INDEX

I-226 Urticaria (Cont.):

classification of, 2722, 2722t

clinical features of, 143, 143f, 371t, 394,

2722–2723

distribution, 371t

morphology, 384

papules and plaques, 373, A1, A5

cold, 394, 448, 2722

contact, 2722

definition of, 2721–2722

dermographic, 2722, 2722f, A5

diagnosis of, 373, 2723

drug-induced, 407, 408t, 411

etiology of, 143, 393–394, 393t, 2722, 2722t

local heat, 2722f

in mastocytosis, 2730. See also Mastocytosis

pathophysiology of, 2722–2723

physical, 394

predisposing factors for, 2722

pressure, 2722

solar, 2722

treatment of, 411, 2723

Urticarial vasculitis, 139t, 143, 394

Urticaria pigmentosa, 394, 397

Urushiol, 375

USB1 gene mutations, 3682t

Usher’s syndrome, 242, 244t

USP8 gene mutations, 2908

U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief

(PEPFAR), 3703

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 39t, 40–42, 40t

Ustekinumab, 379t, 2485, 2487t, 2800, 2802

Usutu virus, 1626t, 1636

Uterus, disorders of

amenorrhea in, 3034–3035, 3035f

clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene), 1038

endometrial cancer. See Endometrial cancer

endometriosis. See Endometriosis

fibroids (leiomyoma), 636, 699, 2398f, 3037,

3038, 3052–3053

pelvic pain in. See Pelvic pain

sarcoma, 700

treatment of, 3035

UTIs. See Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

UTX gene mutations, 3795

Uukuniemi virus, 1629t, 1630t

Uukuviruses, 1630t

Uveitis

anterior, 221, 2793

in axial spondyloarthritis, 2796

in Behçet syndrome, 2818

in IBD, 2481t

paraneoplastic, 728t, 736

posterior, 221

in psoriatic arthritis, 2799

in secondary syphilis, 1408

treatment of, 2796

with tubulointerstitial nephritis, 2359

in Whipple’s disease, 1346, 1347

Uvula, bifid, 1816

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, 2209

U wave, 1826

V

Vaborbactam, 1153, 1166. See also

Meropenem-vaborbactam

VacA, 1280

Vaccine(s), 981. See also Immunization; specific

vaccines

administration of, 986–987, 987f

adverse event reporting, 19, 987–988

approach to the patient, 17, 18t

cancer prevention and, 492, 493, 3689

contraindications to, 983, 985–986t

development of, genomics in, 968–969, 972

documentation of, 987

future trends in, 989

global considerations in, 982

in health promotion, 13

hypersensitivity to, 983

impact of, 981–982, 981t

inequities in access to, 19

information statements, 983, 986

precautions for, 985–986t

routinely administered in U.S., 981t

safety monitoring, 987–988

storage and handling of, 986

tumor, 538

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS),

987–988

Vaccine hesitancy and opposition

approach to the patient, 17, 18t

causes of, 14, 3717

COVID-19, 19–20

definition of, 14, 15

ethical issues for physicians, 70

factors in, 15–16, 15f

measles, 3717

social and cultural trends affecting, 16

Vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and

thrombosis (VITT), 906

Vaccine Information Sheet (VIS), 983–984

Vaccine-preventable disease, 981t, 982

Vaccine Safety Datalink Project, 948

Vaccinia immune globulin, 1494

Vaccinia virus, 1492t, 1493, 1494. See also Smallpox

Vacuum constriction device, 3061

VA-ECMO (venoarterial extracorporeal membrane

oxygenation), 2235, 2235t, 2254

VAERS (Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System),

987–988

Vagabonds’ disease, 3610

Vagal reflex maneuvers, for tachycardias, 1889f,

1890t, 1893, 1895, 1898

Vagina

blind, 3034

cancer, 1499

congenital absence of, 3005

dilatation of, 3035

discharge from, 1083. See also Vulvovaginal

infections

microbiota of, 1072, 3693f, 3699

Vaginal ring, 3053

Vaginal septum, 3034

Vaginoplasty, 3005

Vagotomy, 2450–2453

Vagus nerve, 233, 234f, 3280, 3296, 3441, 3443f

Vagus nerve stimulation, 1951, 3321, 3362t, 3363t,

3364, 3367t, 3550

Valacyclovir

actions of, 1460

adverse effects of, 1460, 1461t

for Bell’s palsy, 3441

for CMV infection prophylaxis, 1490

for eosinophilic esophagitis, 2432

for herpes zoster, 1039t, 1460, 1461t, 1482, 3452

for HSV infections, 1477–1478, 1478t

genital, 1039t, 1460

mucocutaneous, 1461t, 1513

for HSV prophylaxis, 1479, 1565t

pharmacology of, 1460

for varicella, 1482

for viral encephalitis, 1098

for viral meningitis, 1108

Valbenazine, 3407–3408, 3556

Valdecoxib, 95t

Valganciclovir

for CMV infection, 1461t, 1462, 1490, 2330,

2433

for CMV infection prophylaxis, 1139, 1143,

1144, 1462, 1564t

indications for, 1462

pharmacology of, 1461

resistance to, 1462

Valgus, 2850, 2857, 2857f

Valine metabolism disorders, 3270t

Valley fever. See Coccidioides spp. infections

Valproate/valproic acid

adverse effects of, 3365t

bone marrow suppression, 3317

common, 3551t

hair loss, 410

hepatotoxicity, 2584, 2589, 3317

mitochondrial defects and, 3678

neurologic, 3320t

rare, 3551t

systemic, 3320t

teratogenicity, 3317, 3767

thrombocytopenia, 905t

weight gain, 3087

zinc deficiency, 2532

for bipolar disorder, 3551, 3551t

drug interactions of, 1155t, 3317, 3318t, 3319t,

3320t

for migraine prevention, 3364, 3365t

for myoclonus, 3407

for new daily persistent headache, 116

overdosage/poisoning with, 3592t

for panic disorder, 3543

pharmacology of, 3320t, 3551t

for posthypoxic myoclonus, 2272

for seizures, 571, 702, 3317, 3320t

for status epilepticus, 3322f

for tardive dyskinesia, 3408

Valrubicin, 679

Valsalva maneuver

in autonomic dysfunction evaluation,

3431–3432, 3432t

in focal atrial tachycardia diagnosis, 1893

heart murmurs and, 285, 1823, 1823t

for PSVT, 1899

Valsalva ratio, 3432, 3432t

Valsartan, 1947, 1948t, 2083t

Valve area, measurement of, 1862

Valvular heart disease. See also specific conditions

cardiac imaging in, 1846–1848

dyspnea in, 266

global burden of, 1978–1979, 1978f

multiple and mixed, 2005–2008

murmurs in, 278

natural history of, 1797

in polycystic kidney disease, 2352

in pregnancy, 3764

radiation-induced, 737

in relapsing polychondritis, 2828

sudden cardiac death and, 2258f, 2259

VAMP2 (synaptobrevin), 1212

vanA gene, 1187

van Buchem’s disease (hyperostosis corticalis

generalisata), 3213–3214

Vancomycin

actions of, 1148, 1158, 1164t

adverse effects of, 563, 905t, 1154t, 1158

cutaneous, 409, 411

fever, 147

nephrotoxicity, 2300

INDEX

for asymptomatic GAS carriage, 1191 I-227

for CAPD peritonitis, 1057

for catheter-related bloodstream infections, 559,

559t

for C. difficile infections, 1067–1068, 1069t

for clostridial infections, 1221t, 1224

for community-acquired pneumonia, 1014t

dosage monitoring, 470

empirical uses of, 947t

for enterococcal infections, 1201t, 1202

for epidural abscess, 947t, 975t

for febrile neutropenia, 563

indications for, 1156t, 1158

for infective endocarditis

as empirical therapy, 947t, 975t, 1030

enterococcal, 1028, 1029t, 1201t

staphylococcal, 1028, 1029t, 1187

streptococcal, 1029t

for intraabdominal infection, 947t

for intracranial infections, 975t

for mastoiditis, 251

for meningitis

as empirical therapy, 947t, 975t, 1103t

enterococcal, 1201t

MRSA, 1104t, 1105

pneumococcal, 1105, 1176

for MRSA infections, 1185, 1186t, 1187

as empirical therapy, 947t

endocarditis, 1028

meningitis, 1104t, 1105

skin, 1039t

for necrotizing fasciitis, 1039t

for nongonococcal bacterial arthritis, 1042

for osteomyelitis, 1049t, 1050t

for pneumococcal infections, 1176

for post-splenectomy sepsis, 975t

in pregnancy and lactation, 1152t

prophylactic, 1162t

for purpura fulminans, 975t

resistance to. See also Vancomycin-resistant

enterococci (VRE)

mechanisms of, 1164t, 1166, 1185, 1202–1203

rates of, 1156t, 1158

for sepsis/septic shock, 947t, 975t, 2248t

for staphylococcal infections, 1186t

for toxic shock syndrome, 975t, 1188

for ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1018t

Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA), 1028,

1158, 1166, 1185

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)

diagnosis of, 966

epidemiology of, 1135, 1198–1199

genomics of, 961t, 966, 1199

global considerations in, 1199

in health care–associated infections, 1198

laboratory identification of, S11

pathogenesis of, 1197–1198

resistance mechanism of, 1202

treatment of, 1028, 1201t, 1202

van den Bergh reaction, 316

Vandetanib

action and targets of, 513t, 548t

adverse effects of, 548t

for thyroid cancer, 2990

van gene, 966, 1166

Vanishing bile duct syndrome, 319, 1145, 2584,

2590

Vanishing (absent) testis syndrome, 3002

van operon, 1202–1203

Vanoprazan, 1283

VAP. See Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)

Vaping, 13, 490, 594

Vapreotide, 311

Vaptans (vasopressin antagonists), 345, 723, 2925,

2925f, S1

Vardenafil, 689, 3056, 3057f, 3059–3060, 3060t,

3474

Varenicline, 595, 2186, 3566, 3576

Variable expressivity, 3651

Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), 3656

Variants of unknown significance (VUS), 504, 614,

3646, 3649, 3665

Variation, gene, 3645. See also Mutation(s)

Variceal bleeding

esophageal. See Esophageal varices

gastric, 2403, 2405, 2409f, 2664, V5

Varicella (chickenpox), 1479

clinical features of, 138t, 142, 143f, 370t,

1479–1480

extracutaneous, 1480

oral, 258t

skin

characteristics of, 138t, 142, 143f

evolution of, 1480, 1480f, A1, A5

rash, 393

vesicles/bullae, 392, 1035

complications of, 1480, 3476

congenital, 1480

differential diagnosis of, 142–143, 1481

epidemiology of, 138t, 1479

health care–associated, 1133

incidence pre- and postvaccine, U.S., 981t

infection control measures, 1133

pathogenesis of, 1479

perinatal, 1480

prevention of, 1482–1483, 1482t. See also

Varicella vaccine

in transplant recipient, 2275

treatment of, 1460–1461, 1461t, 1481–1482

Varicella vaccine

contraindications for, 985t

precautions for, 985t

recommended administration of

in adults, 40t, 984f, 1482

in children, 1482

in international travelers, 993

in pregnancy, 984f

storage and handling of, 986

Varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIG), 1482,

1482t, 1564t

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), 1479, 1481

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections. See also

Herpes zoster (shingles); Varicella

(chickenpox)

in cancer patient, 560, 564

diagnosis of, 373

encephalitis, 560, 1094, 1096t

etiology of, 1479

meningitis, 1107

neuropathy in, 3491

pathogenesis of, 1479

prevention of, 1482–1483, 1482t

in transplant recipient, 901, 901t, 1138–1139,

1139t, 1146

treatment of, 1481–1482

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine, 557t, 986,

1108, 1143, 1146, 1482

Varicocele, 3010

Varicose veins, 2115. See also Chronic venous

disease

Variegate porphyria (VP)

clinical features of, 422, 3238t, 3246, 3487

diagnosis of, 3240t, 3246

global considerations in, 3239, 3487

pathophysiology of, 3238f, 3487

vs. porphyria cutanea tarda, 422

treatment of, 3246, 3487

Variola virus, 1492t, S3. See also Smallpox

Varioliform gastritis, 2457

Varus, 2850, 2857, 2857f

Vasa recta, 2288

Vasa vasorum, 1801

Vascular access-related infections. See Catheterrelated bloodstream infections

Vascular addressins, 526f

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), 744,

1555, 2767, 2791

Vascular dementia, 3381

approach to the patient, 191, 3383–3384

cerebral small-vessel disease and, 3382–3383,

3383–3384f, 3383f

cerebral strokes and, 3382

global considerations in, 3382

risk factors for, 190, 191

treatment of, 3384

Vascular ectasias

bleeding in, 312–313

clinical features of, 397

diagnosis of, 2406, 2411f

treatment of, 2406, 2421f, V5

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

antibodies. See Bevacizumab

in diabetic retinopathy, 3121

functions of, 2707t

in gene therapy, 3688

in hepatocellular carcinoma, 645

in high-altitude illness, 3617

in kidney development, 2287

monoclonal antibodies targeting, 2707t

in preeclampsia, 3763

in tumor angiogenesis, 523–526, 523f, 524f, 525f,

526f

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

inhibitors, 3688

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

receptors, 524

Vascular mimicry, 526

Vascular resistance, 1862

Vascular smooth muscle, 1801f, 1802, 1803f

Vascular tone, 1802–1803

Vasculitis. See also Vasculitis syndromes

allergic, 449

as cause of fever of unknown origin, 146t, 147,

149t, 151

definition of, 2802

diagnosis of, 2804

differential diagnosis of, 2804, 2804t

drug-induced, 414–415, 414f, 2816, 2847t

in familial Mediterranean fever, 2842

leukocytoclastic (cutaneous small-vessel). See

Leukocytoclastic (cutaneous smallvessel) vasculitis

necrotizing. See Necrotizing vasculitis

neuropathy in, 3508

paraneoplastic, 735

primary CNS

clinical features of, 2815

vs. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 3421

dementia in, 3377

differential diagnosis of, 2815, 3343

imaging in, 2816f, A14, A16

in relapsing polychondritis, 2828

rheumatoid, 2753

secondary, 2802t, 2816–2817

single-organ, 2815

in Sjögren’s syndrome, 2788–2789, 2788t

INDEX

I-228 Vasculitis (Cont.):

skin manifestations of, 397, A5

in SLE, 2743

treatment of, 2804–2806

urticarial, 139t, 143, 394

Vasculitis syndromes, 2802

approach to the patient, 2804–2806, 2805f

Behçet syndrome. See Behçet syndrome

classification of, 2802–2803, 2802t

Cogan’s syndrome, 2102, 2816, 2829

cryoglobulinemic, 2814, A14

cutaneous, A14

definition of, 2802

diagnosis of, 2804, 2805f, A14

differential diagnosis of, 2804, 2804t

EGPA. See Eosinophilic granulomatosis with

polyangiitis

giant cell arteritis. See Giant cell arteritis

granulomatosis with polyangiitis. See

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

idiopathic cutaneous, 2815

IgA vasculitis. See IgA vasculitis

Kawasaki’s disease. See Kawasaki’s disease

microscopic polyangiitis, 2335t, 2336t, 2340,

2809, A14

pathogenesis of, 2803, 2803t

polyangiitis overlap syndromes, 2816

polyarteritis nodosa. See Polyarteritis nodosa

polymyalgia rheumatica, 147, 151, 223, 2759,

2809, 3520

primary CNS. See Vasculitis, primary CNS

Takayasu’s arteritis, 2102, 2106, 2813, 3328,

3343, A14

treatment of, 2804–2806, 2805f, 2805t

vessel damage in, 2803

Vasculogenesis, 524

Vasculopathy. See specific types

Vasectomy, 3053, 3054t

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 288, 722t,

2657

Vasoactive intestinal peptide tumor (VIPoma). See

VIPoma

Vasoconstriction

cold-induced, 3631

cyanosis in, 274

heat conservation by, 130

localized hypoxia and, 273

in thrombosis, 904

Vasodilation

as adaptation to hypoxia, 273

effects of, 904

endothelium-dependent, 2075

in exercising muscle, 1808

heat loss by, 130

Vasodilators

for heart failure, 1944, 1946t, 1948t

for hypertension, 2083t, 2085

Vasogenic edema, 2267, 2274

Vasointestinal polypeptide, 3062

Vasomotor rhinitis, 2724

Vasopressin. See also Arginine vasopressin (AVP)

actions of, 2291f, 2293, 2890

deficiency, 2899t

ectopic production of. See Syndrome of

inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD)

Vasopressin agonist. See Desmopressin (DDAVP)

Vasopressin antagonists (vaptans), 345, 723, 2925,

2925f, S1

Vasoreactivity testing, 2124

Vasospasm, after subarachnoid hemorrhage, 3354,

3356, 3356f

Vasovagal syncope. See Syncope, neurally mediated

Vaughan-Williams classification, of antiarrhythmic

drugs, 1871, 1872t

VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), 744,

1555, 2767, 2791

VCL gene mutations, 1956t

Vd (volume of distribution), 467, 1150

VDR (vitamin D receptor), 3167

VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) test,

1411, 1572, 2749

Vecuronium, 2276

Vedolizumab, 2485, 2487t, 2708t, 2802

Vegetarian diet, 343, 749, 770, 3694

Vegetations, valvular, 1022, 1023f, A5

Vegetative state, 183

VEGF. See Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

VEGFA gene mutations, 627, 645, 645t

VEGFR2 gene mutations, 677

VEGFR3 gene mutations, 2118

Veins. See Blood vessels

“Velcro” crackles/rales, 739, 2780

Vellus hair, 3039

Velocardiofacial (DiGeorge’s) syndrome, 2718,

3186, 3537, S8

Velpatasvir, 1467–1468, 1468t, 2608–2609t, 2610–2611

Vemurafenib

actions and targets of, 507, 513t, 547t, 552

adverse effects of, 391, 547t, 585

drug interactions of, 571

for hairy cell leukemia, 856

for melanoma, 547t, 552, 584t, 585

relapse following treatment with, 473–474, 480

resistance to, 553

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test,

1411, 1572, 2749

Venetoclax

action and targets of, 513t, 519, 547t

adverse effects of, 547t, 573, 839

for ALL, 839

for CML, 815, 816

for cold agglutinin disease, 788

for mantle cell lymphoma, 850

for myelodysplasia, 802

Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses, 1625t, 1638

Venlafaxine

adverse effects of, 3076, 3431t, 3488t, 3542t, 3549

for anxiety disorders, 3544

for cataplexy, 210

for depression, 82, 3474, 3542t, 3549

for hot flushes with androgen deprivation

therapy, 3076

for menopausal symptoms, 3045

for migraine prevention, 3365t

for neuropathic pain, 98, 3125, 3488t

for pain, 95t, 98, 3474

for panic disorder, 3542

pharmacology of, 3549

for PTSD, 3546

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

(VA-ECMO), 2235, 2235t, 2254

Venomous snakebite. See Snakebites

Venoocclusive disease with immunodeficiency

(VODI) syndrome (Sp110 deficiency), S8

Venous disorders. See Chronic venous disease;

Lymphedema; Venous thromboembolism

(VTE)

Venous hum, 284

Venous hypertension, 386, 397

Venous lake, 397

Venous malformation, 397

Venous pressure, 278

Venous return, 285

Venous sinus thrombosis, 3342

Venous thoracic outlet syndrome, 128

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), 922. See

also Deep venous thrombosis (DVT);

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

in antiphospholipid syndrome, 2750, 2750t

vs. arterial thrombosis, 924

atherothrombosis and, 2093, 2094f

in β thalassemia, 763t

with brain tumor, 702

coagulation cascade in, 922–923

epidemiology of, 922, 2091–2092

etiology of, 922–923, 922t

genetic considerations in, 922t, 923

history in, 454–455

in HIV infection, 1575

incidence of, 919

in liver disease, 918, 918f, 918t

lupus anticoagulant in, 919

mesenteric, 2506, 2507t

oral contraceptives and, 3054

paraneoplastic, 726–727, 727t

pathophysiology of, 2092–2094, 2094f

postmenopausal hormone therapy and, 3045,

3046t

postthrombotic syndrome, 2092, 2093f, 2097

prevention of

fondaparinux for, 932

in hospitalized patients, 2100–2101, 2100t

in surgical patient, 3773

prothrombotic states and, 2092

renal, 2368

risk factors for, 454t, 2092

acquired, 922t, 923

age, 455f

history of thrombosis, 454–455

inflammation-linked, 2093t

inherited, 922t, 923

travel, 998

Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

(VV-ECMO), 2235, 2235t

Ventilation-perfusion mismatch/heterogeneity, 273,

2124, 2136–2137, 2137f

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), 1015

A. baumannii, 1276

clinical features of, 1017

complications of, 1019

diagnosis of, 1017, 1130

epidemiology of, 1016

etiology of, 1016, 1016t

failure to improve, 1018–1019

follow-up, 1019

MRSA, 1018

P. aeruginosa, 1018, 1286

pathophysiology of, 1016–1017, 1016t, 1131,

2233

prevention of, 52, 53, 1019, 1131, 2233

prognosis of, 1019

risk factors for, 1130–1131

S. maltophilia, 1291

treatment of, 1017–1018, 1018t, 2233–2234

Ventilatory function

adequacy of, 2136

disturbances of. See Hyperventilation;

Hypoventilation; Respiratory disorders

flow-related properties of, 2134–2135, 2135f

measurement of, 2138–2139

physiology of, 2201–2202, 2202f

volume-related properties of, 2133–2134, 2134f

work of breathing, 2135–2136

Ventral respiratory column, 2201

Ventricular afterload, 1807–1808, 1808f

Ventricular aneurysm, 2064–2065

INDEX

Ventricular arrhythmias, 1910 I-229

approach to the patient, 1911–1912

characteristics of, 1910–1911, 1910f, 1911f

clinical features of, 1911

diagnosis of, 1912, 1913f

origins of, 1913f

premature ventricular beats. See Premature

ventricular contractions (PVCs)

in STEMI, 2062–2063

treatment of, 1912–1915, 1914f

ventricular fibrillation. See Ventricular

fibrillation (VF)

ventricular tachycardia. See Ventricular

tachycardia (VT)

Ventricular couplets, 1910

Ventricular depolarization, 1825, 1826f

Ventricular dysplasia, arrhythmogenic, 1916f, 1921,

1966, 1966d

Ventricular end-diastolic pressure, 1806–1807

Ventricular end-diastolic volume, 1806–1807, 1808f

Ventricular fibrillation (VF)

ECG in, 1912f

etiology of, 1926

in hypothermia, 3632, 3633

mechanism of, 1870, 1871

in STEMI, 2063

sudden cardiac death and, 2259, 2260f

treatment of, 1926, 2262f, 2263–2264, 2265t

ventricular tachycardia and, 1926

Ventricular filling, assessment of, 1809

Ventricular flutter, 1911, 1912f. See also Ventricular

tachycardia

Ventricular function curve, 1806–1807

Ventricular premature beats, 2032, 2062–2063

Ventricular remodeling, 1933, 1933f, 1934t, 2061.

See also Heart failure (HF)

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

atrioventricular canal type, 2011–2012, 2013f

AV conduction block in, 1883

cardiac catheterization in, 1863

echocardiography in, 1858

epidemiology of, 2011

heart sounds/murmur in, 279f, 280, 1822

hypoxia in, 273

pathophysiology of, 2011–2012, 2013f

prognosis of, 2012

subpulmonary, 2012, 2013f

traumatic, 2029, 2029f

Ventricular septal rupture, 2254t, 2255

Ventricular tachycardia (VT)

definition of, 1910

idiopathic, 1922–1923, 1922f

incessant, 1927, 1927f, 1929f

in ischemic heart disease, 2032

LV intrafascicular, 1922

mechanism of, 1869

monomorphic, 1911, 1911f, 1912f, 1913f, 1914f,

A8

nonsustained

characteristics of, 1910, 1911f

diagnosis of, 1915

diseases associated with, 1916–1917

prognosis of, 1915–1916

treatment of, 1916

outflow tract, 1922

polymorphic

in Brugada syndrome, 1925. See also Brugada

syndrome

catecholaminergic, 157, 1925–1926

characteristics of, 1923–1924

diseases associated with, 1925t

drug-induced, 1925t

in early repolarization syndrome, 1925–1926

ECG in, 1911, 1912f, 1924f

in genetic dilated cardiomyopathy, 1926

in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1926

in long QT syndrome, 157, 1924–1925, 1924f.

See also Long QT syndrome

in myocardial infarction/ischemia, 1924, 2063

in short QT syndrome, 129

treatment of, 2263

sinusoidal, 1911, 1912f

in STEMI, 2063

sustained

after myocardial infarction, 1920, 1920f

characteristics of, 1919

diagnosis of, 1919–1920

diseases associated with, 1919t, 1920–1922

idiopathic, 1922

prognosis of, 1920

vs. supraventricular tachycardia, 1919–1920,

1920f

treatment of, 1922–1923, 1923f

sustained monomorphic, 1925t, 2063

treatment of

antiarrhythmic drugs, 1913–1914

approach to, 2262f

automated external defibrillator, 2261

cardiovascular implantable device, 1914–1915,

1914f, 2265t

ventricular fibrillation. See Ventricular

fibrillation (VF)

ventricular flutter, 1911, 1912f

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) storm, 1927, 1929f

Ventriculography, 1863, 1863f

Ventriculostomy, 2269, 2270f

Verapamil

for accessory pathway–mediated tachycardia,

1898

adverse effects of, 1881, 1885, 2041t, 3367

for aortic dissection, 2106

for atrial fibrillation, 1905

for AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, 1896

for cluster headache prevention, 3367, 3367t

contraindications to, 1897

drug interactions of, 467t, 2043, 2328, 2637

azoles, 1703t

quinidine, 1706t

for hypertension, 2083t, 2084, 2319

for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1971

for hypnic headache, 3369

for ischemic heart disease, 2041t

for LV interfascicular VT, 1923

metabolism of, 467, 467t

for NSTE-ACS, 2048

overdosage/poisoning with, 3591t

for supraventricular arrhythmia, 2063

Verbal abuse, 3758t

Vericiguat, 1948t, 1949

Vermiculite dust, 2169

Verner-Morrison syndrome. See VIPoma

Verruca plana, 372f, 381

Verruca vulgaris, 372f, 381, 1037

Verruga peruana, 1037, 1331t, 1333

Vertebrae

anatomy of, 116, 117f

“ivory,” 3211

metastases in, A16

“picture frame,” 3211

“squaring” of, 2794

Vertebral artery, occlusion of, 3328f, 3329f,

3330–3331

Vertebral fractures

compression, A16

diagnosis of, 3191, 3193f, 3197, A16

epidemiology of, 123, 3191, 3191f

estrogen deficiency and, 3195

estrogen therapy and, 3045

pain in, 123, 3200

pathologic, A16

prevention of

bisphosphonates for, 3203–3205, 3204f

denosumab for, 3205–3206, 3206f

raloxifene for, 3203, 3205f

teriparatide for, 3207, 3207f

screening for, 3197, 3198t

treatment of, 3200

Vertebral osteomyelitis. See Osteomyelitis,

vertebral

Vertebroplasty, 3208

Vertical diplopia, 192

Vertigo, 159

acute prolonged (vestibular neuritis), 160

approach to the patient, 159–160

benign paroxysmal positional, 159t, 160, 161f

central, 159t

evoked by loud sounds, 240

in Ménière’s disease. See Ménière’s disease

in migraine, 160

in MS, 3462

peripheral, 159t

prevention of, 162

psychosomatic, 161–162

treatment of, 162, 162t

in vestibular dysfunction, 160, 161, 176

Very-low-calorie diet, 3091

Very low–density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

in ataxia, 3426

characteristics of, 3135, 3136f

estimate of, 3137

in transport of hepatic lipids, 3136, 3137f

Very-low-fat diet, 3147

Vesicants, S4

Vesicles/bullae, 369t, 391

clinical features of, 370f, 370t

description of, 133, 369t

drug-induced, 391–392

etiology of, 392t, 1035, 1036t

with fever, 138–139t, 142–143

in herpes simplex virus infections. See Herpes

simplex virus (HSV) infections

infections associated with, 1035, 1036t

in smallpox. See Smallpox

in sulfur mustard exposure, S4

in varicella. See Varicella (chickenpox)

Vesicoureteral reflux, 2360–2361, 2361f, 2373

Vesiculoviruses, 1630, 1630t

Vesiculovirus infections

Chandipura virus, 1630t, 1638

vesicular stomatitis viruses, 1619, 1623–1624,

1630t

Vessel wall, 904

Vessel wall disorders, 910

Vessel wall MR imaging, 3288–3290, 3289f

Vestibular dysfunction, 159t, 160, 161, 176

Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential test, 245

Vestibular migraine, 160

Vestibular neuritis, 159t, 160. See also Vertigo

Vestibular nystagmus, 231

Vestibular rehabilitation therapy, 162

Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)

diagnosis of, 161, 241, 707

hearing loss in, 161, 241, 245

imaging in, 245, 707f

in neurofibromatosis, 707, 2991

tinnitus in, 241

INDEX

I-230 Vestibulocochlear nerve, 3280

Vestibulo-ocular reflex, 159

Vestibulopathy, acute peripheral, 159

Vestibulospinal pathway, 166f

Veterans. See Military veterans

VEXAS syndrome, 2828, 2843

VF. See Ventricular fibrillation (VF)

VGCC antibodies, 729t, 734

VHL gene mutations

actions of, 2976, 2991

epigenetic silencing of, 516

NETs and, 663

in pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, 2976,

2981t, 2982f, 2983

in primary brain tumors, 713t

in renal cell carcinoma, 673–674, 674t

in von Hippel–Lindau disease/syndrome. See

von Hippel–Lindau disease/syndrome

VHL protein, 2976

Vibration injury, 2114

Vibration sense, 170t, 171, 3281

Vibratory angioedema, 2722

Vibrio alginolyticus infections, 1309t, 1310

Vibrio cholerae. See also Cholera

adherence of, 1061

characteristics of, 948, 1305, 3699

epidemiology of, 1305–1306, 1306f

as extracellular pathogen, 951

genome of, 970, 971f, 1306

laboratory identification of, 1307, S11

microbiology of, 1305

niche, 949, 949t

non-O1/O139, 1309–1310, 1309t

serotypes of, 1305

tissue damage by, 959

toxin production by, 1306

Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections, 1007, 1064t,

1309, 1309t

Vibrio vulnificus infections

clinical features of, 139t, 143, 977, 1035, 1310

epidemiology of, 1309t, 1310

treatment of, 1310

Vici’s syndrome, S8

Vidarabine, 444, 1461t, 1462, 1477

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, 2140

Video capsule endoscopy, 314

Video game training, 3820–3822

Vif/vif, 1523, 1523f, 1531f

Vilanterol, 2156

Vilazodone, 3542t, 3549

Villous adenoma, 303, 349, 637

Vimentin, 520f, 618, 2696t

Vinblastine

actions of, 543

adverse effects of, 541t

alopecia, 410

myelotoxicity, 543

neurologic, 3493t

phototoxicity, 422t

Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2114

for bladder cancer, 680

interactions and issues, 541t

Vinca alkaloids. See also specific drugs

adverse effects of, 410, 554, 738t, 3277,

3493t

characteristics of, 541t, 543

drug interactions of, 1703t

Vincent angina (trench mouth), 256, 258t,

1351

Vincristine

actions of, 543

adverse effects of, 541t, 543

depression, 82

neurologic, 711, 711t

neuropathy, 543, 3493t

for ALL, 831

for astrocytoma, 703

for DLBCL, 847

for Ewing’s sarcoma, 715

for follicular lymphoma, 848

for gastric lymphoma, 634

genetic variations in response to, 476t, 477

for gestational trophoblastic disease, 701

interactions and issues, 541t

for malignant pheochromocytoma, 2979–2980

for soft tissue sarcomas, 714

Vinorelbine

actions of, 543

adverse effects of, 541t, 575, 577, 3493t

for breast cancer, 625

interactions and issues, 541t

for lung cancer, 124, 605t, 610

resistance to, 543

Vinyl chloride, 319, 491t, 2847t

Violence, 3556. See also Domestic abuse/violence

VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide), 288, 722t, 2657

Vipers, 3596, 3601. See also Snakebites

VIPoma (vasoactive intestinal peptidoma)

clinical features of, 303, 349, 664t, 665, 2986

in MEN 1, 2986

treatment of, 664t, 665, 2986

Viral encephalitis. See Encephalitis, viral

Viral hemorrhagic fevers, 1641. See also specific

diseases

in bioterrorism, S3

clinical features of, 140t, 144, 978, 1641, S3

diagnosis of, 1641–1642, S3

epidemiology of, 140t, 978

etiology of, 978, 1634t, 1641–1645

pathogenesis of, 1641

prevention of, S3

treatment of, 1641–1642, S3

Viral hepatitis. See Hepatitis

Viral infections. See also specific diseases

AKI in, 2298

arthropod-borne. See Arthropod-borne viruses

asthma exacerbations and, 2153

cancer development and, 505

as cause of fever of unknown origin, 146t, 149t

diagnosis of, 961t, 964–965, 1458–1459

orchitis and, 3017

in pregnancy, 3767–3768

renal involvement in, 2348–2349

rodent-borne. See Rodent-borne viruses

transfusion-transmitted, 896, 896t

in transplant recipient

after HCT, 1138–1140, 1138t, 1139t

after kidney transplantation, 1141t,

1142–1143, 2330, 2330t

after liver transplantation, 1141t, 1145, 2639

malignancies and, 1146

upper respiratory tract, 248–249

Viral load, S11

Viral meningitis. See Meningitis, viral

Viral (subacute) thyroiditis, 2943–2944, 2944f

Virchow’s node, 318, 321, 458, 658

Viremia, 1457

Viridans streptococci, 1047, 1156–1157t, 1189,

1189t, 1196

Virilization, 3039

Virtual colonoscopy, 639, 2417, 2423f

Virtue ethics, 69

Virus(es). See also specific viruses

classification of, 1453, 1454t, 1455f

drugs targeting. See Antiviral therapy

effects on host cell, 1456–1457

evolution of, 1457–1458

host responses to, 1457, 1458f

laboratory identification of, 961t, 964–965,

1458–1459

molecular epidemiology of, 1458

oncolytic, 3689–3690

replication in cells, 1455–1456

structure of, 1453, 1453f

as therapeutic tool or agents, 3686t

therapeutic uses of, 1459–1460

vaccines for, 1459

Virus-like particle vaccines, 1147

VISA (vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus), 1028,

1185

Visceral afferent hypersensitivity, 294, 2491

Visceral larva migrans. See Larva migrans, visceral

Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), 1743. See also

Leishmania spp. infections

clinical features of, 1698, 1744, 1744f, S6

diagnosis of, 1743f, 1744, S6, S12

differential diagnosis of, 1744

epidemiology of, 1698, 1742t, 1743, 1743f

etiology of. See Leishmania spp.

in HIV infection, 1581, 1698, 1744, 1745

immunopathogenesis of, 1743–1744, 2696t

incubation period for, S6

prognosis of, 1745

skin lesions after, 1746, 1746f, 1746t

treatment of, 1702t, 1710, 1744–1745, S6

in war veterans, S6

Visceral pain, 77

Vismodegib, 513t, 551t, 588

Visual acuity, 160, 161, 216, 216f, 3279

Visual aura, 225

Visual cortex, 195f

Visual function, assessment of

color vision, 217–218

eye movements and alignment, 217

pupils, 217–218, 217f

refractive state, 216

stereopsis, 217

visual acuity, 216, 216f

visual fields, 218, 219f, 3279

Visual loss

chemotherapy-induced, 711t

chronic/permanent

in cataract. See Cataract

in central serous chorioretinopathy, 226

in diabetic retinopathy. See Diabetic

retinopathy

in epiretinal membrane, 227

in glaucoma. See Glaucoma

in macular degeneration. See Macular

degeneration

in retinitis pigmentosa, 227, 227f, 3645t

trachoma and, 1450

tumor-related, 227, 227f

CMV retinitis and, 1489

factitious, 225

in giant cell arteritis, 113

HSV keratitis and, 1474

in legal blindness, 216

in leprosy, 1383

in parasitic infections, 1699t

with sellar masses, 2902

transient or sudden, 221–223, 221f, 222f

Visual object agnosia, 201, 3329

Visual target cancellation test, 200

Visual vertigo, 161

Vital capacity, 2134, 2135f

INDEX

Vitamin(s), 2523. See also specific vitamins I-231

body stores of, 2524

deficiencies of, 2524t, 3094

functions of, 2525–2526f

recommended intake of, 2519t

structures of, 2525–2526f

Vitamin A, 2529

deficiency of. See Vitamin A deficiency

dietary sources of, 2529

functions of, 2526f, 2529

metabolism of, 2529

recommended intake of, 2519t

for retinitis pigmentosa, 227

structure of, 2526f

supplements, 237, 1610, 2530

toxicity of, 2530, 2590, 3181

Vitamin A deficiency

clinical features of, 2524t, 2530

global considerations in, 2530

keratitis in, 220

oral manifestations of, 257

in pregnancy, 1800, 2530

risk factors for, 2524t

Vitamin B1

. See Thiamine (vitamin B1

)

Vitamin B2

. See Riboflavin (vitamin B2

)

Vitamin B3

. See Niacin (vitamin B3

)

Vitamin B5

 (pantothenic acid), 2519t, 2528

Vitamin B6

. See Pyridoxine (vitamin B6

)

Vitamin B12. See Cobalamin (vitamin B12)

Vitamin B12A (hydroxocobalamin), 774–775, 3593t,

S4

Vitamin C, 2528

absorption of, 2528

deficiency of, 257, 2524t, 2528. See also Scurvy

dietary sources of, 2528

functions of, 398, 2526f, 2528, 3220

for macular degeneration, 226

for methemoglobinemia, 765

recommended intake of, 2519t

structure of, 2526f

supplements, 2369, 2528, 2867

toxicity of, 2528

Vitamin D, 2531, 3166

beneficial effects of, 418

colorectal cancer risk and, 639

deficiency of. See Vitamin D deficiency

functions of, 2526f, 2531

for hypocalcemia, 3190

for hypoparathyroidism, 3187

malabsorption of, surgery-related, 2452

metabolism of, 3166–3167, 3167f, 3188

photochemistry of, 417–418

recommended intake of, 2519t, 3195, 3201

resistance to, 357, 3188

sources of, 2531

structure of, 2526f

supplements. See Vitamin D supplements

synthesis of, 417–418, 3166–3167, 3166f

toxicity of, 2531, 3180

Vitamin D deficiency

anticonvulsants and, 3188

asthma risk and, 2152

clinical features of, 2524t, 3168, 3194–3195

diagnosis of, 358, 3168–3169

etiology of, 3167–3168, 3168t, 3188

genetic considerations in, 3167–3168

global considerations in, 358

hypocalcemia and, 357, 3188

hypomagnesemia and, 3165

intestinal disease and, 3168

nonskeletal disease and, 2530

in older adults, 3167

oral manifestations of, 257

osteomalacia due to. See Osteomalacia

osteoporosis and, 3194–3195

pancreatic cancer survival and, 662

prevalence of, 2884t

rickets due to. See Rickets

risk factors for, 2524t, 2530

screening/testing for, 2884t

treatment of, 358, 2530, 3165, 3169

in women, 3067

Vitamin D receptor (VDR), 3167

Vitamin D supplements

for chemotherapy-induced taste dysfunction,

237–238

for hypocalcemia, 358

for MS, 3473, 3474

in older adults, 40t, 3749–3750

for osteoporosis prevention/management, 2531,

3045, 3201

for psoriasis, 385t

for vitamin D deficiency, 2530, 3169

Vitamin E, 2531

deficiency of. See Vitamin E deficiency

functions of, 2526f, 2531

for macular degeneration, 226

metabolism of, 2531

for NALFD, 2623

for prostate cancer prevention, 682

recommended intake of, 2519t, 2531

structure of, 2526f

supplements, 454

toxicity of, 2532

Vitamin E deficiency

ataxic disorders in, 3426

clinical features of, 2524t, 2531, 3496–3497

diagnosis of, 3497

familial, 2531, 3496

risk factors for, 2524t, 2531

treatment of, 2532, 3497

Vitamin K, 2532

bone mass and, 3201

deficiency of. See Vitamin K deficiency

dietary sources of, 2532

functions of, 917, 2526f, 2532

metabolism of, 915, 915f

recommended intake of, 2519t

structure of, 2526f

supplements. See Vitamin K supplements

toxicity of, 2533

for warfarin reversal, 2099

Vitamin K antagonists, 933. See also Warfarin

Vitamin K cycle, 915f, 933

Vitamin K deficiency, 917

bleeding in, 454

clinical features of, 2524t, 2532

etiology of, 917, 2532

risk factors for, 2524t, 2532

treatment of, 917

Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex (VKORC1),

915, 933

Vitamin K supplements

for coagulation disorders in liver disease, 918,

2633

for neonates, 917

for vitamin K deficiency, 2532

for warfarin-induced bleeding, 934–935

Vitiligo

APS-2 and, 2995t

clinical features of, 370t, 373f, 389t, A5

diagnosis of, 373, 389t

disorders associated with, 387–388, 3128

inflammasome activity in, 2678t

pathophysiology of, 389t, 2696t

treatment of, 389t, 424

Vitreous disorders, 224

VITT (vaccine-induced immune

thrombocytopenia and thrombosis), 906

Vittaforma spp., 1767

VK0RC1 polymorphisms, 475t, 477t, 478, 934, 934t

VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex),

915

VLA-4, 744

VLDLs. See Very low–density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

VNTRs (Variable number of tandem repeats), 3656

Vocal cord dysfunction, 2154

Vocal cord injury, 2233

Vocal tic, 3406

Voclosporin, 2745t, 2747

VODI (venoocclusive disease with

immunodeficiency) syndrome (Sp110

deficiency), S8

Voglibose, 3110t

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, 221, 388, 1104,

1115t

Voiding cystourethrography, 2376

Volanesorsen, 3148

Volume of distribution (Vd), 467, 1150

Volume overload, 1935–1936, 2544

Voluntary active euthanasia, 87t

Volutrauma, ventilator-induced, 2220–2221

Volvulus, 2410, 2414f, 2509, 2512

Vomiting. See also Nausea and vomiting

in acute cholecystitis, 2646

after traumatic brain injury, 3459

definition of, 291

in gastroenteritis. See Gastroenteritis

hypokalemia in, 350

hyponatremia in, 342

hypovolemia in, 340

in intestinal obstruction, 2510

Mallory-Weiss tear following. See Mallory-Weiss

tears

mechanisms of, 291

metabolic alkalosis in, 365, 366

water loss in, 2517

von Gierke disease (glucose-6-phosphatase

deficiency, type I GSD), 3261, 3263t,

A15, S8

von Hippel–Lindau disease/syndrome

clinical features of, 2990

CNS tumors, 703t, 2351t, 2981f, A16

hemangioblastoma, 674t

hypertension, 2080t

renal, 673, 674t, 2351t, 2354

tumors and cysts, 2980, 2981f

diagnosis of, 2354, A16

genetic considerations in

genotype-phenotype correlation, 3649

locus and phenotype, 503t

transcription factor mutations, 3645t

VHL gene mutations, 2980, 2984t, 2991

treatment of, 2354

Vonoprazan, 2445

von Recklinghausen’s disease. See

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)

von Willebrand disease, 909

acquired, 803, 808, 909, 1976

bleeding in, 453

clinical features of, 909

diagnosis of, 909t

inheritance patterns in, 909

pathophysiology of, 453

subtypes of, 909, 909t

treatment of, 910

INDEX

I-232 von Willebrand factor

in platelet activation, 450, 920f

in platelet aggregation, 920

in thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura, 907,

908f

in von Willebrand disease, 909. See also von

Willebrand disease

von Willebrand factor concentrate, 910

Vorapaxar, 928

Voretigene neparvovec, 3686t

Voriconazole

for ABPA, 2165

adverse effects of, 391, 392, 409, 1657

for Aspergillus infections, 1680, 1681t

for Blastomyces infections, 1667, 1667t

for Candida infections, 559, 1675t

for Coccoides infections, 1663

contraindications to, 1657

for Cryptococcus infections, 1670

for fungal infections in cancer patient, 564, 817

for Fusarium infections, 1689, 1689t

genetic variations in response to, 476t, 1657

indications for, 1657

for phaeohyphomycoses, 1689t

resistance to, 1680

for Scedosporium infections, 1689t

for Trichosporon infections, 1689t, 1690

Vorinostat, 513t, 517, 549t, 550, 857, 3796

Vortioxetine, 3542t, 3549

Voxelotor, 760–761

Voxilaprevir, 2611

V pre-B, 2693

Vpr/vpr, 1523f, 1524, 1531f

VPS13A gene mutations, 3406

VPS35, 3298

VPS35 gene mutations, 3391t

Vpu/vpu, 1523f, 1524, 1529, 1531f

Vpx/vpx, 1523f, 1524, 1531

VR, S4

VRE. See Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)

VSD. See Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

V-sign, 2820, 2820f

VT. See Ventricular tachycardia (VT)

VTE. See Venous thromboembolism (VTE)

Vulvar cancer, 381, 1499

Vulvar warts. See Condyloma acuminata

Vulvovaginal infections

bacterial vaginosis, 1083, 1084–1085, 1084t, 1085f

candidiasis, 1084t, 1085–1086, 1572, 1672, 1675t

clinical features of, 1083, 1084t

etiology of, 1080t, 1084t

gonococcal, 1237

mucopurulent cervicitis, 1080t, 1086, 1086f,

1237, 1447, 1449t

treatment of, 1083

Trichomonas vaginalis, 1083–1084, 1084t, 1092, S11

ulcerative. See Genital ulcer(s)

VUS (variants of unknown significance), 504, 3646,

3649, 3665

VV-ECMO (venovenous extracorporeal membrane

oxygenation), 2235, 2235t

VX, S4

VZIG (varicella-zoster immune globulin), 1482,

1482t, 1564t

VZV (varicella-zoster virus), 1479, 1481. See also

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections

W

Waardenburg syndrome, 242, 244t, 388, 3645t

Wada test, 3321

WAGR syndrome, 3645t

Waist circumference, 3088, 3088t, 3151t, 3153

Wakefulness, 205

Waldenström’s hypergammaglobulinemia purpura,

399

Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 876

amyloidosis in, 879

clinical features of, 849, 876, 2345

diagnosis of, 849

genetic considerations in, 876

paraneoplastic syndromes in, 402

Raynaud’s phenomenon in, 2114

treatment of, 876–877

vascular purpura in, 910

von Willebrand disease in, 909

Walker-Warburg syndrome, 3523t

Walled-off necrosis, pancreatic, 2660t, 2662f

Wallenberg’s syndrome, 3329f, 3331, A16

Walrus bite-wound, 1125

Warburg effect, 522, 522f, 552

Warfarin, 933

actions of, 933, 933f

adverse effects of

alopecia, 384

bleeding, 934–935, 1906, 2099

calciphylaxis, 2314

fetal, 3764

in pregnancy, 935, 3764

skin necrosis, 399, 410, 411f, 416t, 935, A5

for antiphospholipid syndrome, 2750

as contraindication to lumbar puncture, S9

distribution of, 467

dosage of, 478, 934, 934t, 2099

drug interactions of

amiodarone, 467t, 469, 471t

azoles, 1703t

cimetidine, 471t

ciprofloxacin, 1706t

isoniazid, 1400

metronidazole, 1155t, 1705t

nafcillin, 1155t

orlistat, 2532

phenytoin, 469

PPIs, 2444

SSRIs, 3543t

sulfonamides, 1704t

sulfonylureas, 3111

tetracyclines, 1707t

trimethoprim, 1155t, 1704t

for DVT/PE treatment, 2099, 2099t

genetic variations in response to, 475, 476t, 477t,

479, 933–934, 934t, 3668

management of

before cardiac catheterization, 1860

before endoscopic procedures, 2904t

with left ventricular assist systems,

1976

preoperative, 935

treatment monitoring, 934

metabolism of, 467t

for NSTE-ACS, 2050t

in patient with heparin-induced

thrombocytopenia, 906

pharmacology of, 933–934

in pregnancy, 935

for secondary prevention of STEMI, 2065

for stroke prevention, 1906, 1994, 3346

for thrombophlebitis, 727

for VTE prophylaxis, 2100t

Wart(s), 381

etiology of, 381, 1037

flat, 381

genital. See Condyloma acuminata

oral, 260t

plantar, 381

in transplant recipient, 1146

treatment of, 381

Warthin-Starry stain, S11

Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and

myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome, 440,

444, 2711, 2717

War veterans. See Military veterans

WASp, 2716

WASP gene, 2710, 2716

Wasp sting, 3613–3614

Wasting syndrome, 1581

Water

recommended intake of, 2521t

renal transport of, 2294–2295, 2295f

requirement for, 2517

Water balance, 338–339, 2294–2295, 2295f,

2312–2313

Waterborne disease

climate change and, 1006–1008, 1007f, 1250

Legionella spp. infections. See Legionella spp.

infections

Water brash, 295, 2424

Water-depletion heat exhaustion, 3636

Water deprivation, 345, S1

Water deprivation test, 338, 347, S1

Water displacement, 2538t

Water diuresis, 2919, 2919f, S1

Water-hammer (Corrigan’s) pulse, 283, 1818, 1988

Water intoxication, 2294–2295, 2295f

Water loss, 338, 340, 341–342, 2517

Watermelon stomach, 312, 2786

Water pipes, 3564, 3567

Waxy casts, urinary, 337

WBRT (whole-brain radiation therapy), 706, 709

WDHA syndrome. See VIPoma

WDR11 gene mutations, 3015t

Weakness, 165

abnormalities associated with, 165

in botulism, 1217, 3513

in critically ill patient, 2224, 2276

definition of, 165

distal, 168

in distal myopathies, 3525t, 3527

distribution of, 165

in endocrine disorders, 3530

evaluation of, 167f, 2819–2820, 3517–3519,

3518f, 3519f, 3519t, 3520f

facial. See Facial weakness/paralysis

in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy,

3527

falls and, 177

vs. fatigue, 162, 163

generalized (quadriparesis), 167, 168t

in Guillain-Barré syndrome, 3501

in hemiparesis, 166–167

in hypokalemia, 350, S1

in hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 3529–3530

in hypovolemia, 341

in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 3521, 3522t,

3523–3524t

lower motor neuron (neuropathic), 165, 165t, 166f

in malabsorption disorders, 2468t

in malnutrition, 2535t

in monoparesis, 168

in MS, 3462, 3474

in muscular dystrophy, 3521

in myasthenia gravis, 3510

myopathic, 165, 165t, 166

in myotonic dystrophy, 3524

neuromuscular junction, 166

in paraparesis, 167

INDEX

in parathyroid disorders, 3530–3531 I-233

patterns of, 244–245

in peripheral neuropathies, 3481, 3481t

in potassium channel disorders, 3530

in progressive diaphyseal dysplasia, 3213

proximal, 168

psychogenic, 165t, 166

in restricted distribution, 168

in sodium channel disorders, 3530

upper motor neuron, 165, 165t, 166f

Weaning, from mechanical ventilation, 86, 2234,

2234f

Weaponization, of microbes, S3

Weber’s syndrome, 229, 3328, 3328f

Weber test, 242, 3280

Web(s), esophageal, 2424

Wegener’s syndrome. See Granulomatosis with

polyangiitis

Weight

in nutrition assessment, 2535t, 2537

regulation of, 309, 3081–3082, 3082f,

3083f

Weight gain. See also Obesity

abdominal fat from, 321

circadian clock desynchrony and, 3808

in edema, 276

in hypothyroidism, 2935

physiology of, 3081–3082, 3082f, 3083f

in thyrotoxicosis, 2939

Weight loss

biliary sludge formation and, 2644

cholesterol stone formation and, 2644

for hypertension, 2082t

involuntary. See Involuntary weight loss

for metabolic syndrome, 3155–3156

for obesity treatment. See Obesity, treatment of

in preventive care, 12–13

Weil’s syndrome. See Leptospira/leptospirosis

Weiss score, adrenocortical carcinoma, 2969

Welander distal myopathy, 3525t, 3527

Wells criteria, for pulmonary embolism, 27t

Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, 3415

Wermer’s syndrome. See Multiple endocrine

neoplasia type 1

Werner’s syndrome, 3650t, 3734, 3794

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 202, 2525

Wernicke’s aphasia, 196–197, 196t, 199

Wernicke’s area, 196, 199f

Wernicke’s disease/encephalopathy

in alcohol use disorder, 3558

clinical features of, 230, 2273–2274, 2525, 3376,

3444, V3

imaging in, 2274, 2274f

pathogenesis of, 2274

treatment of, 2274, 3376

Westermark’s sign, 106, 2096

Western blot, 1459, 1559, 1559f

Western equine encephalitis virus, 1625t,

1638

West Nile virus, 1626t, 3714

West Nile virus infection

climate change and, 1005–1006

clinical features of, 136t, 167, 393, 1097, 1107,

1637

diagnosis of, 1095, 1096, 1096t

emergence of, 3714–3715

epidemiology of, 1005–1006, 1094, 1637,

3714–3715

transfusion-transmitted, 896, 896t, 1637

in transplant recipient, 1141, 1637

treatment of, 1098

vaccines, 1098

Westphal variant, Huntington’s disease, 3404

Wet beriberi, 2524, 3496

Wet-bulb globe temperature, 3635

Wet mount, S11, S12

WHDA syndrome. See VIPoma

Wheal, 133, 369t

Wheezing, 1937, 2131

WHIM (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia,

infections, and myelokathexis) syndrome,

440, 444, 2711, 2717

Whiplash injury, 127

Whipple procedure, 656, 661

Whipple’s disease, 1344

asymptomatic colonization/carriage,

1345

clinical features of, 230, 1345–1346, 2464

acute infection, 1345

chronic infection, 303–304, 391, 1113t,

1345–1346

isolated infection, 1346

reinfection/relapsing infection, 1346

diagnosis of, 146, 1346–1347, 2464, 2465f

epidemiology of, 1344

etiology of, 1344, 2464

pathogenesis of, 1344–1345

treatment of, 306, 1347, 2464

Whipple’s triad, 3129

Whipworm (trichuriasis), 945t, 1697, 1774t,

1776–1777

Whispered pectoriloquy, 2132

White blood cells, 425, A4. See also Basophil(s);

Eosinophil(s); Lymphocyte(s);

Monocyte(s); Neutrophil(s)

White coat hypertension, 1818, 2077

Whitehead, 381

White matter disease, diffuse (leukoaraiosis), 193f,

3343

White matter hyperintensities, 3382, 3384f

White pulp, of spleen, 460, 460f

White sponge nevus, 260t

Whitewater Arroyo virus, 1626t

Whitlow, herpetic, 1035

WHO (World Health Organization), 15, 1385,

1392, 3703, 3707, 3725

Whole blood transfusion, 890t

Whole-bowel irrigation, 3588

Whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT), 706, 709

Whole-exome sequencing, 3664

Whole-genome sequencing, 960t, 3845

Whooping cough. See Pertussis

Wickham’s striae, 379

Widow spider bite, 3612

Wild type allele, 3649

Williams-Campbell syndrome, 2173

Williams myopathy, 3525t, 3527

Williams’ syndrome, 3181

Willow, 454t

Wilms’ tumor, 503t, 3654

Wilms’ tumor gene-1 mutations. See WT1 gene

mutations

Wilson’s disease, 3235

vs. autoimmune hepatitis, 2615

clinical features of, 3235–3236

anemia, 2533

hepatic, 318, 2549, 2628, 3235

Kayser-Fleischer ring, 2549, 3236, 3236f, 3409,

A15

neurologic, 3235–3236, 3409

psychiatric, 3236

diagnosis of, 319, 2550t, 2628, 3236, 3237t, A13

epidemiology of, 2628, 3409

future outlook for, 3237

genetic testing for, 3667t

hepatocellular carcinoma and, 643

history of, 3235

pathogenesis of, 2533, 2628, 3236

prevalence of, 3409

treatment of, 3236–3237, 3409, 3667t

zinc deficiency in, 2532

Wine maker’s lung, 2160t

“Winking owl” sign, 569

Winterbottom sign, 1754

Winter’s equation, 248

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 444, 907, 2472t, 2716

Withdrawal syndrome

alcohol. See Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

benzodiazepine, 180, 3544

opioid, 3571–3572

psychostimulants, 3575

Withdrawal/withholding of care, 5, 85–86, 2225

WNK kinases, 353

WNT1 gene mutations, 3221, 3222t

WNT4 gene mutations, 2999f, 3034

WNT/APC pathway, 505t

WNT/ β-catenin pathway, 419, 644, 645,

645t

Wnt ligands, 744f

Wnt pathway, 3193

Wnt proteins, 2758

Wolbachia, 1437, 3718

Wolff-Chaikoff effect, 2928, 2942, 2945

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

accessory pathways in, 1896–1897, 1896f,

1897f

developmental defects in, 1800

ECG in, 1896f, A8

sudden cardiac death in, 2260, 2261t

treatment of, 1898

Wolfram’s (DIDMOAD) syndrome, 2920, 2997

Wolman’s disease. See Lysosomal acid lipase

deficiency

Women’s health, 3063

AD, 3065, 3065f

ALS, 3065

autoimmune disorders, 3066–3067

body temperature variations, 102

breast cancer. See Breast cancer

cardiovascular disease, 2040, 3064–3067

COVID-19 disease, 3067–3068

depression, 3548

diabetes mellitus, 3066

disease risk, 3063–3064

domestic violence. See Domestic abuse/violence

epilepsy, 3323–3324

hirsutism. See Hirsutism

HIV infection, 3067

hypertension, 3066

leading causes of death, 3063–3064, 3064f

life expectancy, 3063–3064

nutrient requirements, 2519–2521t

obesity, 3067

osteoporosis, 3067

PD, 3064

pharmacology, 3067

psychological disorders, 3067

smoking, 3068

substance abuse, 3068

sudden cardiac death, 2257

veterans, S7

Women who have sex with women (WSW), 3079t

Wood’s lamp examination, 373–374, 388

Woodworker’s lung, 2160t

“Work hardening” regimes, 126

“Work of breathing,” 263

INDEX

I-234 World Bank, 3703

World Health Organization (WHO), 15, 1385,

1392, 3703, 3707, 3725

World Trade Center disaster, 2171

Wound(s)

chronic. See Cutaneous ulcers

infections. See also Surgical-site infections

anaerobic bacterial, 1353

botulism, 1215, 1216, 1219, 2276

clostridial, 1221. See also Clostridial

myonecrosis

specimen collection and transport, S11

in war veterans, S6

Woven bone, 3159

WRAP53 gene mutations, 3680, 3682t

Wrap-around services, 3709

Wright’s stain, 373, 449, S12

Wrist fractures, 3191

Writing, assessment of, 196

WRN gene mutations, 3734

“Wrong-way” eyes, 186

WSW (women who have sex with women),

3079t

WT1 gene mutations

in AML, 812, 812t

cancers associated with, 503t

in gonadal development, 2999, 2999f

in mesothelioma, 596

in testis development disorders, 3002, 3003t,

3005t

in WAGR syndrome, 3645t

Wuchereria bancrofti, 945t, 1778–1779, 1778t, 2166,

S6, S12. See also Lymphatic filariasis

Wyeomyia virus, 1628t

X

X4 viruses, 1546

Xanthelasma, 372f, 395, 2549, A15

Xanthine oxidase deficiency (hereditary

xanthinuria), 3251t, 3253

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, 471t, 3252

Xanthoastrocytomas, pleomorphic, 705

Xanthoma, 395

in cardiovascular disease, 1816

in cholestasis, 3145

eruptive, 395, 3138, A15

in familial chylomicronemia syndrome, 3138

in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, 3143

in familial hypercholesterolemia, 3141, A15

in lipoprotein disorders, 2873, 3139t, A15

normolipemic plane, 395

palmar crease, 1816, 3143

plane, 395

tendinous, A15

tendon, 395, 3141

tuberous, 395, 3147

XBP1 gene mutations, 2472t, 2473

XCR1, 2685t

Xerocytosis, 780

Xeroderma pigmentosum, 417, 586, 3642,

3647

Xerophthalmia, 2468t, 2530

Xerosis, 371t, 1451

Xerostomia

dental disease and, 261

differential diagnosis of, 2789t

drug-induced, 261

etiology of, 261

radiation therapy-related, 593

in Sjögren’s syndrome, 2788

in systemic sclerosis, 2783

treatment of, 2789

Xerotic eczema (asteatotic eczema), 372f, 376. See

also Eczema

X-inactivation, 3644, 3653. See also X-linked

disorders

Xingu virus, 1627t

Xist gene, 3645

X-linked disorders

adrenoleukodystrophy. See

Adrenoleukodystrophy

agammaglobulinemia, 444, 2733

chronic granulomatous disease, 2709, S8. See also

Chronic granulomatous diseases (CGDs)

color blindness, 217–218

incidence of, 3651

inheritance of, 3651, 3652f, 3653

NEMO deficiency, 446t, 447, 2717, 2719, S8

spinobulbar muscular atrophy. See Spinobulbar

muscular atrophy (Kennedy’s disease)

X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism, 3403

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease, 1485

X-linked proliferative syndrome (XLP), 2713

X-linked protoporphyria (XLP)

clinical features of, 3242, 3247

diagnosis of, 3238t, 3240t, 3242, 3247

genetic considerations in, 3246, 3247

global considerations in, 3239

pathophysiology of, 3238t

treatment of, 3248

X-linked sideroblastic anemia, 3238f, 3238t, 3240t,

3246

X-rays, 531, S5

46,XX disorders of sex development, 2998t, 3005t

congenital absence of the vagina, 3005

increased androgen synthesis, 3004, 3005t. See

also Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

(CAH); 21-Hydroxylase deficiency

testicular/ovotesticular DSD, 3004, 3005t

45,X/46,XY mosaicism (mixed gonadal dysgenesis),

3001, 3001t

46,XY disorders of sex development, 2998t, 3001t,

3003t

androgen actions disorders, 3002–3004

androgen synthesis disorders, 3002

cryptorchidism, 3004

isolated hypospadias, 3004

persistent müllerian duct syndrome, 3004

testis development disorders, 3002

Xylohypha infections, 1114t

d-Xylose test, in malabsorption disorders, 2468

Y

Yamaguchi’s syndrome, ECG in, A7

Yamanaka factors, 3736

Yaws

clinical features of, 1415–1416, 1415f

epidemiology of, 1414, 1414f

vs. other treponematoses, 1414t

treatment of, 1416

Y chromosome, 3010f, 3640, 3653

Yeasts, 1653t, 1690

Yellow fever, 1626t, 1644–1645, 3703, 3704

Yellow fever vaccine

adverse effects of, 1645

contraindications to, 993, 1645

for international travelers, 992t, 993, 994–995

for transplant recipient, 1147

for travelers, 1645

Yellow nail syndrome, 2119

Yellow oleander, 352

Yellow sac spider, 3613

Yellowtail moth, 3615

Yergason’s supination sign, 2879

Yersinia spp.

adhesin proteins of, 950, 950t

as extracellular pathogen, 951

immune response inhibition by, 958

subspecies of, 1325

Yersiniabactin, 1326

Yersinia enterocolitica, 957, 1313, 1318, 1325, 1326

Yersinia spp. infections (yersiniosis)

antithyroid antibodies in, 1327

clinical features of, 300t, 301, 1045, 1326–1327

complications of, 301

diagnosis of, 1327

enteric fever, 1062

epidemiology of, 1326

food-borne, 1061t, 1062, 1063f, 1326

global considerations in, 1326, 1328

vs. IBD, 2479

pathogenesis of, 1326

postinfective phenomena of, 1327

prevention and control of, 978

reactive arthritis and, 2797

transfusion-associated, 895–896

treatment of, 1327–1328

Yersinia pestis. See also Plague

as bioterrorism agent, 1320, 1322, S3

global distribution of, 1320, 1320t

immune response avoidance by, 955

laboratory identification of, 1322–1323, 1323f, S11

life cycle of, 1321

pathogenesis of, 1321

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, 952, 1325, 1326,

1327. See also Yersinia spp. infections

(yersiniosis)

Y-linked disorders, 3651, 3653

Yoga, 2870, 3785, 3788

Yohimbine, 156, 3436

Yolk sac tumor, of ovary, 698

Yo protein, 2697t

Yo protein antibodies, 599, 728t, 734

90Yttrium, 651, 671, 1526, S5

Z

Zafirlukast, 2156–2157, 2723

Zalcitabine (ddC), 1590f

Zaleplon, 212, 3592t

Zanamivir

actions of, 1463

contraindications to, 1521

for influenza prophylaxis, 1015, 1463t

for influenza treatment, 1141, 1463, 1463t, 1512,

1521

pharmacology of, 1463

resistance to, 1463

Zanubrutinib, 544, 545t, 877

ZAP70 deficiency, 2714

Zap-70/ZAP-70, 835

ZBTB7A, 756

Z-disk, genetic defects of, 1956t

Zeaxanthin, 2530

Zeitgebers, 3802

Zenker’s diverticulum

clinical features of, 293, 2426

diagnosis of, 2426f

dysphagia in, 289

endoscopy of, 2413, 2414, 2418f, V5

pathophysiology of, 2425–2426

ZES. See Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES)

Zicam, 3787

Zidovudine (AZT)

for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma,

1526

adverse effects of, 1586, 1587t

INDEX

anemia, 1574 I-235

cutaneous, 410

hepatotoxicity, 2591

hypertrichosis, 410

myopathy, 1580, 2847t, 3531t, 3653

nail disorders, 410, 1576

neutropenia, 444

oral pigmentation, 260t

drug interactions of, 1702t, 1704t

for HIV infection, 1586, 1587t, 3768

molecular structure of, 1590f

resistance to, 1592f

Zieve’s syndrome, 2626

Zika virus, 965, 1626t, 3716

Zika virus disease

clinical features of, 136t, 1635, 3716

epidemiology of, 1635, 3716

fetal microcephaly and, 1635, 3300–3301, 3716,

3768

in pregnancy, 999, 3768

skin manifestations of, 136t, 141, A1

Zileuton, 2157

Zimbabwe, 3724

Zinc, 2532

absorption of, 2532

deficiency of, 2529, 2532, 2533t

functions of, 2532

for macular degeneration, 226

recommended intake of, 2520t

in specialized nutritional support, 2545

supplements, 236, 237, 1308, 2532

tolerable upper intake level of, 2533t

toxicity of, 2533, 2533t

for Wilson’s disease, 3237, 3409

Zinc gluconate lozenges, 2532

Zinc oxide, 423, 424t

Zinc oxide exposure, 2171

Zinc sulfate flotation, S12

Zinc supplements, 2633

Zipper mechanism, bacterial, 952, 952f

Ziprasidone, 3551, 3554, 3555t

Zirconium, 397

Ziv-aflibercept, 514t, 526, 551t, 553

Z-line deformity, 2752

Z lines, of sarcomere, 1804

Zn-DTPA, S5

ZNF469 gene mutations, 3226t, 3227

ZNRD1 gene, 1551t

Zoledronate (zoledronic acid)

adverse effects of, 3205, 3212

for fracture prevention, 3204f

for hypercalcemia, 357, 723, 3184, 3184t

for multiple myeloma, 875

for osteoporosis management/prevention, 3045,

3204f, 3205, 3209

for Paget’s disease of bone, 3212, 3212t

prophylactic, 622, 688

Zoliflodacin, 1240

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES), 2453

clinical features of, 2453

cobalamin malabsorption in, 772

diagnosis of, 2453–2454, 2454t, 2469t

differential diagnosis of, 2450, 2453

epidemiology of, 2453

gastrinoma in, 664

gastroduodenal ulcer in, 295

MEN 1 and, 2453, 2985

pathophysiology of, 2453

treatment of, 2455

tumor distribution in, 2453

tumor localization in, 2454–2455, 2454t

Zolmitriptan, 3362t, 3363, 3363t, 3366

Zolpidem, 84, 212, 3592t, 3620

Zombie cells, 3735

Zonisamide, 294, 294t, 3320, 3320t, 3321, 3396, 3592t

Zoonotic infection, 1458

Zostavax, 1482

Zoster. See Herpes zoster (shingles)

Zoster ophthalmicus. See Herpes zoster

ophthalmicus

Zoster sine herpetica, 1480

Zotarolimus, 2067

ZRT1, 1665

ZS-9, 355

Z-scores, 3196, 3196f

Zu