INDEX

GATA6 gene mutations, 3102 I-87

Gatekeeper genes, 503

Gatekeeper, physician as, 70

Gates Foundation, 3703

Gatifloxacin, 1373

Gaucher cells, 3259

Gaucher disease, 461, 802, 1967, 3256t, 3258,

3391–3392

Gay, 3079t

Gaze disorders, 230–231, 231f, 3462

Gaze-evoked nystagmus, 231

Gaze stabilization reflex, 216

GBA gene mutations, 3258–3259, 3298, 3390,

3391–3392

GBD 2010 (Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries,

and Risk Factors Study 2010), 3704

GBP (guanylate binding protein), 957

GBS. See Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)

GBS infections. See Group B Streptococcus (GBS)

infections

GB virus C (hepatitis G virus) infection, 1571

GCH1 gene mutations, 3402, 3403t

G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor),

440f, 1009–1010, 2682t

G-CSF therapy. See Granulocyte colony-stimulating

factor (G-CSF) therapy

GDF15, 3676

GDNF (glial-derived neurotrophic factor), 3304

Gefapixant, 270

Gefitinib

actions and targets of, 544, 545t

adverse effects of, 544, 545t, 575

drug interactions of, 571

for head and neck cancer, 593

for lung cancer, 606, 606t

resistance to, 544

GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors), 953

Gegenhalten (paratonia), 165

Gelesis100, 3093

Gemcitabine

actions of, 542

adverse effects of, 540t, 542, 575, 739, 2301, 2365

for bladder cancer, 678–679, 680

for breast cancer, 625

for carcinoma of unknown primary, 720

for gallbladder cancer, 656

interactions and issues, 540t

for lung cancer, 609, 610

for ovarian cancer, 697

for pancreatic cancer, 662, 662t

for peripheral T-cell lymphoma, 850

resistance to, 3697

for soft tissue sarcomas, 714

for testicular cancer, 694

Gemella morbillorum, 1028, 1029t, 1196

Gemfibrozil, 3142t, 3149, 3156

Gemifloxacin

actions of, 1149, 1164t

for community-acquired pneumonia, 947t, 1014t

for gonococcal infections, 1240, 1240t

indications for, 1160

resistance to, 1164t

Gemtuzumab, 573, 574, 577, 738t

Gemtuzumab-ozogamicin, 536f, 542, 814

Gender bias, 64

Gender dysphoria, 2997, 3079t

Gender expression, 3079t

Gender identity, 3001, 3005, 3079, 3079t

Gender nonconforming, 3079t

Gene(s). See also specific genes

assortment and segregation during meiosis,

3642, 3644f

definition of, 3641

deletions/duplications, 475t

mutations. See Mutation(s)

regulatory regions of, 3641, 3642f

structure of, 3641

Gene conversion, 3647

Gene expression

alterations of, 516–517, 517f, 3734

in cancer cells, 507

epigenetic regulation of, 3644–3645, 3646f

phenotype and, 34f

regulation by transcription factors, 3642–3644,

3642f, 3645t

Gene expression profile (GEP), 583, 718

Gene network, 3813, 3817f, 3818f

Generalized anxiety disorder, 3543, 3544t

Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures, 3308t

Generalized seizures, 3306–3307

Generative adversarial network, 3827t, 3828

Gene silencing, 502

Gene therapy, 3685

for acute intermittent porphyria, 3244

for adenosine deaminase deficiency, 3686t, 3687

for adrenoleukodystrophy, 3687

for angiogenesis inhibition, 3689

for cancer, 3640t, 3686t, 3688–3690

clinical trials, 3690, 3690t

complications of, 3685, 3686t

currently approved products, 3686t

delivery vehicles for, 3685t

ethical issues in, 72

for familial hypercholesterolemia, 3141

for genetic disorders, 3685–3687, 3686t

for heart failure, 1952

for hemophilia, 914, 3688

for immunodeficiency disorders, 450, 2714,

3686–3687

for infectious diseases, 3686t

for leukemia, 3689

for LPL deficiency, 3688

for metachromatic leukodystrophy, 3686t,

3687

for PD, 3398

for RPE65 mutation-associated retinal dystrophy,

3686t, 3688

for sickle cell disease, 761, 3687

for spinal muscular atrophy type 1, 3686t,

3688

stem cells as target of, 747

for thalassemia, 763, 3686t, 3687

viral vectors for, 1524, 3685t

for Wilson’s disease, 3237

Genetic counseling, 3666

directive, 3666–3667

ethical issues in, 3660–3661

in familial cancer syndromes, 504–505,

505f

indications for, 3666, 3666t

in mtDNA diseases, 3678

nondirective, 3666

pretest, 3666

Genetic disorders. See also specific disorders

adult-onset

family history in, 3662–3663, 3663f

genetic testing for, 3663–3666, 3664f, 3667t.

See also Genetic testing

inheritance patterns in, 3662

therapeutic interventions for, 3667–3668,

3667t

approach to the patient, 3657, 3660f

chromosome disorders. See Chromosome

abnormalities/disorders

complex, 3655

databases/websites, 3640t

diagnosis of, 3639

family history in, 3657–3658

identifying disease-causing gene in, 3658–3659,

3659t

Mendelian. See Mendelian disorders

mitochondrial. See Mitochondrial DNA diseases

multifactorial, 3639, 3655, 3662, 3815f

mutational analysis in, 3659–3660

penetrance of, 3663

polygenic, 3655, 3656t

prenatal diagnosis, 3660

transmission of. See Mutation(s)

variable expression of, 3663

X-linked. See X-linked disorders

Y-linked, 3651, 3653

Genetic education, 3666–3667

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act

(GINA), 504, 3661, 3666, S10

Genetic linkage, 3655–3656, 3659t

Genetic privacy, 3661

Genetics

applications in clinical medicine, 3662

databases/websites, 3640t

impact on medical practice, 3639

population, 3657

Genetic testing

approach to, 3663–3666, 3664f

for breast cancer gene mutations, 614

direct-to-consumer, 3664–3665, 3665t

ethical issues in, 3661

for familial cancer syndromes, 504–505, 505f

family relationships and, 3665–3666

follow-up care after, 3666

indications for, 3651t

informed consent in, 3658, 3666, S10

limitations to, S10

methods for, 3659–3660, 3659t,

3663–3666

in myopathies, 3521

predisposition, 3665

presymptomatic, 3665

screening programs, 3659

in undiagnosed disease, 3853

Gene transfer, horizontal, 960t

Genistein, 681

Genital tract, anaerobic flora of, 1349

Genital tract infections

abscesses, 1058

anaerobic bacterial, 1353

HPV. See Human papillomavirus (HPV)

infections

HSV. See Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections,

genital

parasitic, 1700t

TB, 1365

Genital ulcer(s)

in Behçet syndrome, 2818

chancroid. See Chancroid

clinical features of, 1091t

diagnosis of, 1090

donovanosis. See Donovanosis

etiology of, 1080t, 1089–1090

HIV transmission and, 1533, 1533f

HSV. See Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections,

genital

lymphogranuloma venereum. See

Lymphogranuloma venereum

treatment of, 1090–1091, 1091t

Genome, 960t, 1453, 3639. See also Human

genome

INDEX

I-88 Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

advantages and limitations of, 3659t

of complex traits, 3639, 3657, 3658f

microbial, 960t

multiple data types in, 480

in pharmacogenomics, 475, 476–477t

Genomic imprinting. See Imprinting

Genomic medicine, 3639, 3661

Genomics, 6. See also Pharmacogenomics

in cancer. See Cancer genetics

comparative, 3640

databases/websites, 3640t

functional, 3640, 3643–3644

global health and, 3661

impact on medical practice, 3639

in infectious disease. See Infectious diseases,

genomics of

in precision medicine, 31–33, 34f

terminology of, 960t

in undiagnosed disease, 3853

Genotoxicity, 3686t

Genotype, 3649

Genotype-phenotype correlation

in common disease types, 3815f

definition of, 3649

in sickle cell anemia, 3816f

in sickle cell disease, 3814

in von Hippel–Lindau disease, 3649

Genotyping, 474, 479

Gentamicin

actions of, 1148, 1164t

adverse effects of, 1028, 1159

for Bartonella endocarditis, 1331t

for Brucella infections, 1314

for Campylobacter infections, 1304

for group C or G Streptococcus infections, 1195

for hospital-acquired pneumonia, 947t

indications for, 1156t, 1159

for infective endocarditis, 1028, 1029t, 1030,

1030t, 1187

intratympanic, for Ménière’s disease, 241

for L. monocytogenes infections, 1211

for meningitis, 1103t, 1104t, 1105

for necrotizing fasciitis, 975t

for pelvic inflammatory disease, 1088–1089,

1088t

for plague, 1324, 1324t, S3

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t, 1319

prophylactic, 1162t

resistance to, 1028, 1156t, 1164t, 1166, 1201

for septic shock, 975t

for skin and soft tissue infections, 1040

for trench fever, 1331t

for tularemia, 1318–1319, 1319t, S3

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018t

Genu valgum, 2850, 2857, 2857f

Genu varum, 2850, 2857, 2857f

Geographic tongue, 261t, 372f, A3

Gepants (CGRP receptor antagonists), 3362t,

3363–3364, 3365t

Gephyrin, 2697t

Gerbil bite-wound, 1125

GERD. See Gastroesophageal reflux disease

(GERD)

Geriatric care. See Aging; Older adults

German measles. See Rubella

Germany

elective specialist access in, 46

health system governance in, 48

hospital funding in, 44

patient care financing in, 43, 43t

primary care access in, 45

Germ cell(s)

ovarian, 2999, 3027, 3028f

primordial, 2999, 3027, 3027f

Germ cell tumor

as carcinoma of unknown primary, 694

carcinoma of unknown primary and, 718t,

720

extragonadal, 694, 720

ovarian, 698

retroperitoneal/mediastinal, 694

testicular. See Testicular cancer

tumor markers in, 487t

Germinoma, 722t, 2907

Germiston virus, 1627t

Germline mutations, 3646

Germ theory of disease, 941

Geroscience, 3736

Gerstmann’s syndrome, 198, 199, 3326f

Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease,

3298, 3299t, 3417t, 3419, 3420

Gestational diabetes insipidus, 346, 2920

Gestational diabetes mellitus, 3066, 3096, 3119,

3764–3765

Gestational hypertension, 3763

Gestational trophoblastic disease, 700

clinical features of, 700–701

global considerations in, 700

paraneoplastic syndromes in, 722t

risk factors for, 700

treatment of, 701

tumor markers in, 487t

GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) autoimmunity,

3476

Gfi-1, 747

GFR. See Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

GGCX (γ-carboxylase), 915

GGT (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase), 2554–2555, 2618

GH. See Growth hormone (GH)

GHB (γ-hydroxybutyric acid), 180, 210, 3592t

GH gene mutations, 3646

GH-N gene, 2899

Ghrelin

expression and release of, 3808

functions of, 2436, 2906, 3082f

GH release and, 2894

GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone),

722t, 2894, 2899, 2908

Gianotti-Crosti syndrome, 2579

Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis), 2811

as cause of fever of unknown origin, 147, 151

clinical features of, 113–114, 2812

aortic aneurysm, 2102, A14

aortitis, 2106–2107

ear pain, 249

headache, 113–114, 2812

ocular, 222f, 223, 230, 2812

oral pain, 261

definition of, 2811

diagnosis of, 114, 2812, A14

incidence and prevalence of, 2811

ischemic stroke in, 3343

pathogenesis of, 2102, 2811–2812

treatment of, 151, 2812

Giant cell myocarditis, 1962–1963

Giant cell tumor, 714, 722t, 725

Giant orf, 1493

Giant platelets, 429f

Giardia spp., 1764, 1764f, S12

Giardia spp. infections, 1764

clinical features of, 300, 300t, 304, 1765, S6

diagnosis of

serologic and molecular tests, 301, 306, S12

small-intestinal mucosal biopsies, 2465f

stool analysis, 1765, 1765f, 1765t, S6

differential diagnosis of, 300t

epidemiology of, 300, 1063, 1764

incubation period for, S6

pathophysiology of, 1764–1765

prevention of, 1765

in travelers, 1064t

treatment of, 1765, S6

furazolidone, 1708

metronidazole, 302, 1765

nitazoxanide, 1711, 1765

quinacrine, 1712

tinidazole, 1713, 1765

in war veterans, S6

Gibbus, 1365

Giemsa stain, 373, S12

Gigantism. See Acromegaly

Gilbert syndrome, 2559

clinical features of, 318, 2559–2560, 2559t

vs. Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 2559t

diagnosis of, 2553, 2554f, 2556t, 2559t

drug sensitivity in, 541

epidemiology of, 318

genetic considerations in, 318, 478, 2560

treatment of, 2560

unconjugated bilirubin in, 316

Gilterinib, 514t, 544, 546t, 818

GINA (Genetic Information Nondiscrimination

Act), 504, 3661, 3666, S10

GI-NETs. See Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)

Ginger, 294, 454t, 2386

Gingival erythema, linear, 257

Gingival fibromatosis, idiopathic familial, 257

Gingival hyperplasia, 257, A3

Gingival hypertrophy (epulis), A3

Gingival recession, A3

Gingivitis

acute necrotizing ulcerative (Vincent angina),

256, 258t, 1351

clinical features of, 256, A3

etiology of, 1351

prevention of, 450

as risk factor lung abscess, 1020

Gingivostomatitis, herpetic. See Herpes simplex

virus (HSV) infections, oral-facial

Gingko biloba, 454t, 3311t, 3375

Ginseng, 454t

GIRK4 channels, 349

GIST. See Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

Gitelman’s syndrome

clinical features of, 350, 366, 2286, 2293, S1

diagnosis of, 350, S1

differential diagnosis of, 366

genetic considerations in, 350, 2292t, 2293,

3164

Givosiran, 3244

GJB2 gene mutations, 241

GLA (gamma-linolenic acid), 3786

Glanders, 1287t, 1291

Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia, 908, 909

Glasdegib, 551t, 553

Glasgow-Blatchford score, 313, 313t

Glasgow Coma Scale, 189, 2218t, 3456, 3456t

Glatiramer acetate, 3470t, 3471–3472

Glaucoma

acute angle-closure, 221, 226

clinical features of, 226

headache in, 114

low-tension, 226

pathophysiology of, 225–226, 225f

treatment of, 226

INDEX

visual field assessment in, 218 I-89

visual loss in, 226

GLCE gene mutations, 3015t

GLE1 gene mutations, 3414

Gleason grading system, for prostate cancer, 683,

684

Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir, 1468t, 1469, 2611

Glial cells, 3809

Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), 3304

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

autoimmunity, 3476

Glia substances, 1382

Glimepiride, 3110t, 3111

Glioblastoma(s), 702, 704–705, 704f, 3290f, A16

Gliomas

brainstem, 705, A16

cerebral, 3290f

clinical features of, 702t

diffuse, 702–703

genetic considerations in, 500t, 3794, 3835,

3835f

hypothalamic, 2907

imaging in, 2904

ocular signs in, 218

optic, 2907

optic nerve, 227

Gliosarcomas, 705

Glipizide, 467t, 478, 3110t, 3111

Global aphasia, 196t, 197

Global burden of disease. See Global medicine

Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk

Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010), 3704

Global Financing Facility, 3725

Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and

Malaria, 3703

Global health equity, 3707, 3713, 3722–3723

Global Initiative for Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria,

for COPD, 2182, 2182t, 2185

Global Malaria Action Plan (GMAP), 3709

Global medicine, 3703. See also Low- and

middle-income countries

acute coronary syndrome, 2052

acyclovir effectiveness, 1478

addressing problems in, 3713

alcohol use disorder, 3562

amebiasis, 1715

amyloidosis, 882

aplastic anemia, 793

APS-1, 2997

aspergillosis, 1677, 1677t

ataxias, 3427

Babesia infections, 1737f, 1738, 1741

back pain, 125

biomass smoke-induced illness, 2172–2173,

2173f

bladder cancer, 676

blastomycosis, 1664

botulism, 1219

brain drain, 3709

Brucella infections, 1311

Campylobacter spp. infections, 1304

cancer, 482, 485f, 562, 3711–3712

Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis infection,

1438

cardiomyopathy, 1972

cardiovascular disease, 1812–1813, 1812f, 3711

Carrión’s disease, 1333

C. difficile infections, 1067–1068

cervical cancer, 698

Chagas disease, 1753

chemical terrorism, S4

cholera, 1305–1306, 1306f

chronic cough, 269

chronic myeloid leukemia, 827–828, 828f

CKD, 2320, 2324

climate change and. See Climate change

clinical laboratory resources, S10

clostridial infections, 1221

congenital heart disease, 2017, 2019

congenital syphilis, 1410

cryptococcosis, 1668

C. trachomatis infections, 1445–1446

cystic fibrosis, 2179–2180

dementia, 194

diabetes mellitus, 1814, 3096, 3096f, 3711

dietary assessment, 2523

diphtheria, 1004

disease burden

causes of, 3705f, 3706t

health workforce and, 3721f

by income, 3720f

mortality and, 1812f, 3704–3705, 3706t

by region, 3706t

risk factors, 3705–3706

wealth and, 3705

disease eradication, 982

disorders of sex development, 3005

donovanosis, 1334

drug hypersensitivity, 409

Ebola virus disease, 3710

EBV infections, 1485

economics of, 3704, 3705

endemic treponematoses, 1413–1415, 1414f

endemic typhus, 1435–1436

enteric (typhoid) fever, 1292–1293, 1293f, 1295

enterovirus infections, 1602

epidemic typhus, 1435–1436

epidemiologic transition, 1810–1812

esophageal cancer, 626

familial Mediterranean fever, 2843

fatigue, 162

fever of unknown origin, 145, 145t

field experiences in, ethical issues in, 72

foot osteomyelitis, 1053

gastric adenocarcinoma, 529

genital ulcers, 1089–1090

genomics and, 971–972, 3661

genomic technologies in, 972–973

gestational trophoblastic disease, 700

G6PD deficiency, 782, 783f, 784

glycogen storage diseases, 3268

gram-negative bacterial infections, 1261–1262

group A Streptococcus infections, 1189, 1189f

head and cancer, 590

heart failure, 1931, 1953

heavy metal poisoning, 3581

hepatitis E infections, 2548

hepatocellular carcinoma, 643, 644f

HFE gene mutations, 3235

HHV-6, 7, and 8 infections, 1491

H. influenzae infections, 1241–1242

HIV infection

incidence, deaths, and prevalence, 1535–1537,

1536f, 1537f

in sub-Saharan Africa, 3707–3708, 3707f,

3708f

subtype distribution, 1532, 1532f

HSV infection, 1472

HTLV-1 infections, 1524, 1525f

HTLV-2 infections, 1526

human African trypanosomiasis, 1757

hyperlipidemia, 1814

hyperparathyroidism, 358

hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 2162

hypertension, 1814

hyponatremia, 2925–2926

IC/BPS, 331

infections in HCT recipients, 1140–1141

infectious disease-associated glomerulonephritis,

2348–2349

inflammatory bowel disease, 2470

inflammatory myopathies, 2826

influenza, 1515

institutions for, 3703–3704

iodine deficiency, 2927, 2928f

iron-deficiency anemia, 749

ischemic heart disease, 2030, 2052

jaundice, 320–321

kidney disease, 2296, 2364

Klebsiella spp. infections, 1270

leprosy, 1383–1384, 1383f, 1384f, 3490

leptospirosis, 1418

liver function tests, 2556

Lyme borreliosis, 1426

lymphogranuloma venereum, 1448

malaria, 1004, 1721–1722, 1722f, 1733,

3709–3710

maternal mortality, 3768

measles, 982, 1608, 1612

meningococcal disease, 976, 1226, 1228f

meningococcal vaccines, 1233

mental disorders, 3541, 3712–3713

mesoamerican nephropathy, 2356

metabolic syndrome, 3150

micronutrient deficiencies, 2523

monkeypox, 1492

MRSA infections, 1135

multiple myeloma, 868

mumps, 1615

myasthenia gravis, 3516

myocarditis, 1972

myopathies, 3532

NAFLD, 2624

neck pain, 129

neglected tropical diseases, 1391–1392

neurologic disease, 3277, 3277t

neuromyelitis optica, 3477

nocardiosis, 1336

nontyphoidal Salmonella infections, 1296

NTM infections, 1393, 1396

obesity, 1814, 3081, 3712

osteoarthritis, 2855

osteomyelitis, 1048, 1050

Paget’s disease of bone, 3209

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, 788

parvovirus B19 infections, 1496

pertussis, 1258, 1258f

plague, 1000f, 1300–1301

pneumococcal infections, 1177

poisoning, 3596

poliovirus infections, 1606–1607, 1606t

porphyrias, 3239

prion diseases, 3417, 3417t

prolonged assisted circulation, 1977

prosthetic joint infections, 1052

pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia, 2166

pulmonary paragonimiasis, 270

Q fever, 1439

rabies, 1619, 1619f

relapsing fever, 1422

renal cell carcinoma, 676

rheumatic fever, 2766

rheumatic heart disease, 1189f, 1933, 1978,

1978f, 2766

rheumatoid arthritis, 2754, 2754f, 2765

rickettsial diseases, 977, 1434

INDEX

I-90 Global medicine (Cont.):

rotavirus infections, 1599, 1600f, 1601

rubella, 1612, 1614, 1614f

sarcoidosis, 2829–2830

schistosomiasis, 1785, 1786f

sepsis/septic shock, 2242

sexually transmitted infections, 1079, 1089

Shigella infections, 1297–1298

sickle cell disease, 757

skin cancer, 420

snakebite care, 3601–3602

substance use disorders, 3577

syphilis, 1407

TB, 1357–1359, 1358f, 3709–3710

testicular cancer, 690

tetanus, 1212, 1214

tobacco use, 3712

trachoma, 1450

tularemia, 1315, 1315f

vaccine-preventable disease, 982

valvular heart disease, 1978–1979, 1978f

Vibrio spp. infections, 1309t

viral hemorrhagic fevers, 978

viral respiratory infections, 1514

vitamin D deficiency, 358

Yersinia spp. infections, 1326, 1328

Global travel. See International travelers

Globi, 1382

Globin gene clusters, 755, 755f

Globin gene switching, 755f, 756

Globoside RBC group system, 887t

Globus pharyngeus, 287

Globus sensation, 2424

Glomerular diseases, 2331. See also specific

diseases

acute nephritic syndromes. See Acute nephritic

syndromes

approach to the patient, 2334–2336, 2334t

basement membrane syndromes. See Basement

membrane syndromes

clinical syndromes, 2334, 2335–2336t, 2336

genetic considerations in, 2332

glomerular-vascular syndromes, 2335t, 2336,

2347–2348

glomerulonephritis. See Glomerulonephritis

hematuria in, 335, 337, 2334, 2335–2336t

infectious disease-associated syndromes,

2335–2336t, 2336, 2348–2349

microalbuminuria in, 2334t

nephrotic syndromes. See Nephrotic

syndromes

pathogenesis of, 2331–2333, 2333f

progression of, 2333–2334

proteinuria in, 2334, 2334t, 2335–2336t

pulmonary-renal syndromes, 2334, 2335t, 2345

renal biopsy in, 2336, A4

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

age-related decline in, 2311

assessment of, 331–334, 2311, 2311t

in kidney disease, 331–334, 2286, 2286t

in pregnancy, 3763

race modifier for, 333

reduced, 331–332

regulation of, 2288, 2296–2297, 2298f

serum creatinine and, 331–332

Glomerulonephritis, 2280

acute, 2303t

C3, A4

classification of, 2336

endocarditis-associated, 2335t, 2337

fibrillary, A4

hematuria in, 335, 337, 2334

membranoproliferative. See

Membranoproliferative

glomerulonephritis

membranous. See Membranous

glomerulonephritis

mesangioproliferative, 2335t, 2341

pathogenesis of, 2332–2333, 2696t

pauci-immune, 2340

poststreptococcal/postinfectious. See

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

primary, 2336

progression of, 2333–2334, A4

rapidly progressive, 2280–2281, 2280f

rapidly progressive (crescentic), 2334, 2346f

in relapsing polychondritis, 2828

renal biopsy in, 2336, A4

secondary, 2336

in Sjögren’s syndrome, 2788

in SLE. See Lupus nephritis

tubulointerstitial abnormalities with, 2362

Glomerulosclerosis

age-related, 2336

focal segmental. See Focal segmental

glomerulosclerosis

Glomerulus (glomeruli)

anatomy of, 2310f, 2331, 2332f

embryologic development of, 2287–2288

Glossitis, 261t, 2468t

Glossodynia (burning mouth syndrome,

glossalgia), 236, 261

Glossopharyngeal nerve, 233, 234f, 3280, 3441,

3442f

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 259, 3441, 3463

Glossopharyngeal neuropathy, 3444

Glucagon

for bradycardia due to poisoning/overdose, 3591t

for food impaction dislodgement, 2433

for hypoglycemia, 3130t, 3134

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), 3081, 3082f, 3098

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists,

3110t, 3113, 3746t

Glucagonoma, 384, 664t, 665, 665f, 2986

Glucocerebrosidase, 3298, 3391–3392

Glucocorticoid(s)

for ABPA, 2165

for ACTH deficiency, 2901

actions of, 2328t

for adrenal insufficiency, 2972

adverse effects of, 702, 2156, 2328, 2330, 2744t,

2825t, 3468

carcinogenicity, 491t

cataracts, 225

cutaneous, 381, 386, 409

depression, 82

dyslipidemia, 3145

edema, 277t

eosinopenia, 449

fetal, 2747

hypertrichosis, 410

infection, 1145, 2156

major, 2805t

myopathy, 2276, 2847t, 3531–3532, 3531t

osteoporosis, 2156, 2531, 2761, 3196,

3208–3209

in pregnancy, 403

protection from, 3468

psychosis, 2741

in STEMI, 2059

tumor lysis syndrome, 573

vessel wall disorders, 910

for alcohol-associated liver disease, 2619, 2619f,

2626

for allergic conjunctivitis, 220

for anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, 223

for asthma, 2156, 2158, 2158t

for autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 787

for autoimmune hepatitis, 2615–2616

for autoimmune pancreatitis, 2666

for back pain, 126

for Behçet syndrome, 2818

for brain metastases, 598

for bronchiectasis, 2175

for CAH, 2975

for cancer, 543

for chronic inflammatory demyelinating

neuropathy, 3507

for cluster headache prevention, 3367, 3367t

for contact dermatitis, 385t

diabetes mellitus and, 3118–3119

drug interactions of, 2744t

for dyspnea, 81

for ectopic ACTH syndrome, 724

for EGPA, 2164–2165, 2810

for eosinophilia, 726

equipotency, 2972

for fatigue, 81

for fever, 133

for fever of unknown origin, 151

genomics of response to, 968

for giant cell arteritis, 2812

for gout, 2864

for granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 2804

for Graves’ ophthalmopathy, 2942

half-lives of, 2886

for hypercalcemia, 357, 723, 3184t, 3185

for hypereosinophilic syndromes, 449, 2165

for IBD, 2483

for idiopathic cutaneous vasculitis, 2815

for IgA vasculitis, 2814

for immune thrombocytopenic purpura, 907

for immunosuppression, 2328, 2328t

for inflammatory myopathies, 2824, 2825t

inhaled

adverse effects of, 2187

for asthma, 2156

for COPD, 2187

for cough, 269

intraarticular, for osteoarthritis, 2861, 2861t

intralesional

for alopecia areata, 387t

for mucous membrane pemphigoid, 404

for pemphigus foliaceus, 402

intranasal

adverse effects of, 2725

for allergic rhinitis, 2725

for sinusitis, 237, 252

for nausea and vomiting, 80, 294t

for neck pain, 129

for neuromyelitis optica, 223

for optic neuritis, 223

for orbital pseudotumor, 228

for pain, 79

for PCP, 1695

for polyarteritis nodosa, 2811

resistance to, 2965t

for rheumatic fever, 2769

for rheumatoid arthritis, 2761

for Sweet syndrome, 559

synthesis of, 2955f, 2956–2957, 3004f

systemic

adverse effects of, 2187–2188, 2744t,

2805t

for atopic dermatitis, 375

for Behçet syndrome, 2818

INDEX

for bullous pemphigoid, 403 I-91

for cerebral edema, 702

for COPD exacerbation, 2189

for cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 406

for drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome,

412

for drug-induced urticaria/angioedema, 411

drug interactions of, 2744t

for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 3521

for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, 404

for hypercalcemia, 357

for IgG4-related disease, 2840

for leprosy reactions, 1390

for lichen simplex chronicus, 375

for lupus nephritis, 2338

for Ménière’s disease, 241

for meningitis, 1176, 1243

for meningococcal infection, 1231

for minimal change disease, 2342

for M. pneumoniae pneumonia, 1443

for MS, 3468

for myasthenia gravis, 3514

for neuromyelitis optica, 3478

for pemphigoid gestationis, 403

for pemphigus foliaceus, 402

for pemphigus vulgaris, 402

for phototoxicity, 422

for sarcoidosis, 2835–2836, 2836t

for serum sickness, 3599

for sinusitis, 235

for SJS or TEN, 414

for SLE, 2743, 2744t, 2746

for systemic mastocytosis, 2731

for systemic sclerosis, 2783, 2786

for Takayasu arteritis, 2813

for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura,

908

topical

adverse effects of, 2744t

for atopic dermatitis, 375

for bullous pemphigoid, 403

for candidiasis, 381

for contact dermatitis, 375

for dermatitis, 385t

for dermatomyositis, 405

for hand eczema, 376

for herpes simplex keratitis, 220

for lichen planus, 379

for lichen simplex chronicus, 375

for morbilliform drug eruption, 411

for mucous membrane pemphigoid, 404

for pemphigoid gestationis, 403

for pemphigus foliaceus, 402

for phototoxicity, 422

for pityriasis rosea, 379

for psoriasis, 378, 385t

for seborrheic dermatitis, 377

for SLE, 2744t

for stasis dermatitis, 377

for sulfur mustard exposure, S4

for uveitis, 221

for vitiligo, 389t

for tuberculous meningitis, 968

for urticaria, 2723

for uveitis, 221

for vasculitis, 2804

withdrawal from, 409, 543

Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA,

familial hyperaldosteronism type I)

clinical features of, 2079, 2080t

complications of, 2965

diagnosis of, 350, 2079

genetic considerations in, 349, 350, 2080t, 2964,

2965t, 3647

treatment of, 2079, 2965–2967

Gluconeogenesis, 2517, 3129

Glucosamine, 2862

Glucose

in ascitic fluid, 323

balance and counterregulation of, 3129, 3130f

for hyperkalemia, 355

metabolism in cancer cells, 522

in nutrition assessment, 2538t

plasma levels of, 3096–3097, 3097f, 3097t

regulation of, 3095f, 3097–3098, 3098f

renal transport of, 2290f, 2292

Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (type Ia GSD,

Von Gierke disease), 3261, 3263t, A15, S8

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

deficiency, 782

clinical features of, 432, 784–785

diagnosis of, 784f, 785

drug contraindications in, 784, 784t

dapsone, 1574

furazolidone, 1708

primaquine, 1712, 1730t, 1732t, 1733,

1735–1736

rasburicase, 574

drug responses in, 477t, 478

early interventions for, 3667t

epidemiology of, 432, 782, 783f

genetic considerations in, 781t, 782, 782f

genetic testing for, 3667t

global considerations in in, 782, 783f, 784

jaundice in, 316

malaria resistance and, 784, 1723

pathophysiology of, 777f, 782, 783f

red cell enzyme abnormalities in, 781t

Rocky Mountain spotted fever in, 1433

treatment of, 785

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 2696t

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) deficiency,

777f, 781t

Glucose tolerance, 3096–3097, 3153–3154, 3156–

3157, 3808, 3811

Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), 272, 1524

Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) deficiency, 3308t,

3317

Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2), 272

Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2) deficiency

(Fanconi-Bickel syndrome, type XI

GSD), 2292t, 3134, 3263t, 3265

Glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), 3249, 3249f,

3250–3251

α-Glucosidase inhibitors, 3110t, 3111–3112, 3113

Glue sniffer’s neuropathy, 3493, 3495t

GluK2 antibodies, 729t, 732

GLUR (glutamate receptor), 2696t

GLUT-1 (glucose transporter 1), 272, 1524

GLUT-1 (glucose transporter 1) deficiency, 3308t,

3317

GLUT-2 (glucose transporter 2), 272

GLUT9 (glucose transporter 9), 3249, 3249f,

3250–3251

Glutamate, 92

Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65), 2696t

Glutamate receptor (GLUR), 2696t

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies,

728t, 733, 734, 735f

Glutaminase deficiency, 3270t

l-Glutamine, 761

Glutamine metabolism disorders, 3270t

Glutamine synthase deficiency, 3270t

Glutaric acidemia, 3270t

Glutathione peroxidase deficiency, 785

Glutathione-S-transferase proteins, 315

Glutathione synthase deficiency, 781t

Gluten-free diet

for ataxic disorders, 3426

for celiac disease, 2464

for dermatitis herpetiformis, 404

Gluten-induced enteropathy. See Celiac disease

Gluten intolerance, nonceliac, 303, 2464

Glutethimide, 471t, 3593t

Glyburide, 905t, 3110t, 3765

Glycan shield, 1557

Glycemic control

circadian rhythm disorders and, 3808

in critically ill patient, 2223–2224

in diabetes mellitus, 3106–3107, 3120–3121, 3122f

diabetic nephropathy and, 3122–3123

diabetic retinopathy and, 3122f

in hospitalized patients, 3117–3118

long-term, assessment of, 3106–3107

in metabolic syndrome, 3156–3157

in older adults, 3746–3747, 3746t

perioperative, 3773

in pregnancy, 3765

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

(GAPD) deficiency, 781t

Glycine, 3220

Glycine encephalopathy, 3269t, 3275t

Glycine metabolism disorders, 3269t

Glycine N-methyltransferase deficiency, 3269t

Glycine receptor (GlyR) antibodies, 729t, 733, 734, 735f

Glycogen, 3261

Glycogenolysis, myocardial, 1810

Glycogen storage diseases (GSD), 3261

clinical features of, 3261

global considerations in, 3268

with hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia

type 0, 3263t

type Ia (von Gierke disease), 3261, 3263t,

A15, S8

type Ib, 3263t

type III, 1967, 3262, 3263t, 3528

type IV, 3225, 3263, 3528

type VI (Hers disease), 3263t, 3265

type IX, 2292t, 3263t, 3264–3265

type XI (Fanconi-Bickel syndrome), 2292t,

3263t, 3265

hyperuricemia in, 3250

IBD and, 2472t

late-onset, 3257t

with muscle-energy impairment

lactate dehydrogenase deficiency, 3263t

phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency, 3263t

type V (McCardle disease), 3263t, 3265, 3528

type VII (Tarui disease), 781t, 3263t, 3528

type IX (muscle phosphorylase kinase

deficiency), 3263t, 3266

type X (phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency),

781t, 3263t

type XII (fructose 1,6-bisphospate aldolase A

deficiency), 3263t

type XIII (β-enolase deficiency), 3263t

pathogenesis of, 3261, 3262f

with progressive skeletal myopathy and/or

cardiomyopathy

Danon disease (LAMP2 deficiency), 1967,

3257t, 3264, 3264t

PRKAG2 deficiency, 3264, 3264t

type II. See Pompe disease (acid α-1,4

glucosidase deficiency)

type XV (polyglucosan body myopathy),

3264t, 3266

INDEX

I-92 Glycolysis, 777f, 781–782, 1810, 3528

Glycopeptides, 1148, 1158–1159, 1164t, 1166

Glycoprotein hormones, 2885

Glycoprotein Ib/IX, 2696t

Glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex, 920

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, 450–451, 925, 925f, 927–928

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists. See also specific

drugs

actions of, 927–928

adverse effects of, 928

discontinuation before lumbar puncture, S9

dosage of, 928

indications for, 928

for NSTE-ACS, 2050–2051

in PCI, 2066

pharmacology of, 928t

for STEMI, 2061

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors, 904, 921

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIg, 2696t

Glycoproteinosis(es), 3256t

Glycopyrrolate, 3434

Glycosaminoglycans, 326

Glycosphingolipodoses, neutral, 3256t

Glycosuria, 342, 2292t

Glycylcyclines. See Tigecycline

Glycyrrhizinic acid, 349, 350, S1

Glymphatic system, 3295–3296

GMAP (Global Malaria Action Plan), 3709

GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor), 440f, 443, 564, 2682t

GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor) therapy, 550, 554t

GM gangliosides, 951, 2696t

GNA11 gene mutations, 3178

GNAL gene mutations, 3402, 3403t

GNAS1 gene mutations, 2961, 2967, 2992, 3084,

3215, 3645, 3651

GNAS gene mutations, 3189

Gnathostoma spinigerum/gnathostomiasis

clinical features of, 1114t, 1699t, 1773

diagnosis of, 945t, 1773, S12

epidemiology of, 945t, 1112, 1773

pathogenesis of, 1697–1698

treatment of, 1771t, 1773

GnRH. See Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

(GnRH)

GnRH1 gene mutations, 3014, 3015t

GnRHR gene mutations, 3014, 3015t

GOBI, 3703

GOBI-FFF, 3703

Goiter, 2935, 2946. See also Thyroid nodular

disease

Goitrogens, 2946

Goitrous thyroiditis. See Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Gold, adverse effects of, 379, 391, 409, 905t, 2816,

3495t

GOLD (Global Initiative for Lung Disease) criteria,

for COPD, 2182, 2182t, 2185

Golden Rice, 2530

Golgin, 2696t

Golimumab

actions of, 2707t

adverse effects of, 379t, 448, 2485, 2487t, 2762t,

2794

for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases,

2701, 2707t

for axial spondyloarthritis, 2794

for IBD, 2485, 2487t

for psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis, 379t

for rheumatoid arthritis, 2761, 2762t, 2763

for sarcoidosis, 2836

testing before and during treatment, 2487t

Gomori methenamine silver stain, S11

Gompertzian growth curve/kinetics, 509, 530, 531f

Gonadal development, 2999f

Gonadal dysgenesis, 3002

Gonadal mosaicism, 3646

Gonadal sex, 2997f, 2998–2999, 2999f

Gonadectomy, 3035

Gonadotropin(s), 2895. See also Folliclestimulating hormone (FSH); Luteinizing

hormone (LH)

actions of, 2895

for androgen deficiency, 3021

deficiency of. See Hypogonadism

in male reproductive function, 3010

for ovulatory induction, 3052

pituitary tumor production of, 2916–2917

secretion of, 2895

synthesis of, 2895

Gonadotropinoma, 2904t

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

actions of, 2893f, 2895

deficiency of. See Hypogonadotropic

hypogonadism

hypothalamic, 2883, 2893f

in male pubertal development, 3006

in menstrual cycle regulation, 3030

in ovarian function regulation, 3028–3029, 3029f

pulse frequency of, 2891, 2895

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

analogues, 3012

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

receptor, 2888t

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

stimulation test, 3010

Gonioscopy, 221

Gonococcal arthritis. See Gonococcal infections,

disseminated

Gonococcal infections, 1234

anorectal, 1237

cephalosporin intermediate/resistant, 1236

in children, 1238

diagnosis of, 1239, S11

disseminated

clinical features of, 140t, 1042–1043, 1238,

1238f

complications of, 1238

epidemiology of, 140t, 1238

joint involvement in, 1238, 1239f

risk factors for, 1239f

skin manifestations of, 140t, 144, 399, 1238f,

A1, A5

treatment of, 1239–1240, 1240t

epidemiology of, 1079, 1234–1235

epididymitis, 1082

in HIV infection, 1238–1239

in men, 1080–1081, 1236–1237, 1236f

in neonates, 1238, 1240t

ocular, 1237, 1240t

oropharyngeal, 254, 258t, 1235, 1237, 1240, 1240t

pathogenesis of, 1235–1236. See also Neisseria

gonorrhoeae

pelvic inflammatory disease. See Pelvic

inflammatory disease (PID)

in pregnancy, 1237

prevention and control of, 1240–1241

quinolone-resistant, 1236

reactive arthritis and, 2798

screening for, 39t, 1092

spectinomycin-resistant, 1236

treatment of, 1081–1082, 1082t, 1239–1240,

1240t

in women, 1083, 1237

Go–no go test, 203

Gonorrhea. See Gonococcal infections

Goodpasture’s syndrome

clinical features of, 2334, 2335t, 2336, 2338,

2734–2735

diagnosis of, 2339

pathophysiology of, 2332, 2696t, 2734–2735

prognosis of, 2339

treatment of, 2339

Gordon’s syndrome. See Pseudohypoaldosteronism

type II

Gorlin formula, valve area measurement, 1862

Gorlin’s syndrome (basal cell nevus syndrome)

brain tumors associated with, 703t, 706

clinical features of, 395, 1856f

genetic considerations in, 503t, 703t

nonmelanoma skin cancer in, 586

Goserelin, 544, 613t, 620, 686

Gottron’s papules/sign, 405, 405f, 2820, 2820f

Gout, 2862

clinical features of, 2863

diagnosis of, 2863–2864, 2864f

drug-induced, 2847t

genetic considerations in, 3251, 3251t

hyperuricemia in, 3251

nephropathy in, 2363, 3251

obesity and, 3087

pathogenesis of, 2862–2863, 2863f

prevalence of, 3249, 3251

vs. rheumatoid arthritis, 2759

tophaceous, 395–396, A15

treatment of, 2863f, 2864–2865

in von Gierke disease, 3261

Gou virus, 1628t

Gower sign, 3518, 3519f

gp41, 1541, 1557

gp120, 1528, 1541, 1548, 1555, 1596

gp160, 1548

GPI (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) deficiency,

777f, 781t

GPIHPB1 gene mutations, 3138

G protein(s), 2073, 2887–2888, 2887f, 3569–3570

G protein α, 2887–2888, 2887f, 2888

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), 232

effectors and pathways of, 2885, 2885t, 2887f

mutations in, 2882, 2888, 2888t

GRA. See Glucocorticoid-remediable

aldosteronism (GRA)

Graafian follicle, 3028f

Graded exercise therapy, 164

Gradenigo’s syndrome, 230, 1124

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

chronic, 900–901

clinical features of, 500

CMV infection and, 1139

cobalamin malabsorption in, 772

diarrhea in, 301, 304

fungal infections and, 1138

grading and staging of, 900, 900t

incidence of, 500

microbiome and, 3697

neuropathy in, 3492

prevention of, 897, 900

risk in HCT, 897

skin manifestations of, 379, 383, 391, 393, 900

transfusion-associated, 794, 894

treatment of, 424, 900

Graft-versus-leukemia effect, 816

Graft-versus-tumor effect, 898

Graham Steell murmur, 283, 1992, 2005

Grain dust exposure, 2167t, 2170

Gramicidin, 1162t

INDEX

Grammar, assessment of, 196 I-93

Gram-negative bacteria. See also

Enterobacteriaceae; specific bacteria

antibiotic resistance in, 1013, 1164t, 1165f,

1263–1265, 1264t

antibiotic targets in, 1165f

epidemiology of, 1262

global considerations in, 1261–1262

infectious syndromes of, 1263

laboratory identification of, 1263, S11

pathogenesis of, 1262, 1262t

structure and function of, 1262

Gram-positive bacteria, S11. See also specific

bacteria

Gram’s stain, 1011–1012, 1338f, S11

Granada virus, 1629t

Grandmother effect, 3733, 3734f

Granisetron, 80, 115, 293, 294t, 554

Granular casts, A4

Granular lymphocytes, 425

Granulicatella spp., 1028, 1196

Granulocyte(s), 425, 429f, 445t, 746f, 886t. See also

Basophil(s); Eosinophil(s); Neutrophil(s)

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF),

440f, 1009–1010, 2682t

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

therapy

adverse effects of, 396, 409

in HCT, 744, 898

indications for, 550, 554t

for myelodysplasia, 802

for neutropenia, 450, 564

for sulfur mustard exposure, S4

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

(GM-CSF), 440f, 443, 564, 2682t

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

(GM-CSF) therapy, 550, 554t

Granulocytic sarcoma (cutaneous chloroma), 396

Granulocytopenia, in cancer patient, 558t, 561

Granulocytosis, 725t, 726

Granuloma(s)

Candida, 1672

in coccidioidomycosis, 1662

diagnosis of, 373

hepatic, 2587t, A13

palisading, 395

periapical, 256

pyogenic, 257

in sarcoidosis, 397, 2830. See also Sarcoidosis

in schistosomiasis, 1787

tick-bite, 3609

in vasculitis, 2804

Granuloma annulare, 384, 3128

Granuloma inguinale. See Donovanosis

Granulomatosis

eosinophilic, with allergic angiitis. See

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with

polyangiitis

lymphomatoid, 857, 2807

Granulomatosis infantiseptica, 1210

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s), 2806

clinical features of, 1115t, 2340, 2707t,

2806–2807

bacterial pneumonia, A14

bilateral nodular infiltrates, A14

chronic meningitis, 1115t

cutaneous, 397, 2806

hemoptysis, 271

interstitial lung disease, 2196

intracranial infarcts, 3343

ocular, 220, 2806, A14

oral, 257, 262

renal, 2335t, 2336t, 2340, 2806–2807

saddle nose deformity, 1816, 2806

sinusitis, A14

definition of, 2806

diagnosis of, 2807

ANCAs, 2807

chest imaging, A14

CT, 2806f, A14

lung biopsy, A14

lung histology, 2806, 2806f

renal biopsy, 2340, A4, A14

differential diagnosis of, 2807, 2828

incidence and prevalence of, 2806

pathogenesis of, 2735, 2803, 2806

pathology of, 2806, 2806f

treatment of

biologic therapies, 2808–2809

cyclophosphamide induction, 2808

glucocorticoid induction, 2808

for nonsevere disease, 2808

organ-specific, 2809

principles of, 2804, 2807–2808

remission maintenance, 2808

rituximab induction, 2808

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 2809

Granulomatous (necrotizing) arteritis, 3343

Granulomatous diseases, chronic. See Chronic

granulomatous diseases (CGDs)

Granulomatous gastritis, 2457

Granulomatous interstitial nephritis, 2359

Granulomatous myocarditis, 1962

Granulomatous (subacute) thyroiditis, 2943–2944,

2944f

Granulosa cell(s), 3027

Granulosa cell tumor, 697

Grapefruit juice, 1709, 2043

Graphesthesia, 172, 3281

Graphics processing unit, 3829, 3829t

Grasp reflex, 3281

Graves’ disease, 2938. See also Thyrotoxicosis

anti-Yersinia antibodies in, 1327

APS-2 and, 2994, 2995t

in children, 2942

clinical features of, 2938, A15

goiter, 2946

hypopigmentation, 387

ophthalmopathy. See Graves’ (thyroidassociated) ophthalmopathy

pretibial myxedema, A5, A15

signs and symptoms, 2939f, 2939t

thyroid acropachy, 2876, 2939f

thyroid dermopathy, 2939f

diagnosis of, 2884t, 2932, 2939f

edema in, 278

epidemiology of, 2938

genetic considerations in, 2938

insulin autoimmune syndrome in, 2996

pathogenesis of, 2696t, 2882, 2938

in pregnancy, 2888, 2942

pregnancy and, 3765

prevalence of, 2884t

radiation therapy–related, 741

thymic tumors in, 2996

treatment of, 2941–2943

Graves’ (thyroid-associated) ophthalmopathy

autoantibodies in, 2696t

clinical features of, 228, 2939f, A15, V3

diagnosis of, 228

pathogenesis of, 2938

treatment of, 228, 2942–2943

Gray (Gy), 531, S5

Gray hepatization, 1010

Gray platelet syndrome, 425

Grazoprevir, 2608t, 2610

Grazoprevir/elbasvir, 1468t, 1469, 2608t, 2610

Great saphenous vein, ligation of, 2118

Green bottle fly, 3611

Greenhouse gases, 1001, 1002f, 1002t, 1003f, 3726,

3731

Green nail syndrome, 1289

Green tea extracts, 381

Grey Turner sign, 792

Griffiths’ point, 2506, 2506f

Griscelli’s syndrome, 2718, S8

Griseofulvin, 380, 380t, 387t, 1657

GRN gene mutations, 191t, 3379

“Groove sign,” 407

Gross cystic disease fibrous protein, 718, 718t

Ground-glass opacity

bleomycin-related, 739

in COVID-19 disease, 980

in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, A14

in interstitial pneumonitis, A12

in lung cancer, A12

pulmonary, 2168

in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, A12

radiation therapy-related, 739

treatment of, 602

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections, 1189. See

also Streptococcus pyogenes

asymptomatic carrier of, 1191

in cancer patient, 558

cellulitis, 1037, 1192–1193

complications of. See Poststreptococcal

glomerulonephritis; Rheumatic fever

diagnosis of, S11

ecthyma, 380

endocarditis. See Infective endocarditis

epidemiology of, 1189

erysipelas. See Erysipelas

global considerations in, 1189, 1189f

health care–associated, 1134

impetigo. See Impetigo

joints, 1041. See also Infectious (septic) arthritis

myositis, 1038, 1193

necrotizing fasciitis. See Necrotizing fasciitis

pathogenesis of, 1189–1190

pharyngitis. See Pharyngitis, streptococcal

pneumonia, 1193

prevention of, 1194

puerperal, 1194

pyomyositis, 1038

rheumatic fever and, 1189, 2768, 2770. See also

Rheumatic fever

in scabies, 3609

scarlet fever. See Scarlet fever

surgical-site, 1131

toxic shock syndrome. See Toxic shock syndrome

(TSS), streptococcal

treatment of, 1190–1191, 1191t

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections

cellulitis, 1037

clinical syndromes, 1196

diagnosis of, 1195, S11

endocarditis. See Infective endocarditis

epidemiology of, 1195

meningitis, 1101

neonatal, 1084

pharyngitis, 254

in pregnancy, 1195

prevention of, 1195

treatment of, 1195, 1196

Group C Streptococcus infections, 254,

1194–1195

INDEX

I-94 Group D Streptococcus infections, 558t, 562, 638,

1196

Group G Streptococcus infections, 1194–1195

Grover’s-like rash, 410

Growth

disorders of, 2899. See also Short stature

hormones in, 2889–2890. See also Growth

hormone (GH)

somatic, skeletal maturation and, 2899

in type Ia glycogen storage disease, A15

Growth hormone (GH), 2893

actions of, 2894, 3130t

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease after, 3419

ectopic production of, 722t

effectors and signaling pathways of, 2885t

excess. See Acromegaly

expression and regulation of, 2892t, 3808

insensitivity, 2899

laboratory evaluation of, 2899t

in puberty, 3006, 3032

recombinant

for adult growth hormone deficiency,

2900–2901, 2901f

adverse effects of, 2901

for growth hormone deficiency in children,

2900

secretion of, 2894

synthesis of, 2894

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency

in adults, 2900–2901, 2900t, 2901f

in children, 2899, 3133. See also Short stature

idiopathic, 2899

laboratory investigation of, 2900

radiation therapy-related, 741

Growth hormone (GH) receptor(s), 2889

Growth hormone (GH) receptor antagonists, for

acromegaly, 2913–2914

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH),

722t, 2894, 2899, 2907

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

agonists, 3058

GRO-α/MGSA, 2684t

GRO-β/MIP-2α, 2684t

Gs

α, 3179f, 3189, 3189t

GSD. See Glycogen storage diseases (GSD)

GSDMD (gasdermin D), 957

GSK-J4, 3796

GSS (Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker) disease,

3298, 3299t, 3417t, 3419, 3420

GSTP1 gene promoter, 681

GTPases, 953, 956f, 957

GTP cyclohydrolase I deficiency, 3269t, 3389

Guama virus, 1627t

Guanabenz, 3591t

Guanarito virus, 1626t

Guanethidine, 277t

Guanfacine, 2083t, 3406, 3572

Guanine, 3641

Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), 953

Guanylate binding protein (GBP), 957

Guaroa virus, 1627t

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), 3501

after infectious diarrhea, 1064t

antecedent events, 3501–3502

vs. botulism, 1218

vs. chronic inflammatory demyelinating

polyneuropathy, 3504

clinical features of, 3501, 3506t

autonomic dysfunction, 3434, 3501

cranial nerve palsies, 3444

facial nerve disorders, 3440

weakness, 167, 168, 184, 3501

in CMV mononucleosis, 1488

in COVID-19 disease, 3491

diagnosis of, 3309t, 3502t, 3503–3504, A16

differential diagnosis of, 3503–3504

epidemiology of, 3501

in Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 735

immunopathogenesis of, 2696t, 3296, 3502,

3504t, 3505f

in influenza, 1519

influenza vaccine and, 1520, 3501–3502

Miller Fisher variant, 1218, 3309t, 3444, 3502t,

3503f

pathophysiology of, 3502–3503

prognosis of, 3504

subtypes of, 3501, 3502t, 3503f

treatment of, 3504

Guinea worm infection (dracunculiasis). See

Dracunculus medinensis/dracunculiasis

Gulf War syndrome, S6, S7

Gumboil, 256

Gummas, 1037, 1408, 1410

Gums, strawberry, 257

Günther’s disease (congenital erythropoietic

porphyria), 3238t, 3239, 3246

GUSB gene mutations, 3260

Guselkumab, 379t, 2800

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), 1540,

1543–1544

Gut microbiota. See also Human microbiome

anaerobic bacteria in, 1348–1349, 1348t

in axial spondyloarthritis, 2791

benefits of, 1349

circadian regulation of, 3810

composition of, 3693, 3693f

in gastrointestinal disease, 3695

in heart failure, 1935

in IBD, 2471f, 2473, 2492, 2492f, 2493f,

2495–2496, 3696

in metabolic syndrome, 3151

in neurologic disease, 3296

in obesity, 3695–3696

pathogen competition with, 959

in rheumatoid arthritis, 2755

Guttate psoriasis, 378. See also Psoriasis

GVHD. See Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

GWAS. See Genome-wide association studies

(GWAS)

Gy (Gray), 531, S5

GYG1 gene mutations, 3266

Gynecomastia, 3018

with androgen deprivation therapy, 687, 3076

breast cancer risk and, 626

definition of, 3018

diagnosis of, 2884t

etiology of, 3018

evaluation of, 3018–3019, 3018f

hCG levels in, 725

in Klinefelter syndrome, 2999

in liver disease, 318, 321

prevalence of, 2884t, 3018

prevention of, in androgen deprivation therapy,

3076

spironolactone-related, 323–324

treatment of, 3019

Gypsy moth larvae, 3615

Gyrate atrophy, choroid and retina, 3270t

H

H1N1 influenza, 972, 980, 1133, 1516, 3296, 3718

H1

 receptor antagonists. See Antihistamines

H2

 receptor antagonists. See Histamine H2

 receptor

antagonists

H3K4me3, 3793, 3794

H3K9ac, 3792

H3K27ac, 3792

H3K27me3, 3793, 3794

H3N2 influenza, 972, 1505

H5N1 influenza, 972, 980, 1505, 1516

H6PDH (hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase),

2958

H7N9 influenza, 1505

HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy).

See Combination antiretroviral therapy

(cART)

HACE (high-altitude cerebral edema), 272, 3617,

3618f, 3618t

HACEK group, 1246–1247

HACEK group infections, 1246–1247, 1247t. See

also Infective endocarditis, HACEK group

HAD (HIV-associated dementia), 1576, 1577f,

1577t

HAE (hereditary angioedema), 2723

Haemophilus ducreyi, 1090, 1244. See also

Chancroid

Haemophilus influenzae

antibiotic resistance in, 1243

host response to, 1242

laboratory identification of, 1243, S11

microbiology of, 1241

nontypable strains, 1241, 1241t

type b, 1241, 1241t

Haemophilus influenzae infections, 1241

bronchiectasis, 2175

in cancer patient, 556, 556t, 558t, 560

chemoprophylaxis for, 1243–1244

clinical features of, 1241t, 1242–1243

cellulitis, 1037, 1242

epiglottitis, 255, 1242

hemoptysis, 270

laryngitis, 255

mastoiditis, 251

meningitis, 1101, 1242, 1243

otitis media, 248, 1242

pharyngitis, 253t, 254

pneumonia, 1242

in COPD, 2189

in cystic fibrosis, 2176

diagnosis of, 1243

epidemiology of, 1241–1242, 1241f

global considerations in, 1241–1242

in human bite-wound, 1125

incidence pre- and postvaccine, U.S., 981t

pathogenesis of, 1242

in post-splenectomy sepsis, 463, 976

in transplant recipient, 1138t

treatment of, 1156t, 1243

Haemophilus influenzae vaccine

in cancer patient, 557t, 565

in children, 1243

in splenectomized patient, 463

in transplant recipient, 1146, 1147t

Haemophilus parainfluenzae, 1246, 1247t. See also

Infective endocarditis, HACEK group

Haemophilus vaginitis. See Bacterial vaginosis

HAI (hemagglutinin inhibition) antibodies, 1517

Hair

drug-induced disorders of, 384, 410, 555

excessive. See Hirsutism

growth cycle of, 3039

loss of. See Alopecia

in malnutrition, 2535t

removal of, 3042

terminal, 3039

vellus, 3039