–1898

for atrial fibrillation, 1907–1909, 1908f, 1909f

for atrial flutter, 1900–1901

for atrial tachycardia, 1894

for AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, 1896

for cardiac arrhythmias, 1870, 1872, 1872f

complications of, 1877, 1909

for PVCs, 1917, 1918f

for sinus tachycardia, 1892

for ventricular arrhythmias, 1915, 1926, 1927

Catheter-related bloodstream infections

A. baumannii, 1277

in cancer patient, 559, 559t, 562

diagnosis of, 1132

enterococcal, 1199

epidemiology of, 1131–1132

exit-site, 559, 559t

gram-negative bacteria in, 1249

in parental nutrition, 2544

pathophysiology of, 1132

prevention of, 52, 1131t, 1132

in transplant recipient, 1145–1146

treatment of, 1132

tunnel-site, 559, 559t

Catheter-related urinary tract infections,

1130–1131, 1131t

Cathinones, 3574, 3575, 3577. See also

Psychostimulants

Cation-exchange resin, for hyperkalemia, 355

Cat-scratch disease, 1328

approach to the patient, 1331

clinical features of, 458, 1037, 1329, 1330f

diagnosis of, 1329

epidemiology of, 1328

etiology of, 1328

in HIV infection, 1580

pathogenesis of, 1328–1329

prevention of, 1331

treatment of, 1331, 1331t

vs. tularemia, 1317

Catu virus, 1627t

Cauda equina syndrome, 121, 126, 167, 168, 568–569

Causalgia, 94, 110

Cautious gait, 174

INDEX

Cavernous angiomas, 3349t, 3353 I-39

Cavernous malformations, 3288f

Cavernous sinus syndrome, 3444, 3444f

Cavernous sinus thrombosis, 978–979, 1124, 3444

CBC (complete blood count), 432, 433t

CBFA2 gene mutations, 3645t

CBG (corticosteroid-binding globulin), 3030

CBG (cortisol-binding globulin), 2958

CBL gene mutations, 861

CBT. See Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

CBT (core body temperature), 3801t, 3803

CCBE1 gene mutations, 2118

CCBs. See Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)

C-C chemokine family, 443, 2687

CCDC134 gene mutations, 3222t

CCGs (clock-controlled genes), 3801, 3801t

CCK (cholecystokinin), 2657, 3081, 3082f

CCK (cholecystokinin)–releasing factor, 2658

CCL2 gene, 1551t, 1554

CCL3 gene, 1551t, 1554

CCL3L1 gene, 1552t

CCL3L gene, 1551t

CCL4L gene, 1551t

CCL5 gene, 1551t

CCND1 gene mutations, 500t, 645, 645t

CCNE1 gene mutations, 644

CCNU (lomustine), 540t, 703

CCPD (continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis), 2321,

2323. See also Peritoneal dialysis

CCR1, 2683t, 2685t

CCR2, 1551t, 1553f, 2683t, 2685t, 3295

CCR3, 1553f, 2683t, 2685t

CCR4, 2683t, 2685t

CCR5 receptor

assays of, 1561

in HIV infection

pathogenesis, 448, 1547, 1547f, 1550, 2701

susceptibility and response, 1551t, 1552t,

1553, 1553f

viral replication cycle, 1528, 1530f

ligands, cell types, and disease connection,

2685t

maraviroc response and, 477t, 1553

source, cell target, and biologic activity,

2683t

CCR6, 2683t, 2685t

CCR6 gene mutations, 2472t

CCR7, 2683t, 2685t

CCR8, 2683t, 2685t

CCR9, 2684t, 2685t

CCR10, 2685t

CCRL2, 1551t, 1554, 1555

CD1a (T6, HTA-1), 2673t

CD1b, 2673t

CD1c, 2673t

CD1d, 2673t

CD2 (T12, LFA-2), 2673t

CD3 (T3, Leu-4), 2673t

CD4 (T4, Leu-3), 2673t

CD4 surface antigen, 1528, 1529f

CD4+ T cells

in adaptive immunity, 1457, 2680f, 2694

in axial spondyloarthritis, 2791

in CLL, 836

definition of, 2671

in drug reactions, 408

epigenetics of, 3796

functions of, 2690

in giant cell arteritis, 2811

in HBV infection, 2568

in HCV infection, 2569

helper, 2672

in HIV infection

dysfunction and depletion, 1539–1540,

1542–1543, 1548–1549

early effects, 1539–1540

early events, 1540f

HIV-specific, 1558

latently infected, resting, 1541–1542, 1542f

for monitoring immunologic competence,

1560, 1561f

viral invasion, 1528, 1529f, 1541

in IgG4-related disease, 2839

in immunity to abscesses, 1057

in M. tuberculosis infection, 1362

in NTM infections, 1393

in nutrition assessment, 2538t

in rheumatoid arthritis, 2756–2757, 2757f

subsets of, 2672

in T. gondii infection, 1759

in transplant rejection, 2327, 2327f

in viral infections, 1457, 1458f

CD4+ T lymphocytopenia, idiopathic, 1584–1585

CD7 (3A1, Leu-9), 2673t

CD8 (T8, Leu-2), 2673t

CD8+ T cells

in adaptive immunity, 1457, 2680f

in axial spondyloarthritis, 2791–2792

in COPD, 2181

definition of, 2671

in drug reactions, 408

epigenetics of, 3796

in HBV infection, 2568

in HCV infection, 2569

in HIV infection, 1541, 1549, 1558

in L. monocytogenes infection, 1209

in M. tuberculosis infection, 1362

in T. gondii infection, 1758, 1759

in transplant rejection, 2327, 2327f

in viral infections, 1457, 1458f

CD14 (LPS-receptor), 2673t, 2674

CD16 (FcγRIIIa), 2676

CD16a (FcγRIIIa), 2673t

CD18 gene mutations, 445

CD19 (B4), 846, 2673t, 2704, 2705f, 3689

CD20 (B1), 514t, 2673t, 2707t

CD21 (B2, C2, EBV-R, C3dR), 2673t

CD22 (BL-CAM), 512, 2673t

CD23 (FcεRII, B6, Leu-20, BLAST-2), 2673t

CD25, 487t, 2704t, 2706, 2707t

CD25 deficiency, 2718

CD28, 2673t, 2702

CD30, 487t, 512

CD32 (FcγRII), 2673t

CD33, 512

CD34 antigen, 898

CD34+ stem cells, 761, 763, 806

CD38, 514t, 835

CD40, 2673t

CD40 deficiency, 444, 2715–2716

CD40 ligand, 921, 2715–2716

CD40 surface antigen, 921

CD45 (LCA, T200, B220), 2673t

CD45RA, 2673t

CD45RB, 2673t

CD45RC, 2673t

CD45RO, 2673t

CD52, 514t, 537, 2707t

CD56, 596, 2676

CD64 (FcγRI), 2673t

CD79b, 512

CD80 (B7-1, BB1), 2673t, 2707t

CD86 (B7-2, B70), 2673t, 2707t

CD89 (FCaR), 2674t

CD95 (APO-1, Fas), 2674t

CD112 (nekton-2, PVRL2), 2674t

CD122 deficiency, 2718

CD134 (OX40), 2674t

CD152 (CTLA-4), 2674t

CD154 (CD40L), 2674t

CD155 (PVR), 2674t

CD223 (LAG-3), 2674t

CD226 (DNAM-1), 2674t

CD252 (OX40L), 2674t

CD272 (BTLA), 2674t

CD274 (PD-L1), 2674t

CD278 (ICOS), 2674t

CD279 (PD-1), 2674t, 2692

CD319, 2708t

CD357 (GTTR), 2674t

CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention (CDC)

CDC73 gene mutations, 2988

CDCA (chenodeoxycholic acid), 2641

CD (cluster of differentiation) classification, 2671,

2673–2674t

CDH1 gene mutations, 503t, 630, 677

CDI. See Clostridioides difficile–associated disease

(CDI)

CDK4 gene mutations, 579, 613t

CDK5RAP2, 3300

CDK6 gene mutations, 613t

CDK12 gene mutations, 695

CDK inhibitors

action and targets of, 509, 548–549t, 552

adverse effects of, 548–549t, 738t, 742

CDKN1C gene mutations, 3654

CDKN1V gene mutations, 664

CDKN2A gene mutations

in bladder cancer, 677

in brain tumors, 702

in carcinoma of unknown primary, 719

in epigenetic differentiation, 3792

in familial melanoma, 503t, 579

in gastric adenocarcinoma, 630f

in hepatocellular carcinoma, 645, 645t

in lung cancer, 597

in pancreatic cancer, 658, 658t

in skin cancer, 419

CDNKIB gene mutations, 2984t, 2990

CDX-2, in carcinoma of unknown primary,

717–718, 718t

CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen), 487t, 642, 659

CEACAMs, 951

CEAP classification, chronic venous insufficiency,

2116, 2117t

CEBPA gene mutations, 809, 809t, 811, 812t

Cefaclor, 394, 408, 1157

Cefadroxil, 254t, 1153, 1186t

Cefamandole, 1157

Cefazolin

for CAPD peritonitis, 1057

for cellulitis, 1039t

indications for, 1156t, 1157, 1162t

for infective endocarditis, 1029t, 1033t

for intraabdominal infections, 947t

prophylactic, 1162t

resistance to, 1156t

for staphylococcal infections, 1186t

Cefdinir, 1158

Cefepime

adverse effects of, 1158

for Citrobacter infections, 1274

for community-acquired pneumonia, 1014t

for Enterobacter infections, 1273

for febrile neutropenia, 563

INDEX

I-40 Cefepime (Cont.):

for gram-negative bacterial infection, 1263–1265

for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 947t

indications for, 1156t, 1158

for intraabdominal infections, 947t

for meningitis, 1103t, 1104, 1104t

for osteomyelitis, 1049t

for P. aeruginosa infections, 1287t

for peritonitis, 1056

for Proteus infections, 1272

resistance to, 1156t, 1165, 1272

for sepsis/septic shock, 947t, 975t, 2248t

for Serratia infections, 1273

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018t

Cefiderocol

for A. baumannii infections, 1277, 1277t

for Acinetobacter infections, 1277

for gram-negative bacterial infections, 1263–1265

indications for, 1157t

for P. aeruginosa infections, 1287t, 1290

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

resistance to, 226, 1164t, 1165f

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018

Cefixime

for enteritic fever, 1295

for gonococcal infections, 1240t

indications for, 1158

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

resistance to, 1081f, 1236, 1240

Cefoperazone, 1158

Cefotaxime

for community-acquired pneumonia, 947t

for enteric fever, 1295

for epiglottitis, 1243

for gonococcal infections, 1240t

indications for, 1158

for infective endocarditis, 1028

for intraabdominal infections, 947t

for leptospirosis, 1421t

for Lyme disease, 1430, 1430f

for meningitis, 1103t, 1104, 1104t, 1105, 1176, 1243

for meningococcal infections, 1231

for nongonococcal bacterial arthritis, 1042

for peritonitis, 324, 1055

for pneumococcal infections, 1175–1176

for yersiniosis, 1327

Cefotetan

indications for, 1156t, 1157

for pelvic inflammatory disease, 1088t, 1089

prophylactic, 1162t

resistance to, 1156t, 1264, 1356

Cefoxitin

for anaerobic bacterial infections, 1356

for bite-wound infections, 1126, 1127t

for gas gangrene, 1039t, 1221t

indications for, 1156t, 1157

for intraabdominal infections, 947t

for NTM infections, 1406

for pelvic inflammatory disease, 1088–1089, 1088t

prophylactic, 1162t

resistance to, 1156t, 1264, 1356

for skin and soft tissue infections, 1040

Cefpirome, 1158

Cefpodoxime, 1014t, 1152t, 1158

Cefprozil, 1157

Ceftaroline

actions of, 1187

adverse effects of, 1158

indications for, 1156t, 1158

for infective endocarditis, 1030

for MRSA infections, 1166, 1186t, 1187

resistance to, 1156t, 1166

Ceftazidime

for CAPD peritonitis, 1057

for community-acquired pneumonia, 1014t

for febrile neutropenia, 563, 1287t

for glanders, 1287t

for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 947t

indications for, 1156t, 1158

for intraabdominal infections, 947t

for melioidosis, 1287t

for meningitis, 1103t, 1104, 1104t

for nongonococcal bacterial arthritis, 1042

for osteomyelitis, 1049t

for P. aeruginosa infections, 1287t

for peritonitis, 1056

resistance to, 1156t

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018t

Ceftazidime-avibactam

indications for, 1156t, 1158, 1263

for P. aeruginosa infections, 1287t, 1290

for peritonitis, 1055, 1056

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

resistance to, 1156t

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018

Ceftizoxime, 1240t, 1343t

Ceftolozane-tazobactam

indications for, 1156t, 1158

for P. aeruginosa infections, 1287t, 1290

for peritonitis, 1055, 1056

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

resistance to, 1156t

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018

Ceftriaxone

for actinomycosis, 1343, 1343t

for Bartonella endocarditis, 1331t

for Carrión’s disease, 1331t

for chancroid, 1091t, 1244

for community-acquired pneumonia, 947t

drug interactions of, 1155t

empirical uses of, 947t, 975t

for enteric fever, 1294t, 1295

for enterococcal infections, 1201t, 1202

for epididymitis, 1082

for epidural abscess, 947t, 975t

for epiglottitis, 1243

for gonococcal infections, 1043, 1082t, 1088,

1239–1240, 1240t

indications for, 1156t, 1158

for infective endocarditis, 947t, 975t

Bartonella, 1030t

enterococcal, 1028

HACEK, 1029t, 1247, 1247t

staphylococcal, 1028

streptococcal, 1029t

for intraabdominal infections, 947t

for intracranial infections, 975t

for leptospirosis, 1421t

for Lyme disease, 1043, 1430, 1430f

for meningitis

H. influenzae, 1243

as initial empirical therapy, 947t, 975t, 1103t,

1104

N. meningitides, 1104–1105, 1105t

S. pneumoniae, 1104–1105, 1104t, 1176

for meningococcal infections, 1231

for meningococcal prophylaxis, 1234

for Nocardia infections, 1336t, 1339

for nongonococcal bacterial arthritis, 1042

for nontyphoidal Salmonella infections, 997t

for osteomyelitis, 1049t, 1050t

for otitis media, 250

for pelvic inflammatory disease, 1088–1089,

1088t, 3038

for peritonitis, 1055, 1056

for pneumococcal infections, 1175–1176

for post-splenectomy sepsis, 975t

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

for proctitis, 1092

prophylactic, 1033t, 1105

for purpura fulminans, 975t

for relapsing fever, 1424f, 1425

resistance to, 1081f, 1156t, 1236, 1296, 1336t

for sepsis/septic shock, 2248t

for Shigella infections, 1301t

for syphilis, 1412

for Whipple’s disease, 1347

for yersiniosis, 1327

Cefuroxime

for bite-wound infections, 1126

for community-acquired pneumonia, 1014t

indications for, 1157

for intraabdominal infections, 947t

for Lyme disease, 1429, 1430f

for pneumococcal infections, 1175–1176

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

for sinusitis, 252

Celecoxib

adverse effects of, 94–96

genetic variations in response to, 476t

for gout, 2864l

for osteoarthritis, 2861

for pain, 94–96, 95t

for polyposis syndromes, 638

Celiac disease (gluten-induced enteropathy), 2463

clinical features of, 2463

ataxia, 3423

diarrhea, 303, 2463

dyspepsia, 295

hypokalemia, 349

neuropathy, 3489–3490

oral, 257

cobalamin malabsorption in, 772

complications of, 2464, 2995, 3017

diagnosis of, 2463

barium radiography in, 2462f

endoscopic, 2416, 2420f

small-intestinal mucosal biopsies in, 2465f,

2469, 2469t

tTg antibody test in, 2995

diseases associated with, 2463

APS-2, 2994, 2994t, 2995t

dermatitis herpetiformis, 403, 2463

diabetes, 2463

enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma and, 851, 858

epidemiology of, 303, 2463

genetic considerations in, 2463, 2995t

vs. IBS, 2493

immunology of, 2695, 2696t

inflammasome mutations in, 2677t

pathology of, 303

refractory, 2464

treatment of, 296, 306, 2464

vitamin A deficiency in, 2530

vitamin K deficiency in, 2532

Cell cycle

in cancer cells, 508t, 509–510

checkpoints, 501, 509–510

DNA replication in, 3642, 3642f

segregation of mtDNA in, 3670

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA)

clinical applications of, 3836, 3837f

contribution of clonal hematopoiesis of

indeterminate potential to, 3839, 3839f

in oncology, 3836–3838, 3837f. See also

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)

INDEX

in prenatal medicine, 3844–3845 I-41

in transplantation

for detection of acute allograft rejection,

3840–3842, 3841f

for monitoring host immunity, 3843

for monitoring microbial diversity and

infection, 3842–3843, 3842f, 3843f

Cell-free RNA, 3845

Cell growth/death pathways, 534, 534f

Cell lysis, in hypothermia, 3631

Cell-mediated immunity, 532, 1361, 1556t, 1558

Cell necrosis, 2671

Cellular metabolism, genetic defects of, 1956t

Cellular senescence, 510–511, 518, 3735

Cellular transport, 2289

Cellulitis

anaerobic bacterial, 1354

in cancer patient, 558–559

clostridial, 1225

diagnosis of, 1037

differential diagnosis of, 396

E. coli, 1267

etiology of, 1036f, 1037–1038

H. influenzae, 1242

Klebsiella, 1271

Nocardia, 1337–1338, 1339t

pathophysiology of, 1034f, 1037

periorbital, 228, 1037

sterile, 410

streptococcal, 1037, 1192–1193

in transplant recipient, 1143

treatment of, 1037–1038, 1039t, 1191t

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors, 1148, 1164t, 1165f

Cementum, 256

Cemiplimab, 536f, 576, 588, 2275

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

on antibiotic resistance threats, 1134, 1134t,

1168–1169, 1168t

infection-control guidance and oversight, 1128

Vaccines & Immunizations site, 986

Centipede bite, 3615

Central airway obstruction, 2215–2216, 2215f,

2215t

Central cord syndrome, 3446

Central cyanosis, 274–275, 274t, 1815. See also

Cyanosis

Central fever, 185

Central hypoventilation syndrome, 2204

Central nervous system (CNS)

cytokine production in, 131

in hypothermia, 3632t

in hypoxia, 272

lymphatic structures of, 3295–3296

paraneoplastic disorders of. See Paraneoplastic

syndromes, neurologic

vasculitis of. See Vasculitis, primary CNS

Central nervous system (CNS) cancer. See also

specific types and sites

brain tumors. See Brain tumors

deaths from, 481t, 484t

dementia in, 3377

incidence of, 481t

lymphoma. See Primary central nervous system

lymphoma (PCNSL)

metastatic, 570

Central nervous system (CNS) infections

actinomycosis, 1342

anaerobic bacterial, 1352, 1356

Aspergillus, 1678, A16

brain abscess. See Brain abscess

in cancer patient, 560, 560t

cranial epidural abscess, 1122–1123, 1123f

dementia due to, 3376

empyema. See Subdural empyema

encephalitis. See Encephalitis

intracranial, 975t, 978–979

L. monocytogenes, 1210

meningitis. See Meningitis

M. tuberculosis, 1365–1366

mucormycosis, 1682–1683, 1683f

mumps, 1617

neurocysticercosis. See Neurocysticercosis

Nocardia, 1337

nontyphoidal Salmonella, 1297

P. aeruginosa, 1287t, 1288

rabies. See Rabies

sarcoidosis, 1115t

sporotrichosis, 1687, 1687t

T. gondii, 1760, 1760f, 1761t

in transplant recipient, 2275

treatment of, 1356

T. whipplei, 1345

VZV, 1479. See also Herpes zoster

Central pontine myelinolysis (osmotic

demyelination syndrome), 344, 346,

2273, 2273f, 3356, S1

Central precocious puberty, 3011. See also

Precocious puberty

Central retinal artery occlusion, 221–222, 222f

Central retinal vein occlusion, 222, 222f

Central sensitization, 91

Central sleep apnea, 209, 1936, 1939, 2207f, 2209

Central tolerance, 2705, 2706t

Central transtentorial herniation, 184, 184f

Central venous catheter

infections related to. See Catheter-related

bloodstream infections

for parenteral nutrition, 2543

in shock, 2240

superior vena cava syndrome and, 566

Central venous pressure (CVP), 1816–1817, 2221

Centromere-associated proteins, 2696t, 2776t

Cepacia syndrome, 1287t, 1290

Cephalexin

for atopic dermatitis, 375

for endocarditis prophylaxis, 1033t

for impetigo, 1192

indications for, 1153

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

for staphylococcal skin/soft tissue infections,

948t, 1186t

for streptococcal pharyngitis, 254t

Cephalosporins

actions of, 1148, 1164t

adverse effects of, 386, 402, 411, 444, 563, 1158,

2301

for community-acquired pneumonia, 1014t

cross-sensitivity to, 416

for diverticular disease, 2499

for gonococcal infections, 1239–1240, 1240t

for gram-negative bacterial infections, 1248t

indications for, 1157–1158

for infections in cancer patient, 563–564

for mastoiditis, 251

for nongonococcal bacterial arthritis, 1042

for otitis media, 250

for plague, S3

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

resistance to, 1028

in Acinetobacter spp., 1277

in Enterobacter spp., 1273

in Enterobacteriaceae, 1264, 1264t

in gonococcal infections, 1236

mechanisms of, 1164t, 1165–1166

in Salmonella, 1295

in S. pneumoniae, 1104

for staphylococcal infections, 1185

Cerebellar ataxia

balance in, 176

etiology of, 3422–3423, 3423t

gait disorders in, 175, 176t

Cerebellar degeneration/atrophy

in alcohol use disorder, 3558

disease-modifying protein identification in,

3814

falls in, 157

gait disorders in, 175, 176t

paraneoplastic, 599, 734, 2697t

Cerebellar hemorrhage, 187, 3349. See also

Intracranial hemorrhage

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, 3349t, 3350, 3372,

3382

Cerebral angiography. See Angiography, cerebral

Cerebral arterial gas embolism, 3629

Cerebral arteriopathy, 3289f, A16

Cerebral artery(ies), 3326f. See also Middle cerebral

artery

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy

with subcortical infarcts and

leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL),

3343–3344, 3377, A16

Cerebral blood flow, 2076, 2086, 2268–2269, 2268f

Cerebral contusion, 3458, 3458f

Cerebral edema

after subarachnoid hemorrhage, 3354

high-altitude, 272, 3617, 3618f, 3618t

in hyponatremia, 343

Cerebral hemispheres, 195f, 3326–3327f

Cerebral herniation, 184, 184f

Cerebral ischemia, 3324, 3336f

Cerebral malaria, 979

Cerebral microbleeds, 3382, 3383f

Cerebral palsy, 174

Cerebral perfusion pressure, 2268

Cerebral salt wasting, 342

Cerebral small-vessel disease, 3382–3383,

3383–3384f

Cerebral venous sinuses, 1123, 1123f

Cerebritis, 1117, 1118

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

in bacterial meningitis, 944, 946t, 1103, 1103t, S2

in chronic meningitis, 1112–1114, 1113–1114t

in coma, 187

in delirium, 181

in dementia, 194

in encephalitis, 944, 946t

in fever of unknown origin, 147

in fungal meningitis, S2

in Guillain-Barré syndrome, 3503

in HIV infection, 1576

inflammatory profile in, S2

in meningococcal disease, 1230

in MS, 3466

in neurocysticercosis, S2

in neuromyelitis optica, S2

in neurosarcoidosis, S2

in neurosyphilis, S2

normal values, 946t, S9

in parasite infections, S12

in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy,

1099

in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 977

specimen collection and transport, S11

in subacute meningitis, 1109

in viral encephalitis, 1094–1095

in viral meningitis, 1106

INDEX

I-42 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, 115, 115f, 3376,

3457

Cerebrovascular diseases, 3324. See also Stroke

approach to the patient, 3324–3325, 3325f

deaths from, 3706t

definition of, 3324

dementia associated with. See Vascular dementia

global considerations in, 3324, 3706t

incidence of, 3324

seizures due to, 3310

types of, 3324

vascular anomalies, 3282–3353, 3349t

Ceritinib, 513t, 545t, 606

Cerivastatin, 1703t

Cerliponase alfa, 3260

Certolizumab

actions of, 2707t

adverse effects of, 379t, 448, 2485, 2487t, 2489,

2762t

for axial spondyloarthritis, 2794

for IBD, 2485, 2487t

for IBD-associated arthritis, 2802

indications for, 2707t

for psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis, 379t

for rheumatoid arthritis, 2761, 2762t, 2763

testing before and during treatment, 2487t

Ceruloplasmin, 319, 3236

Cerumen impaction, 242

Cervical adenopathy, 591, 591f, 717

Cervical angina syndrome, 128

Cervical cancer, 698

clinical features of, 699

deaths from, 484t

diagnosis of, 699

epidemiology of, 698, 1498

etiology of, 698

genetic considerations in, 698, 3654f

HIV infection and, 1499, 1584

HPV in. See Human papillomavirus (HPV)

infection, cervical cancer and

incidence of, 482, 484t, 698

KIRs with, 2687t

lifetime risk of, 38t

paraneoplastic syndromes in, 722t

in pregnancy, 3766t

prevention of, 493, 698

prognosis of, 696t

risk factors for, 698–699

screening for, 37, 39t, 495t, 496–497, 699, 1502,

3745t

staging of, 699, 699f

treatment of, 699

Cervical collar, 129

Cervical dystonia, 3402

Cervical spine

atlantoaxial involvement in rheumatoid arthritis,

2752

disk disease, 127–128, 127t

lesions of, 3446

trauma to, 127

Cervical venous hum, 1822

Cervicitis, mucopurulent, 1080t, 1086, 1086f, 1237,

1447, 1449t

Cervix, ectopy of, 1086–1087

CESD (cholesteryl ester storage disease, lysosomal

acid lipase deficiency), 3257t, 3260

Cesium-137 exposure, S5

Cestodes/cestode infections, 1696–1697, 1769,

1790

coenurosis, 1796

Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), 772,

1697, 1700t, 1796, S12

Dipylidium caninum/dipylidiasis, 1796

Echinococcus. See Echinococcosis (hydatid

disease)

Hymenolepiasis diminuta, 1796

Hymenolepiasis nana (dwarf tapeworm), 945t,

1697, 1710, 1794–1795, S12

by organ system and signs/symptoms,

1699–1700t

sparganosis, 1796

Taenia spp. See under Taenia

Cetirizine, 2723

CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein), 3137,

3137f

Cetuximab

actions and targets of, 514t, 536f, 537

adverse effects of, 577, 593, 642, 739, 2728

for colorectal cancer, 514t, 537, 642

genetic variations in response to, 477t

for head and neck cancer, 593

for Ménétrier’s disease, 2458

for squamous cell carcinoma, 588

Cevimeline, 261, 2789

CF. See Cystic fibrosis (CF)

CFI gene mutations, S2

cfDNA. See Cell-free DNA (cfDNA)

C fibers, 91, 92

CFTR gene mutations

in cystic fibrosis, 477t, 951, 2176–2178, 2177f,

2178f, 3643f, 3649

genetic testing for, S10

malaria resistance and, 3657

in pancreatitis, 2659, 2665

types of, 3649

CFTR protein

in cystic fibrosis, 2176, 2177f, 2178, 2180v

P. aeruginosa and, 1285

CGDs. See Chronic granulomatous diseases

(CGDs)

C gene, of HBV, 2563, 2564f

cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate), 1935,

2128, 3056–3057, 3056f

CGRP (calcitonin gene–related peptide), 92, 3172

CGRP receptor antagonists (gepants), 3362t,

3363–3364, 3365t

CHA2

DS2

-VASc score, 1906, 1906t, 3340, 3341t

Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), 1748

approach to the patient, 1750

cardiac manifestations of, 1699t, 1751, 1751f,

1882, 1921, 1961

clinical features of, 1750, 1750t

diagnosis of, 1750–1751, 1751t, S12

differential diagnosis of, 2427

epidemiology of, 1749, S12

global considerations in, 1753

in HIV infection, 1579

inflammasome mutations in, 2677t

pathology of, 1749–1750, 1749f

prevention of, 1752–1753

prognosis of, 1750t

staging of, 950, 1750t

transmission of, 896t, 1749

treatment of, 1707, 1711, 1751–1752, 1752t, 1961

Chagoma, 1750t

Chagres virus, 1629t

Chalazion, 220

Chamomile, 454t

Chancre

syphilitic, 257, 258t, 1408, 1408f, A1, A5

trypanosomal, 1754, A1

Chancroid

clinical features of, 1037, 1089, 1089f, 1091t,

1244, 1244f, A5

diagnosis of, 1090, 1244

epidemiology of, 1087–1088, 1244

etiology of, 1244

global considerations in, 1089

in HIV infection, 1571

lymphadenopathy in, 458

treatment of, 1090–1091, 1091t, 1244

Chandipura virus, 1630t, 1638

Channelopathy(ies)

in cardiomyopathy, 1955, 1956t

genetic considerations in, 780–781

muscular, 3530

renal disease in, 2284t

Chapare virus, 1626t

Charcot foot, 1053, 1053f

Charcot joint (neuropathic joint disease), 2873,

2874f, 2874t

Charcot-Leyden crystals, 304, 449, 1679

Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease

classification of, 3483–3485, 3484–3485t

genetic considerations in, 3484–3485t, 3647

mitochondrial dysfunction in, 3298

phenotypic heterogeneity in, 3649, 3650t

Charcot’s triad, 2410, 2650

CHARGE (colomba of the eye, heart anomaly,

choanal atresia, retardation, genital and

ear anomalies) syndrome, 2714, S8

Charter on Medical Professionalism, 6

Chart review, 29

CHD. See Congenital heart disease (CHD)

CHD7 deficiency, 2714

CHD7 gene mutations, 3014, 3015t, S8

Checkpoint inhibition therapy, 2591, 2702–2704,

2703f, 2705t. See also CTLA-4 antibodies;

PD-1 antibodies

Chédiak-Higashi syndrome

cellular/molecular defects in, 446t, 447, 2678

clinical features of, 257, 446t, 447, 2718, S8

diagnosis of, 425, 430f, 446t, 447f, 449

lymphoid malignancies in, 842, 842t

treatment of, 2528

Cheek, traumatic lesion inside of, A3

Cheese washer’s lung, 2160t

Cheilitis

actinic, 587, 587f

angular, A3

in candidiasis, 260t

Cheilosis, 257, 750

CHEK2 gene mutations, 3662

Chelation therapy, 763, 3579, 3580t, 3582, S5

Chemical burn, oral, 259t

Chemical restraints, 182

Chemical terrorism/chemical weapons, 3592t, S4,

S7

Chemical Warfare Convention, S4

Chemical worker’s lung, 2160, 2160t

“Chemo brain,” 621, 742

Chemo cap, 555

Chemokine(s)

in asthma, 2151

definition of, 2671

functions of, 443

in HIV infection. See CCR5 receptor, in HIV

infection

in pneumonia, 1009–1010

receptors, 2685t

Chemoreceptors, 263

Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), 80, 291, 554

Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), 2641

Cherry angioma, 370t

Cherry hemangioma, 396, A5

Cherry red spot, A15

INDEX

Chest compressions, 2261 I-43

Chest discomfort/pain, 100

approach to the patient, 103, 103t

cardiac biomarkers, 106

chest radiography, 106

clinical algorithms, 106, 107f, 2049f

CMR, 108, 1846, 1847f, 1859v

CT angiography, 107, 1845, 1845f, 1846, 1847f

ECG, 105–106

echocardiography, 106–107, A9

in the emergency department, 1846

history, 103–105, 104f

in patients with known CAD, 1845–1846,

1845f

in patients without known CAD, 1845

physical examination, 105

stress testing, 106–107, 1843–1844, 1845f

of cardiopulmonary origin, 101t

aortic disease, 102, 104

exertional, 1797

lung cancer, 598, 598t

mechanisms of, 102

myocardial ischemia. See Angina; Myocardial

infarction (MI)

non-ischemic myocardial disease, 102

pericardial disease, 102, 104, 2019, 2033, 2054,

2064

pneumothorax, 103

pulmonary embolism, 102

respiratory disease, 102–103, 2131–2132

critical pathways for, 108

with dysphagia, 290

epidemiology of, 100, 100f

of gastrointestinal origin, 101t

esophageal disorders, 103, 105, 2424, 2427

GERD, 103, 104, 295, 2429

hepatobiliary disorders, 103, 105

pancreatitis, 103

incidence of, 100

of musculoskeletal origin

costochondritis, 103

herpes zoster, 103

myocardial infarction probability with, 104f

natural history of, 100

of neuromuscular origin, 101t

outpatient evaluation of, 108

in pericarditis, 2019

of psychological origin, 101t, 103, 3541

in sickle cell anemia, 760

Chest pain units, 108, 2048

Chest physiotherapy, 2175, 2179

Chest radiography, A12

in anthrax, S3

in ARDS, 2226f

in asthma, 2155

in cardiogenic shock, 2251

in chest pain evaluation, 106

in cough evaluation, 268–269

in COVID-19 disease, 1509, A12

in drowning, A12

in dyspnea, 266

in heart failure, 1938

in hemoptysis, 271

in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 2161

in interstitial lung disease, 2192

in Legionella pneumonia, 1254, 1254f

in lung cancer screening, 497, 597, 598t

normal, A12

in PCP, 1692, 1694f

in pleural effusion, A12

in pneumococcal pneumonia, 1174, 1175f

in pneumoperitoneum, 1055f

in pulmonary hypertension, 2122, 2124f

in respiratory disease evaluation, 2133, 2143,

2143f

in thoracic lymphadenopathy, 459

Chest tightness, 263, 264f

Chest trauma, 2028–2029, 2102

Chest tube drainage, for pleural effusion, 489

Chest wall

abnormality of, ventilatory restriction due to,

2137–2138, 2202

compliance of, 2134, 2222

disorders of, 263, 265t

pressure-volume curves of, 2134f

tenderness in, 105

trauma to, 279

Chewing tobacco, 490, 3564

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

in central sleep apnea, 2207f, 2209

in coma, 187

in heart failure, 1936

in terminally ill patient, 88, 88t

CHF (congestive heart failure). See Heart failure

(HF)

Chiari malformation, 230, 3453, 3453f, V3

Chiasmal tumors, 227

Chiasmata, 3642

Chiauranib, 652f

Chickenpox. See Varicella

Chief cells, 2437

Chiggers, 3609

Chigoe flea, 3614–3615

Chikungunya virus infection

climate change and, 1005

clinical features of, 136t, 142, 393, 1044, 1633, A1

epidemiology of, 136t, 141, 1005, 1094, 1633

reservoirs and vectors of, 1625t, 1633

treatment of, 1633

Chilblains (pernio), 2113f, 2114, 3634, 3635

Child abuse, 68, 1126, 1238, 3556

Child-Pugh score, in liver disease, 648, 2452, 2552t

Children

atopic dermatitis in, 374

drug use in, 471

ECG in, A7

fever treatment in, 133

GH deficiency in, 2899

Graves’ disease in, 2942

HIV infection in, 1537, 1539f

hypothyroidism in, 2935

infectious diarrhea in, 1063

liver transplantation in, 2634, 2634t

malaria in, 1726, 1726t

mortality rates in, 3704, 3721f, 3724f

nutrient requirements in, 2519–2521t

rheumatic fever in, 2766

seizures in, 3309–3310, 3310t

smoking in, 490

Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score, 2635

Chile, 3724

Chilean Rose tarantula, 3613

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells

action and targets of, 514t, 528, 536f, 538, 2701,

2704–2705, 2705f

adverse effects of, 528, 538, 571, 575, 738t, 739,

2275–2276

for ALL, 833, 833t

for CLL, 840

definition of, 2701

for DLBCL, 847, 3689

for follicular lymphoma, 848

for Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 854

for multiple myeloma, 875, 3689

Chimpanzee, as HIV reservoir, 1531

China, 50, 3724–3725, 3725f

Chinese herbal nephropathy, 2301, 2362

Chios virus, 1629t

CHIP (clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate

potential), 809, 1814–1815, 3839, 3839f

CHIPS, 1180

Chiropractic, 3785t, 3789

Chlamydia spp.

apoptosis inhibition by, 957

growth cycle of, 1444–1445, 1445f

microbiology of, 1444–1445, 1445f

survival in cytosol, 953

survival in vacuole, 952

Chlamydia pneumoniae infections, 254, 397, 2189,

3696

Chlamydia psittaci, 1444

Chlamydia trachomatis, 956, 963, 1444

Chlamydia trachomatis infections

anorectal, 1091–1092

cutaneous, 392, 397

genitourinary, 1445

diagnosis of, 963, 1448–1449, 1449t, S11

epidemiology of, 1079, 1445–1446

epididymitis, 1082, 1446

global considerations in, 1445–1446

with gonococcal infection, 1240, 1240t

incidence of, 1079

lymphogranuloma venereum. See

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)

mucopurulent cervicitis, 1447

partner-delivered therapy for, 1450

pathogenesis of, 1445

proctitis, 1447

salpingitis, 1087

screening for, 39t, 1092, 1450

spectrum of, 1445

treatment of, 1081–1082, 1082t, 1449–1450

urethral syndrome in women, 1447–1448

urethritis, 1080, 1081, 1446

in immunocompromised patients, 561, 561t

inflammasome mutations in, 2677t

in neonates, 1448, 1449t, 1450

pelvic inflammatory disease. See Pelvic

inflammatory disease (PID)

perihepatitis, 1447

in pregnancy, 1448

prevention of, 1450

reactive arthritis and, 1446–1447, 2797

trachoma, 182, 1450–1451

Chlamydophila pneumoniae infections, 1451–1452

Chlamydophila psittaci, 841, 849

Chloral hydrate, 3593t

Chlorambucil, 540t, 571, 839

Chloramphenicol

actions of, 1149, 1164t

adverse effects of, 1154t, 1161

aplastic anemia, 793t

bone marrow failure, 810

neutropenia, 444

optic neuropathy, 223

pure red cell aplasia, 798t

for anaerobic bacterial infections, 1356, 1356t

for Carrión’s disease, 1331t

for donovanosis, 1335

drug interactions of, 1161

for enteric fever, 1294t

indications for, 1157t, 1161

for meningitis, 1243

for meningococcal infections, 1231

for plague, 1324, 1324t, S3

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

INDEX

I-44 Chloramphenicol (Cont.):

for relapsing fever, 1424f

resistance to, 1164t, 1165f, 1167, 1356t

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1434

for scrub typhus, 1437

for tick-borne spotted fevers, 1435

for tularemia, 1319t, S3

Chlordiazepoxide

for alcohol withdrawal, 3561

for anxiety disorders, 3544t

overdosage/poisoning with, 3592t

pharmacology of, 3544t

Chlorhexidine bath, 1132

Chlorhexidine mouthwash, 237

Chloride

recommended intake of, 2520t

renal transport of, 2290f, 2291–2292

Chloride channel activators. See Lubiprostone

Chloride channel disorders, 3530

Chloridorrhea, congenital, 303

Chlorine, as chemical terrorism agent, S4

2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine, 540t, 543

Chloroma, cutaneous (granulocytic sarcoma), 396

Chloroquine

actions of, 1707–1708

adverse effects of

bone marrow failure, 793t

cardiac, 1964

common, 1732t

cutaneous, 391

hair discoloration, 410

myopathy, 3531t

neuropathy, 3492, 3494t

occasional, 1702t, 1735

ocular, 227, 1735

rare, 1702t, 1708, 1732t

drug interactions of, 1702t

genetic variations in response to, 477t

for hypercalcemia, 357

for malaria, 1702t, 1730t, 1731, 1732t

for malaria prophylaxis, 1734t, 1735

overdosage/poisoning with, 3595t

pharmacology of, 1708, 1732t

for porphyria cutanea tarda, 3245

resistance to, 1731, 1735

for SLE, 2746

for Whipple’s disease, 1347

Chlorproguanil, 1704t

Chlorpromazine

adverse effects of, 3554, 3555t

cutaneous, 409, 410

hepatic, 319

lupus syndrome, 2847t

photoallergy, 422t

for delirium, 83, 83t

for dyspnea, 81

for medication-overuse headache, 115

for migraine, 3362t, 3364

for nausea and vomiting, 80

overdosage/poisoning with, 3590t, 3591t

for schizophrenia, 3554, 3555t

Chlorpropamide, 905t

Chlorthalidone, 2083t, 2084

Choclo virus, 1628t

Choking/pulmonary-damaging agents, S4

Cholangiocarcinoma, 653

classification of, 653, 653f, 654f

diagnosis of, 654

epidemiology of, 653–654

extrahepatic, 320, 656

intrahepatic, 654–655

molecular drivers of, 654

pathogenesis of, 653, 654f

risk factors for, 653

in sclerosing cholangitis, 2652

staging of, 653, 655, 2395f

treatment of, 655–656, 655f, 2395f, 2640

Cholangiopancreatography

endoscopic. See Endoscopic retrograde

cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

magnetic resonance. See Magnetic resonance

cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

Cholangitis

abdominal pain in, 111t

ascending, 2410

in choledocholithiasis, 2394f, 2650

IgG4-associated, 320, 2666

immunoglobulin G4–associated, 2652

in parasitic infections, 1700t

primary biliary, 319, 391, 2615, 2627, 2696t, A13

primary sclerosing. See Primary sclerosing

cholangitis (PSC)

in transplant recipient, 1141t, 1145

Cholecystectomy

complications of, 2646, 2648–2649

for gallbladder cancer, 656

for hyperplastic cholecystoses, 2649

indications for, 2646

with splenectomy, in hereditary spherocytosis,

780

Cholecystitis, 2646

acalculous, 2647

chronic, 2647

clinical features of, 103, 111, 111t, 292, 2646–2647

complications of, 267–268

diagnosis of, 112, 2647

differential diagnosis of, 2579

emphysematous, 2647

treatment of, 2647, 2648

Cholecystokinin (CCK), 2436f, 2657, 3081, 3082f

Cholecystokinin (CCK)–releasing factor, 2658

Cholecystopathy, acalculous, 2647

Cholecystosis(es), hyperplastic, 2649

Choledochal cysts, 2649

Choledocholithiasis, 320, 2646f, 2649

Cholelithiasis. See Gallstone(s)

Cholera, 1305

clinical features of, 300t, 1064t, 1306–1307,

1307f, 1307t

diagnosis of, 1307

differential diagnosis of, 300t

epidemiology of

climate change and, 1006–1007, 1008f

environmental factors, 1305

genomics in, 970, 971f

historical studies, 969

global considerations in, 1305–1306, 1306f

microbiome and, 3699

pancreatic, 303

pathogenesis of, 1306. See also Vibrio cholerae

prevention of, 1308–1309. See also Cholera

vaccine

treatment of, 1307–1326, 1307t, 1308t

Cholera gravis, 1305, 1306

Cholera vaccine

for international travelers, 992t, 994

killed whole-cell, 1308

live attenuated viral, 1308

Cholestasis

benign postoperative, 320

benign recurrent intrahepatic, 319–321, 2561,

2561t, 2641

drug-induced, 319, 2584, 2586, 2586t, 2587t,

2589–2590

dyslipidemia and, 3144–3145

extrahepatic, 319, 319t, 320

imaging in, 319

intrahepatic, 319–320, 319t

jaundice in, 319–320

liver function tests in, 2554–2555, 2556t

during parenteral nutrition, 2544

of pregnancy, 320, 2644, 3767

progressive familial intrahepatic, 319–321,

2561–2562, 2561t

Cholestatic diseases, 2547, 2547t. See also Liver

disease/failure

Cholestatic hepatitis, 2577–2578

Cholesteatoma, 239, 250

Cholesterol absorption inhibitor. See Ezetimibe

Cholesterol emboli

clinical features of, 2348

in kidney, 2336t, 2348, A4

skin manifestations of, 399

Cholesterolosis, 2649

Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYPIIa),

2696t

Cholesterol stones, gallbladder, 2643–2644, 2643f,

2644t. See also Gallstone(s)

Cholesteryl ester storage disease (lysosomal acid

lipase deficiency), 3139t, 3142–3143,

3257t, 3260

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), 3137, 3137f

Cholestyramine

adverse effects of, 304, 3142t

drug interactions of, 471t

for IBS, 2494, 2496t

for lipoprotein disorders, 3142t, 3149–3150

for metabolic syndrome, 3156

for pruritus, 2652

vitamin A absorption and, 2529

Cholic acid, 2642

Choline, 2519t, 2528

Cholinergic receptors, 2244

Cholinergic urticaria, 394, 2722

Cholinesterase inhibitors

for AD, 3374

adverse effects of, 3374, 3514, 3753

for dementia, 195, 3752–3753

for dementia with Lewy bodies, 3386

for myasthenia gravis, 3513–3514

Chondritis, 2827, 2827f

Chondrocalcinosis, 350, 2866

Chondrocyte(s), 2856, 2856f, 2862

Chondrodysplasia(s), 3228

Chondrodysplasia punctata, fetal, 3764

Chondroitin, 330, 2862

Chondromatosis, synovial, 2877

Chondrosarcoma, 503t, 715

Choose My Plate, 2522–2523, 2522t

CHOP regimen, 848, 850, 851, 856, 857

Chordoma, 714, 2906–2907

Chorea(s), 3404

childhood-onset, 3406

clinical features of, 3401t

disorders associated with, 3406

drug-related, 3406

Huntington’s disease. See Huntington’s disease

Sydenham’s, 2732, 2768, 3406

treatment of, 2769

Chorea-acanthocytosis, 3406

Choriocarcinoma. See also Gestational

trophoblastic disease

diagnosis of, 690

ovarian, 698

paraneoplastic syndromes in, 722t

parasellar, 2907

INDEX

Choriomeningitis, lymphocytic, 1044, 1114t I-45

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), 3660

Chorioretinopathy, central serous, 226

Choroid

gyrate atrophy of, 3270t

melanoma of, 227, 227f

Choroidal artery infarct, A16

Chrm1, 3293

CHRNA4 gene mutations, 3308t

CHRNA5 gene mutations, 3537

Chromatin

in cancer cells, 516, 517f

in DNA, 3644, 3646f

modification, 505t, 3790–3791

in tumors of unknown cell origin, 3792

Chromatin-modifying agents, 549–550t, 552

Chromatography, 3833, 3833f

Chromium, 491t, 2520t, 2533t, 2534, 3582

Chromobacterium violaceum, 1248t, 1249

Chromoblastomycosis, 1654t, 1688

Chromogranin

in carcinoma of unknown primary, 718t, 720

in lung cancer, 596

in NETs, 667–668

Chromophobe tumors, renal, 194, 675t

Chromophores, 418

Chromosomal sex, 2997f, 2998

Chromosome(s)

analysis of, 3651t

crossing-over and recombination of, 3642, 3644f

imprinting in, 3645, 3647f

instability of, 501. See also Cancer genetics

replication of, 3640

structure of, 3640, 3641f

Chromosome abnormalities/disorders. See also

Genetic disorders; specific diseases

in cancer, 500t

contiguous gene syndromes, 3651

copy number variations, 3641, 3644f

diagnosis of, 3651t

incidence of, 3651

mosaicism, 3653

in radiation-exposed patient, S5

in sex chromosomes, 2998t. See also Disorders of

sex development (DSDs)

single-nucleotide polymorphisms. See Singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

translocation, 500, 500t, 501f

unequal crossing-over, 3646–3647

Chromothripsis, 501

Chronic beryllium disease/toxicity, 397, 2170

Chronic bronchitis, 268, 270, 2171t, 2180

Chronic Care Model, 53, 53f

Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. See

Discoid (chronic cutaneous) lupus

erythematosus

Chronic disease, aging and, 3736

Chronic disease–related malnutrition, 2535

Chronic disease risk reduction intake, 2518

Chronic eosinophilic leukemia, 803, 863, 863t, 2367

Chronic fatigue syndrome. See Myalgic

encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue

syndrome (ME/CFS)

Chronic granulomatous diseases (CGDs)

cellular/molecular defects in, 446t, 447, 1655, 2711

clinical features of, 446t, 447, 2711, 3017

complications of, 447

diagnosis of, 446t

treatment of, 450, 2701, 2711

X-linked, 2711, S8

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating

polyneuropathy (CIDP), 3504, 3504t

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 2309

in agricultural workers, 3729, 3730f

in amyloidosis, 879. See also Amyloidosis

approach to the patient

establishment of diagnosis and etiology, 2319

history and physical examination, 2318

imaging, 2318–2319

laboratory studies, 2311, 2311t, 2318

renal biopsy, 2319

staging, 2312

breath odor in, 262

calcium and phosphate metabolism disorders in

bone manifestations of, 2313–2314

calciphylaxis, 2314, 2314f

cardiovascular manifestations of, 2314

hyperphosphatemia, 3163, 3187

hypocalcemia, 3187

potassium regulation, 2313

secondary hyperparathyroidism, 2313–2314,

3181–3182

treatment of, 2314–2315, 3182, 3188

tumoral calcinosis, 2314, 2314f

cardiovascular disorders in

arrhythmias, 2315

epidemiology of, 2315, 2315f

heart failure, 2315

hyperphosphatemia and, 2314

hypertension, 222f, 2076, 2077–2078,

2315–2316

left ventricular hypertrophy, 2315

pericardial disease, 2023, 2316

risk factors for, 2322

treatment of, 2315–2316

vascular disease, 2315

classification of, 2286, 2286t, 2309, 2309f

clinical features of, 332t, 2286

contrast agent use in, 1860

deaths from, 73t, 3706t

delirium in, 150

diagnosis of, 332t, 2284

drug concentration and response and, 470

dyslipidemia in, 3144

endocrine-metabolic disturbances in,

2317–2318, 3017

epidemiology of, 2312

etiology of, 2284–2286, 2284t, 2312

diabetes mellitus. See Diabetic nephropathy

glomerulonephritis. See Glomerulonephritis

urinary tract obstruction, 2375

in Fabry disease, 3258

fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders in

edema, 277, 277t

fluid, 2312–2313

hyperkalemia, 353, 2313

hypokalemia, 350, 2313

hyponatremia, 342, 2312–2313

metabolic acidosis, 361, 363–364, 2313

treatment of, 364, 2313

gastrointestinal and nutritional abnormalities

in, 2317

genetic considerations in, 2282, 2284t, 2292t,

2311, 2311t

global considerations in, 2320, 2324

glomerular filtration rate in, 331–334,

2311t

HCV treatment in, 2613

hematologic abnormalities in

abnormal hemostasis, 2317

bleeding, 454

etiology of, 2306t, 2316

hypoproliferative anemia, 437, 753, 753t

high-altitude travel and, 3622

immunization in, 984f

in multiple myeloma, 870

neuromuscular disorders in, 2317

back pain, 124

coma, 184

fatigue, 163

gait disorders, 176

neuropathy, 2317, 3490

pathophysiology of, 2309, 2310f, 2312

in pregnancy, 2318, 3763

renal response to, 2310f

risk factors for, 2309–2311, 2311t

in Sjögren’s syndrome, S1

skin manifestations of, 2318

in SLE. See Lupus nephritis

specialized nutritional support in, 2545

stage 5 (end-stage renal disease)

cardiovascular disease and, 2324

in HIV infection, 1571

hypertension in, 2347

incidence of, 2321

treatment of, 2321. See also Hemodialysis;

Kidney transplantation; Peritoneal

dialysis

uremic syndrome in, 2312

staging of, 2309f, 2311–2312

TB treatment in, 1378

treatment of

antihypertensive therapy, 2319

diabetic nephropathy. See Diabetic

nephropathy

erythropoietin, 754

medication dose adjustment, 2319–2320

patient education, 2320

renal replacement therapy, 2320. See also

Hemodialysis; Kidney transplantation;

Peritoneal dialysis

tuberculous, 1365, 1365f

Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), 2213

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 834

anemia in, 432, 786

B-cell receptor signaling in, 834–835

cell of origin in, 834, 834f

clinical features of, 836–837

complications of, 837–838

cytogenetic abnormalities in, 835, 835f

diagnosis of, 357t, 836–837

epidemiology of, 834

genetic considerations in, 725t, 835–836, 842

immunology of, 836, 836t, 856t

infections in, 556t, 558t, 560, 837

lymphadenopathy in, 458

mu heavy chain disease in, 877

peripheral blood smear in, 425, 834f, A6

prognosis of, 838, 839t

pure red cell aplasia in, 798

renal involvement in, 2360

second malignancies in, 837

skin manifestations of, 402

splenomegaly in, 461

staging of, 838, 838t

treatment of, 838–840, 839t, 840t

tumor lysis syndrome in, 573

Chronic mesenteric ischemia. See Intestinal

ischemia

Chronic mountain sickness, 273, 3622

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, 1672, 2716,

2993, 2994t

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 818

accelerated blastic phase of, 820, 822

atypical (BCR-ABL1 negative), 860, 860t

blastic phase of, 822

INDEX

I-46 Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) (Cont.):

cancer stem cells in, 521

chromosome abnormalities in, 500–501, 500t,

501f, 803, 818–819, 819f, 820

clinical features of, 821–822, 821t

diagnosis of, 821–822, A6

epidemiology of, 819

etiology of, 819–820

global considerations in, 827–828, 828f

glomerulonephropathy in, 2367

incidence of, 819

pathophysiology of, 820–821

peripheral blood smear, 425, A6

prognosis of, 819, 822–823, 823f

progression of, 820, 822

skin manifestations of, 399

splenomegaly in, 462, 821

treatment of, 823, 824t

in accelerated or blastic phases, 827

chemotherapy, 827

discontinuation of, 825

goals for, 824

HCT, 825–826, 826t, 902, 902t

interferon, 827

leukapheresis, 827

monitoring, 826–827

in pregnancy, 827

splenectomy, 462–463, 827

tyrosine kinase inhibitors, 511–512, 544,

823–825, 824t, 826t

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), 799,

860–861, 860t

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia, 803, 859, 860t

Chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, 782

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

with bronchiectasis, A12

cor pulmonale in, 2185. See also Cor pulmonale

deaths from, 2180

definition of, 2180

dyspnea in, 265, 265t, 266, 2185

ECG in, A7, A8

exacerbations of, 1245, 1245f, 2184, 2188–2189,

2232

genetic considerations in, 2184

high-altitude travel and, 3622

history in, 2185

imaging in, 2182f, 2186, A12

incidence of, 2180

laboratory findings in, 2182t, 2185–2186

natural history of, 2184–2185, 2185f

overlap with asthma, 2159

pathogenesis of, 2180–2181, 2181f

pathology of, 2182f

pathophysiology of, 2182–2183

physical findings in, 2185

pulmonary hypertension in, 2126

risk factors for, 2183–2184

severity of, 2182, 2182t, 2185, 2186f

systems biology applied to, 3818t

treatment of

bronchoscopic lung volume reduction, 2216

lung transplantation, 2188

lung volume reduction surgery, 2188

pharmacotherapy, 2186–2188, 2187f

pulmonary rehabilitation, 2188

smoking cessation, 2186f

targeted lung denervation, 2216

Chronic pancreatitis, 2664

approach to the patient, 2652, 2655f

clinical features of, 303, 320, 397, 2666–2667

cobalamin malabsorption in, 772

complications of, 2667–2668, 2668t

diagnosis of, 2419, 2654t, 2655–2656, 2656t,

2667, 2667f

epidemiology of, 2652–2653

etiology of, 2665, 2665t

genetic considerations in, 2665

pathophysiology of, 2664–2665

treatment of, 2668

Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. See

Progressive external ophthalmoplegia

(PEO)

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome,

325

Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), 1367

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

(CTEPH), 2124, 2126

Chronic total occlusion, A11

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), 191,

3298, 3377, 3414, 3461–3462

Chronic venous disease, 2115

anatomic considerations, 2115

classification of, 2116, 2117t

clinical features of, 2116, 2116f

diagnosis of, 2116–2117

differential diagnosis of, 2116

epidemiology of, 2115

pathophysiology of, 2115–2116

treatment of, 2117–2118

Chronic wasting disease (CWD), 3417, 3417t

Chronotherapy, 3811

Chronotropic incompetence, 1875–1877

Chronotype, 3801t

Chryseobacterium indologenes infections, 1248t,

1249

Chryseobacterium meningosepticum infections. See

Elizabethkingia meningoseptica infections

Chrysiasis, 391

CHS1 gene, 447

CHST14 gene mutations, 3226t, 3227

Churg-Strauss. See Eosinophilic granulomatosis

with polyangiitis

Chvostek’s sign, 358

Chylomicron(s), 2460, 2460f, 2463, 3135–3136,

3137f

Chylomicronemia syndrome, familial, 3138, 3139t

Chylothorax, 2199

CIAS1 gene mutations, 448

Ciclopirox, 377

Cidofovir

actions of, 1098, 1462

for adenovirus infection, 1513

adverse effects of, 1098, 1461t, 1462, 1513, 1571,

2301

for CMV infection, 1139, 1461t, 1462, 1490, 3452

for CMV infection prophylaxis, 1564t

for HHV-6 infections, 1140

for HSV infections, 1477

indications for, 1462

pharmacology of, 1462

for smallpox, S3

for viral encephalitis, 1098

CIDP (chronic inflammatory demyelinating

polyneuropathy), 3504, 3504t

Cigarette smoking. See Smoking

Cigar smoking, 490

Ciguatera poisoning, 301, 3606, 3606t

Cilium, 2350, 2352f

Ciloleucel, 514t

Cilostazol, 2109

Cimetidine

actions of, 2292–2293

adverse effects of, 319, 905t, 2444, 2847t

drug interactions of, 471t

chloroquine, 1702t

macrolides, 1155t

mebendazole, 1703t

metronidazole, 1705t

PDE-5 inhibitors, 3060

phenytoin, 2444

praziquantel, 1712

quinidine, 1706t

quinine, 1712

theophylline, 2444

warfarin, 2444

for gastrinoma, 2985

for GERD, 296

for IC/BPS, 330

for peptic ulcer disease, 2443–2444, 2443t

as premedication for taxanes, 543

Cimino fistula, 2377

Cinacalcet, 723, 725, 2315

Cingulate cortex, 199, 199f

Cinnamates, 423

Cinnarizine, 3389

Ciprofloxacin

actions of, 1149, 1160, 1164t

adverse effects of, 224, 784t, 1160, 1706t, 2584,

2586t

for Aeromonas infections, 1248

for anthrax, S3

for bite-wound infections, 1039t, 1126, 1127t

for bronchiectasis prophylaxis, 2175–2176

for Campylobacter infections, 1304

for Carrión’s disease, 1331t

for chancroid, 1091t, 1244

for cholera, 1308

for clostridial infections, 1221t

for community-acquired pneumonia, 947t, 1018t

for diverticular disease, 2499

drug interactions of, 1706t

for enteric fever, 1295

for gonococcal arthritis, 1043

gut microbiome and, 3694

indications for, 1157t, 1160, 1706t

for infections in cancer patient, 563

for infectious diarrhea, 302, 1065t

for intraabdominal infections, 947t

for Legionella spp. infections, 1256t

for necrotizing fasciitis, 1039t

for nongonococcal bacterial arthritis, 1042

for nontyphoidal Salmonella infections, 997t

for osteomyelitis, 1049t, 1050t

for otitis externa, 249

for P. aeruginosa infections, 1287t

for peritonitis, 324

for peritonitis prophylaxis, 1055

for plague prophylaxis, 1325, 1325t

for plague treatment, 1324, 1324t

for pouchitis in IBD, 2483

prophylactic, 1162t

for pyelonephritis, 1077

resistance to

in Campylobacter spp., 1304

in E. coli, 1071

mechanisms of, 1164t, 1167

in M. pneumoniae, 1443

in Nocardia spp., 1336t

rates of, 1157t

in Salmonella, 1295, 1296

in S. pneumoniae, 1013

for Salmonella infection prophylaxis, 1564t

for sepsis/septic shock, 2248t

for Shigella infections, 1301, 1301t

for tularemia prophylaxis, 1319t

for tularemia treatment, 1319t, S3

INDEX

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018t I-47

for yersiniosis, 1327

Circadian clock

aging and, 3811

anatomic organization of, 3801–3802, 3803f

in brain health and cognition, 3809–3810

cardiovascular health and, 3810

drug administration and, 3811

endocrine systems regulated by, 3806–3808

gastrointestinal homeostasis and, 3810

gut microbiota and, 3810

human microbiome and, 3694

immune system and, 3810–3811

in metabolic homeostasis, 3808–3809

molecular organization of, 3800–3801, 3802f

partitions of, 3807f

period length of, 3803

Circadian cycle, 2891

Circadian pacemaker, 213

Circadian period, 3801t

Circadian phase, 3801t

Circadian rhythm, 206–207, 213, 2956, 2956f, 3801t

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders, 3801t

Circadian system

desynchrony of, 214–215, 3804–3806, 3804t,

3805t, 3807f

entrainment and measurement of, 3802–3804

evolution and structure of, 3800

Circinate balanitis, 2798

Circle of Willis aneurysm, 229

Circulating endothelial precursors, 523f

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)

clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminant potential

contribution to, 3839, 3839t

for early cancer detection, 3838, 3838f

for minimal residual disease detection,

3839–3840

for monitoring response to treatment, 3839

for noninvasive tumor genotyping, 3838

for quantitative assessment of tumor burden,

3839

technical considerations, 3840

from tumors, 3837–3838, 3837f

Circulatory hypoxia, 273

Circulatory integrity, maintenance of, 340, 340f

Circumcision, 1533, 1596

Cirrhosis

alcohol-associated, 245f, 2624–2626, 2641. See

also Alcohol-associated liver disease

in α1

-antitrypsin deficiency, 2628–2629

autoimmune hepatitis and, 2626

biliary, 2627. See also Primary biliary cholangitis

(PBC)

cardiac, 2628

chronic hepatitis and, 2578. See also Hepatitis

clinical features of, 2624

ascites. See Ascites, in liver disease

clubbing, 275

cyanosis, 274

diarrhea, 303

edema, 277, 277t

esophageal varices, 311

gynecomastia, 3017

hyponatremia, 342

jaundice, 318

pleural effusion, 2198

splenomegaly, 461

testicular atrophy, 3017

coagulation disorders in, 917–918

complications of, 2629, 2629t

AKI, 2297, 2306

bone disease, 2633

coagulopathy, 2633

encephalopathy. See Encephalopathy, hepatic

hematologic abnormalities, 2633

hepatopulmonary syndrome, 2633

hepatorenal syndrome, 2297, 2306–2307, 2632

malnutrition, 2633

portal hypertension. See Portal hypertension

spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 2632

cryptogenic, vs. autoimmune hepatitis, 2615

in cystic fibrosis, 2629

definition of, 2592, 2624

etiology of, 2624, 2624t

HBV infection and, 2592, 2626

HCV infection and, 2603–2604, 2626

in hematochromatosis, 2628, 3233

hepatocellular carcinoma and, 643–644, 2579

high-altitude travel and, 3622

liver biopsy in, A13

liver transplantation for, 2634

in NAFLD/NASH, 2620–2621, 2626

pathogenesis of, 322–323

pathology of, 2624

physical examination in, 318, 2549

postnecrosis, vs. autoimmune hepatitis, 2615

recurrent, after liver transplantation, 2640

staging of, 2551–2552, 2552t

telomere dysfunction and, 3681, 3683, 3684f

treatment of, 2552–2553

tumor markers in, 487t

in Wilson’s disease, 2628

Cisatracurium, 2221, 2276

Cisgender, 3079t

Cisplatin

actions of, 539

adverse effects of, 539, 540t, 694

electrolyte disturbances, 349, 539, S1

encephalopathy, 2274t

gonadal dysfunction, 694

hearing loss, 240, 711, 742

hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 575

late, 694

nausea and vomiting, 488, 539, 554

nephrotoxicity, 742, 2301

neurologic, 711, 711t, 742, 3493t

neutropenic enterocolitis, 577

Raynaud’s phenomenon, 539, 2114

for bladder cancer, 679, 680

for breast cancer, 621

for carcinoma of unknown primary, 720

for cervical cancer, 699

for cholangiocarcinoma, 656

for gallbladder cancer, 656

for gastric cancer, 633

for gestational trophoblastic disease, 701

for head and neck cancer, 593

for hepatocellular carcinoma, 650

interactions and issues, 539, 540t

for lung cancer, 604, 605t, 609

for metastatic cervical cancer, 699

for osteosarcoma, 715

for ovarian germ cell tumors, 698

for salivary gland tumors, 594

for squamous cell carcinoma, 588

for testicular cancer, 691, 692–693f, 693–694

Citalopram

adverse effects of, 3431t, 3542t, 3549

for depression, 82, 3542t, 3549

genetic variations in response to, 476t

for IBS, 2495

Citrate, urinary, 2369, 2372

Citrobacter spp. infections, 558t, 1071, 1273–1274

Citrulline, 3274, 3678

Citrullinemia type 1, 3270t

Citrullinemia type 2 (citrin deficiency), 3270t,

3274–3275, 3275t

CJD. See Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

CK. See Creatine kinase (CK)

CKD. See Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

CKD-EPI: eGFR, 333

c-kit, 2720

c-kit mutations, 477t, 479, 585, 634, 635, 713

CKs. See Cytokeratins (CKs)

CL6, 846

CLAD (chronic lung allograft dysfunction), 2213

Cladophialophora, 1688

Cladribine, 2731

adverse effects of, 740

for B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, 856

for hairy cell leukemia, 856

for mast cell disease, 865

for MS, 3470t, 3472, 3473

for Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 877

CLAH (congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia),

2970t

Clarithromycin

actions of, 1149, 1159, 1164t, 1405

adverse effects of, 1159, 1405

for Bartonella infection prophylaxis, 1564t

for community-acquired pneumonia, 1014t

drug interactions of, 1159, 1405, 1703t, 2864

for endocarditis prophylaxis, 1033t

in H. pylori eradication, 1283t, 2447, 2447t,

2448t

indications for, 1156t, 1159

for Legionella spp. infections, 1256, 1256t

for leprosy, 1390

for MAC infection prophylaxis, 1396, 1563t

for MAC infections, 1404

for NTM infections, 1405

for pertussis, 1261t

for pneumococcal infections, 1176

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

resistance to, 1156t, 1164t, 1283, 1336t, 2446

for streptococcal pharyngitis, 254, 254t

Clasp-knife phenomenon, 165

Classism, 64

Class switch, 866

Claude’s syndrome, 229, 3328, 3328f

Claudication

in aortic occlusion, 2106

intermittent, 2076, 2108. See also Peripheral

artery disease

neurogenic, 121

physical examination in, 1819, 1820f

in thromboangiitis obliterans, 2110

Claudin-low breast cancer, 618

Claustrophobia, 3544

Clavulanate, 1166. See also Ampicillin-clavulanate

Clavulanic acid, 319

CLCN1 gene mutations, 3530

CLCN5 gene mutations, 2293, 3161

CLCN7 gene mutations, 3213

CLDN16 gene mutations, 2293

Clearance, of drugs, 468

Clear cell carcinoma, renal, 674, 675t. See also

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

Clear liquid diet, 2522

Cleavage-resistant RIPK1-induced

autoinflammatory syndrome (CRIA),

2843

Cleidocranial dysplasia, 3158

Clemastine, 3293

Clenbuterol, 3575

Clenched-fist injury, 1126, 1127t

INDEX

I-48 CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement

Amendments Act), S10

Climate change, 1001

adaptation to, 1009

El Niño events and, 1002–1003, 1004f,

1007–1008, 1008f

greenhouse gases and, 1001, 1002f, 1003t

health effects of, 3726, 3727f

air pollution and. See Air pollution

heat-related illness, 3729, 3730f

infectious diseases, 1003

arborvirus infections, 1005–1006

dengue, 1004–1005, 1005f, 1006f

El Niño–related disease outbreaks,

1007–1008, 1008f

Lyme disease, 1006, 1006f

malaria, 1004

vector-borne disease, 1003–1006

waterborne disease, 1006–1007, 1007f

malnutrition, 3731, 3731f, 3732f

in natural disasters, flooding, and

displacement, 3729–3731, 3730f

potential solutions, 3731–3732

hurricane severity and, 1002

mitigation of, 1008–1009

overview of, 1001, 1002f

population displacement and, 1008

population migration and conflict and, 1003

precipitation patterns and, 1001–1002

sea levels and, 1002

temperature and, 1001

vector-borne disease and, 1003–1006, 1005f,

1006f

waterborne disease and, 1006–1008, 1007f, 1250

Clindamycin

for acne vulgaris, 382

for actinomycosis, 1343t

actions of, 1149, 1159, 1164t

adverse effects of, 1154t, 1159, 1695t, 1703t

for anaerobic bacterial infections, 1356

for anthrax, S3

for asymptomatic pharyngeal GAS carriage, 1191

for Babesia infections, 975t, 1740–1741, 1740t

for bacterial vaginosis, 1084t, 1085

for bite-wound infections, 1039t, 1126, 1127t

for Capnocytophaga infections, 1248

for cellulitis, 1039t, 1040

for clostridial infections, 1221t, 1224

for clostridial myonecrosis, 975t

for CNS toxoplasmosis, 1120

for endocarditis prophylaxis, 1033t

for gas gangrene, 1039t, 1221t

for head and neck abscesses, 255

indications for, 1156t, 1159, 1703t

for lung abscess, 1022

for malaria treatment, 1730t

for M. hominis infections, 1144

for MRSA infections, 375, 1186t, 1187

for necrotizing fasciitis, 975t, 1039t

for osteomyelitis, 1049t, 1050t

for PCP, 1695t

for pelvic inflammatory disease, 1088–1089, 1088t

for pneumococcal infections, 1176

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t, 1703t

prophylactic, 1162t

resistance to

in anaerobic bacteria, 1356, 1356t

in Eikenella, 1247

in group A streptococci, 1194

inducible, 375

mechanisms of, 1164t, 1166–1167

prevalence of, 1156t

for skin and soft tissue infections, 948t, 1040,

1186t

for streptococcal pharyngitis, 254, 254t

for toxic shock syndrome, 975t, 1188, 1191t,

1194

for toxoplasmosis prophylaxis, 1563t

Clinical breast examination, 495t, 496, 616

Clinical decision-making, 3–4, 64. See also Clinical

reasoning

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments

Act (CLIA), S10

Clinical laboratory tests, S10

accuracy of, 24–25, 24t

batteries of, 2

critical values, S10

diagnostic principles of, S10

error sources in, S10

genetic. See Genetic testing

global considerations in, S10

home, S10

indications for, S10

in older adults, 3742

physician’s evaluation and use of, 2

point-of-care, S10

predictive value of, 25, 494, 494t

receiver operative characteristic curves for, 25,

25f

reference values for, S10

regulation of laboratories performing, S10

sensitivity and specificity of, 24–25, 24t,

493–494, 494t, S10

Clinical microbiology laboratory, S11. See also

Infectious diseases, laboratory diagnosis

of; Virus(es), laboratory identification of

Clinical practice guidelines, 4, 29, 72

Clinical reasoning, 21

clinical expertise in, 21

cognitive shortcuts in, 22

decision support tools, 27

diagnostic test interpretation and, 24–26. See also

Clinical laboratory tests

diagnostic vs. therapeutic, 23

economic incentives and, 24

evidence-based medicine and, 28–29

hypothetico-deductive model of, 22

influences on, 24–25

intuitive vs. analytic, 21–22

pattern recognition in, 21

practice setting and, 24

practice style and, 24

Clinical research. See Research

Clinical skills, 1–2

Clinical trials, 29–30, 479, 2586

Clinical uncertainty, 64

Clinton Foundation HIV/AIDS Initiative, 3707

CLIPPERS, 3451

Clitoral engorgement, 3062

Clitoral vacuum device, 3063

CLL. See Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

CLN2 (neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2),

3257t, 3260

Clobazam, 3318t

Clobetasol, 377

CLOCK, 3801

Clock-controlled genes (CCGs), 3801, 3801t

CLOCK genes, 3801, 3805t, 3809

Clodronate, 622

Clofazimine

actions of, 1403

adverse effects of, 391, 410, 1389, 1403, 1576

for leprosy, 1389–1390, 1389t

for leprosy reactions, 1390

for MDR-TB, 1372, 1376–1377, 1376t, 1399t,

1403

for NTM infections, 1406

Clofibrate, 2847t

Clomiphene, 3026, 3037, 3052, 3074–3075

Clomipramine, 210, 410, 3542t, 3546

Clonal eosinophilia, 862–863, 863t

Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential

(CHIP), 809, 1814–1815, 3839, 3839f

Clonazepam

adverse effects of, 3318t

for anxiety disorders, 3544t

for ataxia/tremor in MS, 3474

for dyspnea, 81t

for glossodynia, 261

for insomnia, 212

for myoclonus, 3407

overdosage/poisoning with, 3592t

for pain, 95t

for panic disorder, 3542

pharmacology of, 3544t

for posthypoxic myoclonus, 2272

for REM sleep behavior disorder, 213

for seizures, 3318t

for sleep disorders in PD, 3399

for status epilepticus, 3322f

for tardive dyskinesia, 3408

for vertigo, 162t

Clonidine

adverse effects of, 277t, 1875t, 3431t

for ascites, 324

for diabetic diarrhea, 306

for hypertension, 2083t

for hypertensive emergencies, 2087

for inappropriate sinus tachycardia, 1892

for menopausal symptoms, 3045

for opioid withdrawal syndrome, 3571

overdosage/poisoning with, 3591t

for pain, 79

perioperative, 3772

for smoking cessation therapy, 595, 3566

for Tourette’s syndrome, 3406

Clonidine suppression test, 2977

Clonorchis sinensis/clonorchiasis, 653, 945t, 1784t,

1788–1789, 1788t, 1789t, S12

Clopidogrel

actions of, 925f, 926

adverse effects of, 454, 907, 926, 2365

with aspirin, 926, 3345

for cardiac catheterization pretreatment, 1860

dosage of, 926

drug interactions of, 471t, 1400, 2445

genetic variations in response to, 476t, 478, 479,

921–922, 922t, 2050

indications for, 926

for ischemic heart disease, 2042

management before endoscopic procedures,

2904t

management before lumbar puncture, S9

metabolism of, 467t, 469

for myocardial infarction

NSTE-ACS, 2049, 2050t, 2052

as secondary prevention, 2065

STEMI, 2060–2061

in PCI, 2066, 2068

in peripheral artery disease, 2109

resistance to, 926–927

for stroke/TIA prevention, 3345–3346

Clorazepate, 3544t

Closed-loop obstruction, 2510. See also Intestinal

obstruction

Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene), 1222